设施园艺工程集成模式的表达方式和评价方法

中国设施农业的发展模式和工程集成模式具有复杂、多样的特点,在技术路线选择、成果输出形式等方面存在较大的难度,因此权威性和系统性的成果很少。该研究在对全国20个省级地区设施园艺发展模式进行充分调研和总结的基础上,运用前期建立的设施园艺工程集成构建方法,在对技术、组织、产业模式进行标准化处理的基础上,将中国设施园艺的模式转化为27种模块化的标准化表达方式;从中选择具有较好的典型性和发展性的9种模式作为模式评价的目标;然后运用投资组合战略分析工具GE麦肯锡矩阵的原理建立起模式"先进性-现实性"动态评价矩阵;以当前和中期为时间节点,运用该评价矩阵对中国设施园艺模式进行评价,获得在未来8～10年应当重点发展和研究的3种模式,分别为市场环境、合作组织下的规模化技术模式,市场环境、企业组织下的规模化技术模式,市场环境、企业组织下的专业化技术模式。研究成果对中国设施园艺的发展具有一定的知道意义,其研究的路线、方法对农业工程其他领域的集成模式研究也有参考价值。     

设施农业工程技术分类方法探讨

中国设施农业工程技术经过多年发展后已渐成体系,并越来越体现出较完整的复杂系统特点,成为产业发展中最活跃的要素。技术分类作为揭示设施农业技术体系特征、促进学科建设、指导科学研究和技术推广工作的关键基础性工作,亟需在方法论和分类实务上取得突破,以在把握不同技术对象特殊矛盾和特殊运动规律的基础上更科学地指导设施农业工程技术的全面协调可持续发展。该研究立足当代设施农业工程技术的广义概念和广义要素,在遵循层次性、稳定性、开放性、现实性等系统原则的基础上,通过对设施农业工程技术内容、特点和现有技术分类方法的分析研究,确定了分别反映设施农业工程技术链、技术环节、技术功能、技术手段等属性的4层次线分类方法,并以设施园艺为例进行了方法验证。结果表明,该方法可以较准确地反映设施农业工程技术全貌、揭示技术系统的结构与功能特征,对设施农业学科发展、技术创新、产业升级都有较高的借鉴参考价值。     

现代农业产业工程体系建设方案研究

现代农业产业工程体系以加快建设和完善中国农业产业支持体系、全面提升中国农业综合生产能力和农业基础设施与装备条件的支撑能力为根本目标,以农业工程技术创新和集成创新为特色,以解决制约中国现代农业建设进程的农业基础设施薄弱、物质装备条件落后、产地加工手段落后、市场体系建设滞后、生态环境恶化和公共服务能力不强等问题作为重点,对农田基础设施工程、种养业生产装备与设施工程、农产品产地加工储藏装备与设施工程、农产品流通装备与设施工程、农产品生产环境保护装备与设施工程、现代农业公共服务装备与设施工程6个领域开展系统集成研究,逐步形成中国农业基础设施与装备条件建设等农业工程领域发展与建设的技术路线、技术方案、建设模式、建设标准等基础性研究成果和关键集成技术,为现代农业工程建设提供重要技术支撑,为农产品高产、优质、高效、安全、生态生产和可持续发展提供坚实基础和可靠保障。     

中国设施园艺装备技术发展现状与未来研究方向

近年来,中国设施园艺装备产业得到了跨越式发展,一个完备的技术体系正在逐步建立。受设施环境-作物交互影响机理缺乏、设施-设备匹配性差等因素的制约,中国设施园艺装备在稳定性、智能化等方面与国际先进水平仍存在较大差距,制约了产业效益水平和劳动生产效率的提升。有必要对中国设施园艺装备技术进行一个系统总结,为下一步产业的技术研发指明方向。该文在准确把握中国设施园艺装备技术发展现状的基础上,从种苗装备、生产装备、物流装备、管理装备等4个环节入手,将中国设施园艺装备技术与国际发达国家的水平进行了比对,并找出了相关差距。研究得出了中国设施园艺装备技术发展中存在的技术研发系统性持续性不够、与装备匹配的农艺参数积累缺乏、装备的整体性和工程性亟需提高等问题,明确了区域化园艺作物生长机理、北方日光温室结构与装备升级、全产业链自动化作业、园艺信息化智能化管理、非耕地基地化与城镇化装备等未来重点研发的方向,提出了制定设施园艺装备技术创新发展规划、实施设施园艺技术促进与产业促进的"全面赶超"计划、创新以激发协同研发活力的体制机制、强化技术推广服务体系建设等政策建议,从而为指导中国设施园艺装备技术的革新提供借鉴。     

发展中的中国设施园艺

本文回顾了中国设施园艺发展的悠久历史。本世纪80年代末,已形成以塑料棚为主体,与风障畦、地膜覆畦和温室等相互配套的生产体系,其特点是因地制宜,就地取材,耗能少,节省投资,综合配套。与此同时设施园艺科学研究,学术活动也十分活跃,对工厂化育苗、无土栽培、地膜覆盖、温室结构、高产栽培技术和微机调控综合环境技术等方面开展了研究并取得成果,发表大量论文,中国农业工程学会设施园艺环境工程委员会多次组织学术交流、座谈、考察。此外设施园艺学的教学也有相应发展,在某些高等学校中设置了“农业建筑与环境工程专业”开设“设施园艺学”等课程,并举办各种短训班,培养大批技术人才。     

2008中国设施园艺工程学术年会预备通知（第一轮）

由中国农业工程学会设施园艺工程专业委员会主办,中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院和上海交通大学农业与生物学院承办,多家单位协办的“2008中国设施园艺工程学术年会”拟定于2008年10月中旬（会期暂定2天）在北京召开。本次年会将从设施园艺工程领域的工程结构及自动控制、环境及模型模拟（保温节能）、设施栽培理论及新技术等方面举行专题报告与学术交流。     

中国设施园艺的历史回顾与思考

中国是世界上最早利用保护设施进行反季节园艺作物栽培的国家。两千多年来，在经历了传统保护地栽培技术的总结推广、设施园艺生产体系的初步形成及具有中国特色的设施园艺生产体系的形成等几个阶段后，到20世纪末，中国建立起了具有本国特色的，能基本满足园艺产品周年均衡供应的设施园艺生产体系。中国设施园艺的发展，基本上走的是低投入、低能耗、高产出的技术路线。这是一条成功的技术路线，但在目前设施园艺向现代化发展的进程中，却面临着巨大的挑战。该文对中国设施园艺发展规律及其影响因素进行了回顾与反思，力求为探索一条适合中国的设施园艺现代化发展道路提供历史借鉴。     

北京市设施农业物联网应用模式构建

该文围绕北京市农产品质量安全和生态环境安全问题,结合北京市"菜篮子"工程要求,按照设施农业产前、产中、产后全产业链条,采用生物、传感器、无线通信和自动化控制等技术,研究构建符合北京市设施农业现状和发展需求的物联网应用模式,主要包括利用具有自主知识产权的物联网技术,建设基于设施农业的感知环境,搭建低成本无线自组织传输网络,建设北京设施农业物联网云服务平台、智能决策服务和反馈控制系统,实现病虫害远程诊断、监控预警、指挥决策,实现肥、水、药智能控制和设施农产品质量安全监管与追溯等,并制定出配套的相关技术标准,为中国设施农业物联网技术标准制定提供参考。北京市设施农业物联网应用模式的成功构建将为国内外其他地区设施农业物联网体系建设提供可借鉴模式。     

励精图治与时俱进--设施园艺工程专业委员会24年回顾

本文对中国农业工程学会设施园艺工程专业委员会20多年的工作进行了历史的回顾、系统的总结.在其与时俱进的二十四年中,为我国设施园艺工程事业的发展、进步,乃至今天的兴旺发达,做了大量工作,成绩有目共睹.但从今后社会发展和科技进步的需求,以往的工作只是万里长征的第一步,还有大量的工作要做,任重道远.     

2002年中国农业工程学会设施园艺工程学术年会

时间 :2 0 0 2年 10月 14～ 17日地点 :上海一、概况会议由中国农业工程学会、中国农业工程学会设施园艺工程专业委员会主办 ,由中国园艺学会设施园艺分会协办 ,上海农科院上海市设施园艺技术重点实验室承办。来自全国 17个省、市、自治区从事设施园艺工程的教学、科研、生产、企业的 89名正式代表出席了会议 ,有 2 0多人列席了会议。中国科学院院士、中国科学院植物生理生态研究所研究员、上海市设施园艺技术重点实验室学术委员会主任沈允钢先生 ,中共上海市郊区工作委员会秘书长周平先生 ,上海农科院院长吴爱忠研究员 ,农业部规划设计研究…     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI