土地开发整理项目中的水土保持问题研究--以河南省唐河县土地整理项目为例

与水土保持密切相关的土地整理项目其区域分布主要是在风沙区和山地丘陵区,其中以丘陵区为最多.论文选取处于丘陵区的河南省唐河县土地整理项目为研究区,从项目的总体规划和具体设计两个方面探讨土地开发整理中需注意的水土保持问题.坡度是丘陵山区造成水土流失的一个重要因素.项目区的土地整理应基于坡度规划适宜的土地利用方式(1)0～3°为耕地,以增加有效耕地面积;(2)3～6°为果粮间作地,增加耕地的同时,结合水土保持发展经济林果业;(3)6°以上为林地,保持水土,为农业发展提供保障.此外,还要根据当地自然条件设计好梯田田块和田面,以防治水土流失.     

土地开发整理项目预算编制中的问题浅析

自2005年7月国家出台土地开发整理项目预算定额标准开始,土地开发整理有了专门的行业标准。在此基础上,从土地开发整理项目预算编制的重要性谈起,论述了土地开发整理项目预算编制中存在的问题及其产生原因,并提出了对策与建议,以供大家参考。     

基于土地开发整理修订农用地分等结果的一种方法

土地开发整理是实现耕地占补平衡的重要手段,补充耕地质量问题也一直是耕地占补平衡工作中的薄弱环节。针对补充耕地质量问题,以及已取得的农用地分等成果,考虑土地利用数据共享的原则,对在土地开发整理项目耕地等级评定中如何充分和合理利用农用地分等成果进行探讨,即对土地开发整理项目的耕地等级评定过程中,把土地开发整理工程作用的因素作为补充指标对耕地等级指数进行修订。在充分考虑补充耕地质量的基础上,依据土地开发整理工程内涵,建立了适宜土地开发整理项目中耕地等级评定的一种技术方法。并通过大石桥市虎庄镇土地开发整理项目的实证,取得令人满意的效果。     

基于能值分析的土地开发整理后效益评价

土地整理项目后效益评价是土地开发整理事业可持续发展的重要条件。为完善土地整理项目后效益评价指标体系,促进土地开发整理的可持续发展,应用能值分析方法,以山东省淄博市杨峪地域土地整理项目为例,对土地开发整理前、后自然环境与人类社会系统能值输入与输出的变化进行分析,研究土地开发整理的后效益。结果表明,项目实施后项目区土地利用结构发生变化,总能值投入产出比增加,取得明显的经济效益、社会效益。但由于项目区开发了大面积未利用土地,造成土地环境负荷率加大,土地可持续利用指数降低。分析认为,在土地开发整理时,要尽可能减少     

基于可拓评价方法的土地开发整理项目立项决策研究

项目立项决策是实施土地开发整理项目管理的重要内容，项目评价结果是立项决策的依据。该文在全国建立统一的项目评价指标体系的基础上，按区域和项目类型制定指标评分标准。并从初评合格的项目中抽取6个不同区域、不同类型的土地开发整理项目，运用可拓评价方法对其进行立项决策评价。     

土地整理项目管理与决策支持系统的构建

土地整理项目管理信息化是提高项目管理效率和科学化水平的重要途径。该文从土地整理和土地整理项目的基本概念入手，对项目管理进行了信息化需求分析，阐述了“土地整理项目管理与决策支持系统”研制的背景与现实意义，介绍了土地整理项目管理与决策支持系统的结构与功能，以及系统构建采用的关键技术。     

土地开发整理工程类型区划分的概念与方法探讨

土地开发整理工程类型区的划分是土地开发整理工程建设标准的重要内容,该文着重就土地开发整理工程类型区内涵、划分层次及主要特征,划分的理论依据进行了探讨,提出了土地开发整理工程类型区划分的研究方法、基本方案和研究趋势,认为类型区划分应该从地形地貌、气候水文、土壤类型、农业耕作制度、土地利用限制因素等方面进行分区指标的构建,以实现对土地开发整理活动的空间合理安排和分区分类指导;加强类型区工程模式标准化建设、农田景观生态工程建设、实现土地开发整理项目信息化管理等是土地开发整理工程类型区划分的主要趋向。该研究对土地开发整理工程建设标准的编制及土地开发整理工程的分类、分区管理具有重要的意义。     

基于GPS和GIS的土地整理现场调查技术开发与应用

该文研究针对土地整理传统现场调查方法存在定位难、测量难、记录难等种种问题,围绕土地整理项目科学管理目标,将GPS技术、移动GIS技术进行集成,整合开发了一套支持土地整理现场调查的低成本、高效率、便携式、便利用的先进技术工具,为土地整理现场调查工作中存在的问题提供了一个系统的解决方案。研究成果先后在青海、北京、云南、广东、甘肃等地的土地开发整理项目实施检查和占补平衡项目考核工作中得到了应用,大大提高了现场调查工作的质量和效率,使复杂的现场调查工作变得更高效、更主动。研究及实践表明,对GPS、移动GIS技术进行整合开发是解决土地整理现场调查工作中所存在问题的有效手段,可大大提高现场调查工作的质量和效率。     

可持续的土地管理概念与水土保持可持续发展前景

全球性的水土流失和土地退化是人类社会可持续发展面临的主要障碍之一。介绍了可持续的土地管理的基本概念,水土保持可持续发展的基本理论问题和发展方向就是可持续的土地管理,传统的水土保持工作必须从技术性水土保持发展到土壤的可持续管理。并论述了水土保持可持续发展前景,同时列举了国内外水土保持可持发展的相关行动与一些具体项目。     

土地整理项目潜力分析——以河北省南和县闫里乡基本农田整理项目为例

土地整理潜力分析是编制土地整理规划的基础工作,是土地整理规划专题研究之一,科学分析土地整理潜力是合理进行土地整理项目规划设计的前提。阐述了土地整理潜力的内涵,对其来源进行了详细的说明,并以河北省南和县闫里乡基本农田整理项目为例,进行了该项目的土地整理潜力分析。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.