不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响

[目的]覆盖会影响土壤水、热分布,研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响,可为不同作物选择合适的覆盖方式控制土壤水热状态提供参考.[方法]用田间试验测定不同覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤的温度、含水率与蒸发量,比较测定数据探究不同覆盖方式对土壤水、热分布影响的特征.共设5个试验处理,无覆盖、地膜覆盖、1.5 cm落叶覆盖、3.0...     

南方温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的保温效果

为探索南方温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的保温效果,设置了空气循环式冷凝除湿（冷凝处理）、土壤地面地膜覆盖降湿（覆盖处理）和普通换气除湿（对照）三种处理,观测了不同条件下温室内的气温和地温变化数据。结果表明：在晴天除湿系统运行期间,冷凝处理温室内下层气温明显比对照和覆盖处理的高,分别高0．9—2．7℃和0．2～1．7℃;在阴雨天（不启动除湿系统）,冷凝处理温室内各层的气温均高于或等于对照和覆盖。典型晴天,冷凝处理的5cm、10cm、15cm、20cm地温比对照分别高1．0～2．1℃、1．0～1．5℃、1．2～1．5℃、1．4～1．6℃。全年气温最低的1月份,冷凝处理温室下层的日平均气温均高于对照和覆盖,分别高0．1～2．3℃和0．1～1．5℃,其中高于0．5℃以上的天数分别为17d和18d。说明在南方地区冬季,空气循环式冷凝除湿系统具有明显的保温效果。     

东北大豆农田保护性耕作水热效应的Meta分析

摘要：基于公开发表文章中有关东北地区保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤温度和湿度数据，以传统耕作（CT）为对照，免耕（NT）、少耕（RT）、秸秆覆盖（SM）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTSM）为处理，应用Meta分析方法定量评估保护性耕作措施对东北大豆农田土壤水热状况的影响程度。结果表明：与CT相比，保护性耕作总体上使东北大豆农田0-170cm土层的土壤体积含水量增加了9.2%，使浅层土壤（0-30cm）温度降低了8.2%；不同气候条件下4种保护性耕作措施均能提高土壤湿度；秸秆覆盖可以提高大豆整个生育时期土壤含水量，且在营养生长期对土壤水热的影响最大，土壤温度随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加；保护性耕作措施降低土壤温度的幅度随着土壤黏粒减少而降低，提高土壤湿度的幅度随土壤深度增加而降低；免耕秸秆覆盖在不同土壤深度的蓄水保墒效果最明显，在0-20cm土层提高了32.9%的土壤湿度。综上，保护性耕作措施较传统耕作具有增湿降温效应，气温、降水、生育时期、秸秆覆盖量、土壤类型及土壤深度均对保护性耕作下大豆农田的土壤水热状况产生影响。     

不同可降解地膜对土壤水热变化和玉米产量的影响

为解决长期地膜覆盖造成的"白色污染"问题,进行了生物降解地膜、液体地膜和普通地膜膜下滴灌种植试验,探讨不同地膜覆盖降解情况及对土壤水热变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同降解地膜间以EBP(氧化-生物双降解生态塑料)为主要成分的生物降解地膜增温保墒效果较好,虽低于普通地膜处理,但明显高于裸地处理。不同地膜覆盖处理间以EBP为主要成分的生物降解地膜产量最高,其次是液体地膜,以聚已酸丁二酯(PBSA)为主要成分的生物降解地膜产量最低。膜下滴灌玉米田使用以EBP为主要成分的生物降解地膜,可有效减少"白色污染",而且产量显著高于普通地膜覆盖处理,可在辽西地区推广应用。     

西藏青稞农田草浆地膜覆盖的保水效果研究

采用对比方法研究了草浆地膜覆盖对青稞（Hordeumvulgare）农田土壤的保水作用,以期明确草浆地膜的农田保水理论依据和保水效果。结果表明：草浆地膜覆盖下的土壤表面相对湿度、土壤紧实度和土壤含水量等指标均低于塑料地膜覆盖处理,其中土壤含水量指标显著低于后者（n=3,P〈0.05）;与对照相比,草浆地膜覆盖下0～5cm土层内土壤紧实度显著降低,但土壤温度与对照相比相差不大,同时土壤表层水分散失明显减少,土壤含水量增加7.59%,达到显著差异水平（n=3,P〈0.05）。草浆地膜覆盖保水效果十分明显。     

蒸发条件下土壤水盐热运移的实验研究

土壤水盐热的耦合运移研究是土壤水盐运移理论研究的重要组成部分.在模拟蒸发条件下,通过室内土柱实验,对土壤水盐热的迁移做了初步研究.结果表明:地下水位的高低直接影响土壤剖面盐分和水分分布;本实验一直处于稳定蒸发状态,今后需进一步研究不同蒸发条件下土壤水盐热的运移规律.     

垄沟集雨对干旱半干旱区土壤水热条件及老芒麦产草量的影响

为探索和解决干旱半干旱区多年生牧草持续性生产问题,在坝上农牧交错区对垄沟集雨栽培措施下老芒麦草地的生长状况进行了研究。测定比较了垄沟集雨处理和平作对照的土壤水热条件,地下生物量分布以及不同阶段的产草量。结果表明:垄沟集雨使种植区土壤表层体积含水率幅度增加9.67%～26.94%,生长季土壤表层0～30cm贮水量提高13.38%～24.92%,土壤表层最低温度提高1.02～2.08℃;土壤水热条件的改善增加了表层0～10cm根系的分布,提高产草量98%～230%。垄宽60cm沟宽30cm的处理的产草量最高为5.34t/hm2,2a年平均产量为5.34和2.79t/hm2分别比对照1.62和1.18t/hm2提高了230%和136%。垄沟集雨措施对降雨量较少,分布不均匀的干旱半干旱区的人工草地种植具有明显的稳产增产作用。     

南方温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的冷凝、蓄热与除湿效应

根据2003年1月、2月的相关观测资料,研究了冷凝温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的冷凝、蓄热与除湿效应。结果表明：冷凝温室在2003年1月的晴天里,集水池平均每天蓄积冷凝水76810m^3,折合温室产生冷凝水量32g／m^2和12．1g／m^3;平均每天冷凝水吸收的汽化热为18858kJ。在典型晴天,冷凝温室下、中、上各层的日平均相对湿度分别比对照温室降低2．7个百分点、3．5个百分点、2．6个百分点,日平均绝对湿度分别比对照温室降低2．7g／m^3、4．1g／m^3、4．5g／m^3;在1月份,2座温室内同日同层次的相对湿度与绝对湿度,均呈现出冷凝〈对照,但以晴天差异尤为明显,阴雨天差异较小。空气循环式温室蓄热除湿系统的冷凝、蓄热、除湿效果明显。     

多年冻土区土壤湿度的动态变化及影响

气候变暖导致高纬度多年冻土退化,引起多年冻土区冻融过程和土壤水热过程发生变化,土壤湿度变化对气候和生态系统产生重要影响。运用ERA-Interim再分析的土壤湿度数据,结合气象数据,采用数理统计方法,分析了1979—2017年东北多年冻土区土壤湿度的年际、季节和空间变化,土壤湿度变化的影响因子及土壤湿度变化所带来的影响。研究表明:年际变化上1979—2017年,东北多年冻土区7 cm和28 cm深度年均土壤湿度呈下降趋势,并且年平均土壤湿度在2008年达到最低;在季节变化上,不同深度土壤湿度在夏秋季节会达到一年中的最大值,7 cm和28 cm深度处土壤湿度呈现两个峰值(4月份、8月份),土壤湿度最大值出现在8月份;在空间变化上,东北多年冻土区中部土壤湿度在1979—2017年变化最大,且为土壤湿度下降明显区。在气候变暖和降水持续减少的背景下,土壤水分可能成为影响东北多年冻土区植被生长的主要因子,使东北多年冻土区植被生态系统发生变化,分析东北多年冻土区土壤湿度的时空变化对进一步理解该区生态系统变化和多年冻土碳反馈效应具有重要意义。     

地膜覆盖土壤能量平衡及其对土壤热状况的影响

本文通过实验对地膜覆盖后土壤的能量平衡变化特点和温度效应进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)土壤盖膜后昼间净辐射收入明显减少,但由于地膜对土壤潜热交換的消除和显热交换的抑制,膜下土壤热通量反而增大,从而使其温度增高;(2)实际日照长度、土壤湿度和温度等环境因子均可在一定程度上影响膜下土壤的增温效应;(3)地膜对土壤的增温效应具有明显的时空分布。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.