保护性耕作对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田套作模式土壤团聚体的影响,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+覆盖(TS)和垄作+覆盖(RS)4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作体系玉米大豆共生时期土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定分析.结果表明:在玉米条带,随着团聚体粒级的减小各处理间水稳性团聚体质量分数差异降低,且差异主要出现在＞0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体中.但是在小麦—大豆条带,不同处理的水稳性团聚体含量没有明显差异.不同土层的土壤水稳性团聚体含量趋势一致,大小排序为A1(＞2 mm粒级的团聚体)＞A2(2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体)＞M2(＜0.053mm粒级的团聚体)＞M1(0.25～0.053 mm粒级的团聚体).0-5 cm土层＞2 mm粒级的团聚体含量在36.31％～54.84％之间,低于5-10 cm土层的含量(55.22％～70.73％),耕作处理对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响主要表现在0-5 cm土层中,5-10 cm土层各处理间没有差异.不同粒级团聚体内有机碳含量大小排序为A2＞A1＞M1＞M2,有机碳主要富集在2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体内,其中的水稳性团聚体有机碳含量变化尤其敏感.保护性耕作措施能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,虽然2～0.25 mm粒级中的有机碳含量最高,但是它的质量分数较低,土壤总有机碳增加主要是由于＞2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量提高.在西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作模式下,保护性耕作有利于改善土壤团聚体结构,增加大团聚体含量,促进土壤有机碳的固定.     

长期不同施肥处理对设施土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响

通过设施土壤长期定位,试验研究了不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体含量、分布及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,有机肥处理的设施土壤水稳性团聚体的优势粒级均为0.125～0.250mm,而未施用有机肥处理的设施土壤水稳性团聚体的优势粒级均为0.053～0.125mm。设施土壤中>0.25mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量明显低于<0.25mm粒级水稳性团聚体。在>0.125mm的粒级中,有机肥(AN0)及其有机无机肥配施(ANPK)处理土壤水稳性团聚体比重均高于无机肥(BNPK)及其不施用肥料(BN0)处理土壤。长期施用有机肥具有促进水稳性微团聚体向水稳性大团聚体形成的趋势。设施土壤团聚体稳定指数大小依次为:ANPK>AN0>BNPK>BN0。分形维数D、几何平均直径GMD、平均重量直径MWD均适用于该设施土壤水稳性团聚体评价。     

长期垄作免耕对不同大小土壤团聚体中几种氮素形态分布的影响

在西南大学国家紫色土肥力定位监测点,研究了长期（18年）垄作免耕和常规轮作两种耕作方式下,不同大小土壤团聚体中几种形态氮素含量及脲酶活性分布模式。结果表明,两种轮作方式下全氮、微生物体氮、NO3--N含量及脲酶活性在水稳性土壤团聚体中具有相似的分布模式。全氮和微生物体氮含量主要分布在 0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体中,其次是0.25~0.053 mm粒级的微团聚体中,粉砂与粘粒组分(0.053 mm)中分布最少;2.0~0.25 mm粒级团聚体中脲酶活性最高,0.25~0.053 mm的微团聚体中脲酶活性最低;NH4+-N和NO3-N在2.0 mm粒级团聚体中的含量均比其它粒级高。垄作免耕下各级团聚体中全氮、微生物体氮、NO3--N含量及脲酶活性均高于常规轮作。其中,2.0~0.25 mm粒级团聚体中的全氮含量高23.1%;2.0 mm粒级团聚体中NO3--N含量高26.7％。表明垄作免耕下各团聚体中全氮、微生物氮含量及脲酶活性显著高于常规轮作,但氮素含量及脲酶活性在不同粒径大小的土壤水稳性团聚体中的分布模式决定于土壤结构体本身,耕作方式的影响不显著。     

黄土高原植被恢复提高大于0.25mm粒级水稳性团聚体在土壤增碳中的作用

本研究选择陕北黄土高原绥德、吴旗、宜川3个地区,调查分析了不同植被恢复类型（草、灌、乔）下05cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布及其有机碳含量的变化。结果表明:不同植被恢复类型均显著提高了 2mm和2～0.25mm 两个粒级的水稳性团聚体及其有机碳（SOC）的含量,但不同植被恢复类型的作用在3个地区有所不同。与农地相比,在绥德,油松和柠条、分别使 2mm和2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量分别提高了99%～153%和219%～350% ,但苜蓿没有明显作用;在吴旗,苜蓿、沙棘、刺槐分别使 2mm和2～0.25mm水稳性团聚体中SOC含量分别提高了28%～30%和85%～130%,而刺槐对 2mm水稳性团聚体没有作用,而使2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体SOC含量提高了210% ; 在宜川,白草、羊胡草、狼牙刺和油松使 2mm和2～0.25mm粒级的水稳性团聚体中的SOC含量分别提高了405%～932%和724%～1130%。植被恢复土壤增碳主要是提高了2～0.25mm和2mm 两个粒级的水稳性团聚体中SOC的含量,提高值分别为514%和470%,占土壤有机碳库增量的49%和43%,而对其它粒级水稳性团聚体中SOC含量的贡献小于16%。以上研究结果说明,植被恢复稳定土层结构、促进土壤水稳性大团聚体中SOC的形成,可能在黄土丘陵侵蚀景观土壤固碳过程中起重要作用。     

典型岩溶山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

[目的]了解岩溶山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响。[方法]通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了广西壮族自治区平果县果化镇典型岩溶峰丛洼地荒地、草地、灌丛、林灌4种不同植被覆盖下土壤的基本理化性质、团聚体的分布及稳定性特征。[结果](1)土壤中0.25mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤的容重显著负相关,与全土有机碳含量极显著正相关;(2)土壤水稳性团聚体以2~1,1~0.5和0.25mm粒级的含量居多。0.25mm粒级的团聚体,在草地、灌丛和林灌中明显高于荒地,在表层土中明显高于下层土;(3)随土层深度的增加,土壤团聚体的破坏率增大;土壤团聚体的破坏率:草地灌丛林灌荒地,草地和灌丛的平均重量直径和几何平均直径明显高于荒地和林灌。[结论]植被的恢复提高了团聚体的稳定性,且草地和灌丛土壤的团聚体稳定性更高,更有利于水土保持,可以作为该区域水土保持的主要植被类型。     

长期施用化肥条件下土团聚体中有机碳与养分分布

[目的]探究长期施肥与小麦—玉米轮作下(蝼)土表层水稳性团聚体组成及对团聚体中有机碳和养分分布的影响,为评价长期施肥对改善(蝼)土肥力状况的影响提供科学依据.[方法]利用田间长期施用化肥与轮作定位试验,通过湿筛法分离土壤水稳性团聚体,得到土壤团聚体构成,并测定不同粒径团聚体中有机碳和养分的含量.[结果]结果表明长期施用化肥显著影响土壤水稳性团聚体含量,长期施肥降低了＞2 mm的水稳性团聚体数量,增加了＜1 mm的水稳性团聚体含量.施肥在一定程度上提高了水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量,但施用高量氮、磷下0.25～0.5 mm和＜0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳含量明显低于施用低量氮、磷肥料.不同施肥处理土壤水稳性团聚体全氮含量变化趋势与水稳性团聚体有机碳含量基本一致.磷素在不施肥处理各粒径团聚体中均匀分布,低氮、磷处理各粒径团聚体中全磷含量差异较小,高氮、磷处理各粒径土壤团聚体中全磷含量变化无明显趋势.长期施肥降低了＞2 mm水稳性团聚体中全K含量,增加了＜2 mm的水稳性团聚体中全K含量.[结论]水稳性团聚体关系土壤有机碳、氮的数量,水稳性团聚体及其中有机碳、氮含量在氮磷化肥的长期施用下变化无明显规律,并且,长期施用氮、磷化肥下土壤磷素和钾素在土壤中的保存及供应能力也受到影响.因此,需要合理施肥管理,促进农田生产力的可持续发展.     

长期施用化肥条件下塿土团聚体中有机碳与养分分布

[目的]探究长期施肥与小麦—玉米轮作下塿土表层水稳性团聚体组成及对团聚体中有机碳和养分分布的影响,为评价长期施肥对改善塿土肥力状况的影响提供科学依据。[方法]利用田间长期施用化肥与轮作定位试验,通过湿筛法分离土壤水稳性团聚体,得到土壤团聚体构成,并测定不同粒径团聚体中有机碳和养分的含量。[结果]结果表明长期施用化肥显著影响土壤水稳性团聚体含量,长期施肥降低了2mm的水稳性团聚体数量,增加了1mm的水稳性团聚体含量。施肥在一定程度上提高了水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量,但施用高量氮、磷下0.25~0.5mm和0.25mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳含量明显低于施用低量氮、磷肥料。不同施肥处理土壤水稳性团聚体全氮含量变化趋势与水稳性团聚体有机碳含量基本一致。磷素在不施肥处理各粒径团聚体中均匀分布,低氮、磷处理各粒径团聚体中全磷含量差异较小,高氮、磷处理各粒径土壤团聚体中全磷含量变化无明显趋势。长期施肥降低了2mm水稳性团聚体中全K含量,增加了2mm的水稳性团聚体中全K含量。[结论]水稳性团聚体关系土壤有机碳、氮的数量,水稳性团聚体及其中有机碳、氮含量在氮磷化肥的长期施用下变化无明显规律,并且,长期施用氮、磷化肥下土壤磷素和钾素在土壤中的保存及供应能力也受到影响。因此,需要合理施肥管理,促进农田生产力的可持续发展。     

庐山不同森林植被对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

研究不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量与土壤团聚体分布的关系,对于认识森林土壤结构形成和碳氮稳定机制有一定的科学意义。以庐山6种森林植被类型土壤为研究对象,系统研究了不同森林植被对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响,结果表明:（1）不同土层的森林植被类型对粒径在> 5 mm和0.25～0.5 mm范围内的土壤团聚体含量影响较明显,其中黄山松林下土壤团聚体含量最高;（2）6种森林植被在不同的土层下,水稳性团聚体百分含量（R_0.25%）和平均重量直径（MWD）随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,其土壤团聚体的稳定性也随之减弱,在0—20 cm土层下的土壤团聚体较稳定,黄山松林、马尾松林和玉山竹林下MWD值较大,在20—40,40—60 cm土层差异则不明显;（3）在同一土层下黄山松林的土壤团聚体有机碳含量最大,常绿阔叶林最小,马尾松林、玉山竹林和黄山松林的土壤团聚体有机碳变化较明显,而其他3种差异不显著。     

子午岭林区植被自然恢复下土壤剖面团聚体特征研究

研究了子午岭林区七种植被类型土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数随植被恢复的变化规律以及这3个指标随土壤有机碳含量增加的变化规律。结果表明:植被恢复对>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数的影响可以达到70 cm土层;除白羊草群落外,0-70 cm土层上>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量随植被恢复逐渐提高,团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数随植被恢复逐渐减小,土壤结构随植被恢复逐渐改善。>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著对数相关关系(p=0.01,n=32),当有机碳含量低于18.1 mg/g时,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量随有机碳含量提高而明显提高、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数则随有机碳含量提高而明显降低,即土壤结构稳定性明显提高;当有土壤机碳含量高于18.1 mg/g,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数渐趋稳定,即在白羊草、虎榛子、山杨和辽东栎阶段的0-5 cm土层土壤结构达到稳定状态。     

生物炭对豫西丘陵区农田土壤团聚体稳定性及碳、氮分布的影响

为研究生物炭对豫西丘陵地区农田土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及其碳、氮在团聚体中分布的影响,进一步探明生物炭对丘陵区农田土壤结构和养分的长期作用效果。采用田间长期定位试验,生物炭用量为0(C0),20(C20),40(C40)t/hm~2 3个处理,研究生物炭施用5年后对土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,探究土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特性。结果表明:施加20,40 t/hm~2生物炭可提高0—20,20—40 cm土层的机械性0.5 mm以上粒级和水稳性0.053 mm以上粒级团聚体含量。在0—20 cm土层中,C20和C40处理下0.25 mm的机械性团聚体(DR_(0.25))分别较对照增加3.78%和6.83%,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WR_(0.25))分别较对照增加31.0%和49.45%,土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))分别较对照降低4.30%和6.85%,土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别较对照降低9.71%和14.77%,土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)分别较对照增加28.44%和45.34%,几何平均直径(GMD)分别较对照增加32.04%和54.92%。各粒级的有机碳和全氮含量随生物炭施用量的增加而增加,有机碳和全氮含量都以0.25～0.053 mm粒级最高,且0—20 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量高于20—40 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量;随着生物炭施用量的增加,2,2～0.25,0.25～0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之增加,而0.053 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之降低。总体来说,生物炭能够改善豫西丘陵地区农田土壤的团聚体结构,增加土壤大团聚体的含量,增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤团聚体中碳、氮含量,有利于豫西地区农田土壤肥力的保持和持续健康发展。     

免耕与常规耕作潮棕壤交换性阳离子的剖面分布特征

通过田间定位试验.研究了不同耕作方式对潮棕壤0-100 cm深度6个土层土壤交换性阳离子的影响.结果表明,与常规耕作相比,免耕使土壤表层pH显著增,.而电导率下降;同时,免耕增加了表层土壤可交换性K~+含量,降低了可交换性Na~+含量,但对可交换性Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)和阳离子交换量没有产生显著影响.相关分析结果表明,可交换性K~+与土壤养分含量没有显著相关性,而可交换性Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)和阳离子交换量与有机质和全氮含量均呈负相关关系.     

不同形态氮肥对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响

通过室内模拟培养实验,研究了尿素、碳酸氢铵和硝酸钙对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响.结果表明:(1)随着培养时间延长,不同形态氮肥处理土壤含盐量总体呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势.施肥处理的土壤含盐量较对照(CK)明显增加,但不同氮肥处理与未施氮肥处理(N0)间的土壤含盐量在整个培养期间内总体差异不显著.且氮肥用量对含盐量的影响也不显著.(2)设施土壤中尿素和碳酸氢铵处理的电导率与含盐量呈极显著正相关,硝酸钙处理电导率与含盐量呈显著正相关.且随培养时间的延长呈波浪状变化.其电导率显著高于相同氮用量时的其他两种氮肥处理;电导率与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关.(3)不同形态氮肥处理的土壤盐分离子组成相近,均以阴离子为主.设施土壤阴离子占盐分总量的76.29%～93.81%,露地土壤为75.16%～96.63%,以SO_4~(2-)含量最高,分别占67.37%和67.28%,NO_3~-含量次之;土壤中阳离子含量较少,以Ca~(2+)为主,K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的含量随氮肥用量的增加而增加.(4)土壤电导率受阳离子的影响较大.阴离子的影响较小.设施土壤的电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+.NO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关,与Cl~-1呈显著正相关.露地土壤电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)含量呈极显著正相关,与HCO_3~-呈显著负相关.     

不同林龄白桦次生林降雨水化学特征研究

通过对不同林龄白桦次生林林外降雨、穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Cl~-,NO_3~-N,Na~+,K~+,Ca2-,Mg~(2+)等进行测定,以研究4个林龄之间降水化学性质的差异.结果表明:林外降雨中Ca~(2+)的含量最高,Na~+含量最低,养分元素平均含量(以mg/L计)排列顺序为:Ca~(2+)>Cl~->K~+>NO_3~--N>Mg~(2+)>Na~+,各元素在林外降雨中的季节变化较大.变化幅度最小的是Cl~-;穿透雨中NO_3~--N,Ca~(2+)含量在25 a白桦次生林中最低,Cl~-,Mg~(2+)含量在38 a中最低,而Na~+,K~+含量在56 a中最低;树干茎流中Cl~-,NO_3~--N,K~+含量在38 a白桦次生林中最低,而Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)含量在56 a中最低;枯透水中Cl~-,NO_3~--N,Na~+,K~+含量在25 a白桦次生林中最低,Mg~(2+)含量在38 a中最低,而Ca~(2+)含量在56 a中最低.     

控释肥硫膜对酸性棕壤淋溶特性的影响

为预测硫包膜控释肥施用后大量硫膜残留对土壤生态系统造成的危害，设置硫膜材料添加量不同的室内淋溶试验，以研究控释肥硫膜材料对土壤淋溶特性的影响。研究结果表明；成分和量等同于硫膜的粉状硫磺可显著改变酸性棕壤淋溶液的pH和EC值及K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO42-的浓度，5次淋溶累计淋失的K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO4^2-随粉状硫磺加入量的增加而增加。而硫包膜尿素处理除对土壤SO4^2-、K^＋淋溶影响不明显外，对其他指标的影响较明显。试验同时发现，由于硫膜和粉状硫磺的物理形态不同，短期内对土壤淋溶特性的影响也有较大差异，但粉状硫磺的表现可以反映硫膜积累并转化后对土壤的影响。     

不同土壤盐分条件下新疆杨可溶性盐离子含量变化的研究

对2种含盐量土壤条件下新疆杨可溶性盐离子含量的研究结果表明,退水渠土壤各盐离子含量均高于灌渠土壤,且二者除HCO3-和K 外,其余盐离子含量差异显著;但2种含盐量土壤同龄新疆杨地上部可溶性盐离子含量差异不显著,仅根内Cl-、Mg2 、Na 和K 含量差异显著,说明新疆杨对土壤中较高浓度盐离子有一定排斥作用,并将对树木产生毒害的Cl-、Na 控制在根系中,限制其向地上部输送;新疆杨根系对SO24-和Ca2 有较强的选择吸收性,并将过多的SO2-和Ca2 排除其体外,而对Cl-、Mg2 和Na 的选择吸收性较小。     

中国亚热带森林小流域植物生长驱动下矿物风化评估

Plant growth contributes to mineral weathering, but this contribution remains poorly understood. Weathering rates in an aggrading forested watershed in subtropical China were studied by means of geochemical mass balance. Rainfall, dry deposition, and streamwater were monitored from March 2007 to February 2012. Samples of vegetative components, rainfall, dry deposition, streamwater, representative soils, and parent rock were collected and determined for mass balance calculation and clarifying plant-driven weathering mechanisms stoichiometrically. Ignoring biomass, weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and Si were 25.6, 10.7, 2.8, and 51.0 kg ha^-1 year^-1, respectively. Taking biomass into consideration, weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Si and the sum of weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Si were 2.6, 1.8, 1.2, and 1.5-fold higher than those ignoring biomass, respectively. This is attributed to plant-driven weathering due to the nutrient (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺) absorption by vegetation and substantial proton production during assimilation of these nutrients, with the former acting as a pump for removing weathering products and the latter being a source of weathering agents solubilizing mineral components. The same pattern of weathering, i.e., higher rates of weathering with than without including biomass in mass balance calculation, was reported in previous studies; however, the extent to which plants drive weathering rates varied with vegetation types and climatic zones. The documented biological weathering driven by plants is expected to play a critical role in regulating nutrient cycling and material flows within the Earth’s Critical Zone.     

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK AND FRACTIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE AND SOIL DEPTH IN THE DEGRADED SHIWALIKS HILLS OF LOWER HIMALAYAS

The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha⁻¹) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha⁻¹) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in soil aggregate‐associated enzyme activities and nutrients under long‐term chemical fertilizer applications in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil

Paddy soils in subtropical China are usually deficient in phosphorus (P) and require regular application of chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of chemical fertilizers on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N) and available P, and on the activity of the associated enzymes in bulk soil and aggregates. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected from a 24‐yr‐old field experiment with five treatments: unfertilized control (CK), N only (N), N and potassium (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK). Undisturbed bulk soils were separated into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, 0.053–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregate classes using wet sieving. Results showed that both NP‐ and NPK‐treated soils significantly increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, SOC, available P in bulk soil and aggregates, as compared to CK. Most SOC and total N adhered to macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm), which accounted for 64–81% of SOC and 54–82% of total N in bulk soil. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase in the 1–2 mm fraction were the highest under NPK treatment. The highest activity of urease was observed in the <0.053 mm fraction under NP treatment. Soil organic carbon and available P were major contributors to variation of enzyme activities at the aggregate scale. In conclusion, application of NP or NPK fertilizers promoted the formation of soil aggregates, nutrient contents and activities of associated enzymes in P‐limited paddy soils, and thus enhanced soil quality.     

Soil organic carbon and nutrient content in aggregate‐size fractions of a subtropical rice soil under variable tillage

The effects of tillage on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient content of soil aggregates can vary spatially and temporally, and for different soil types and cropping systems. We assessed SOC and nutrient levels within water‐stable aggregates in ridges with no tillage (RNT) and also under conventional tillage (CT) for a subtropical rice soil in order to determine relationships between tillage, cation concentrations and soil organic matter. Surface soil (0–15 cm) was fractionated into aggregate sizes (>4.76 mm, 4.76–2.00 mm, 2.00–1.00 mm, 1.00–0.25 mm, 0.25–0.053 mm, <0.053 mm) under two tillage regimes. Tillage significantly reduced the proportion of macroaggregate fractions (>2.00 mm) and thus aggregate stability was reduced by 35% compared with RNT, indicating that tillage practices led to soil structural change for this subtropical soil. The patterns in SOC, total N, exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and total exchangeable bases (TEB) were similar between tillage regimes, but concentrations were significantly higher under RNT than CT. This suggests that RNT in subtropical rice soils may be a better way to enhance soil productivity and improve soil C sequestration potential than CT. The highest SOC was in the 1.00–0.25 mm fraction (35.7 and 30.4 mg/kg for RNT and CT, respectively), while the lowest SOC was in microaggregate (<0.025 mm) and silt + clay (<0.053 mm) fractions (19.5 and 15.7 mg/kg for RNT and CT, respectively). Tillage did not influence the patterns in SOC across aggregates but did change the aggregate‐size distribution, indicating that tillage affected soil fertility primarily by changing soil structure.     

秸秆还田对盐渍土团聚体稳定性及碳氮含量的影响

以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为研究对象,分析了3种盐渍化程度(轻度、中度、重度)和3 a连续秸秆还田下土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性以及各级团聚体C、N含量的变化。研究结果表明:重度盐渍土0.25～2 mm和0.053～0.25 mm团聚体所占比例显著低于轻度和中度盐渍土;土壤盐分含量与0.25～2mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮的分配比例、0.053～0.25 mm团聚体中全氮的分配比例成显著负相关。秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和0.25 mm团聚体所占比例(R0.25)分别增加47.6%、39.7%和54.0%,使中度盐渍土MWD、GMD和R0.25分别增加31.0%、31.9%和31.4%;各粒级中秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土0.053～0.25 mm粒级有机碳和全氮含量增加最多,增加比例分别为29.1%和28.8%,该粒级中C、N分配比例也显著提高;秸秆还田使中度盐渍土0.25～2 mm团聚体有机碳及其分配比例提高最多,比例分别为56.1%和58.7%。秸秆还田对轻度和中度盐渍土团聚体的稳定性均起到了明显的改善作用,但不同盐渍土秸秆还田对土壤团聚体C、N分布的影响明显不同。