水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

不同铁形态对水稻根表铁膜及铁吸收的影响

通过溶液培养试验研究了FeCl2?4H2O和FeCl3?6H2O对水稻根表铁膜数量及铁吸收的影响。结果表明,FeCl2处理时水稻根表铁膜浓度是FeCl3处理的197%～233%。利用EDTA-BPDS对铁膜形态分析看出,根表铁膜中Fe3+占85%～92%,Fe2+占8%～15%。水稻天优998根表铁膜数量显著高于培杂泰丰,其铁吸收是培杂泰丰的115%～138%。两种铁形态处理明显提高水稻的根系活力,其中,FeCl2处理时水稻根系活力增加24%～69%,FeCl3为16%～54%。FeCl2处理时水稻根系SOD、POD和CAT活性分别增加11%～32%、15%～30%和30%～31%,但FeCl3处理没有明显影响。上述结果表明一定浓度铁处理明显增加水稻根表铁浓度和铁吸收;与FeCl3处理相比,FeCl2处理能提高根系抗氧化酶活性,增加水稻的铁吸收和根表铁膜数量。     

镉处理根表铁膜对水稻吸收镉锰铜锌的影响

本试验利用营养液和土壤培养系统,研究不同Fe、 Cd处理下根表铁膜对水稻吸收Cd、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn的影响。土壤中Fe的水平为0、 1、 2 g/kg Fe（以FeSO47H2O的形式供应）,Cd 的水平为0、 2、 10 mg/kg Cd（以3CdSO48H2O的形式供应）。营养液中Fe和Cd的水平分别为0、 10、 30、 50、 80、 100 mg/L Fe 和 0、 0.1、 1.0 mg/L Cd。收获后测定水稻根表、 根中和地上部Cd、 Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn 含量。试验结果表明,两种培养方式下,随着介质中Fe浓度的增加,水稻根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）逐渐增多。土壤培养方式下,根表铁膜中Cd 和 Mn 含量随铁膜量增加而略有增加,所有元素含量均表现为根中大于铁膜中。营养液培养条件下,根表铁膜中Mn和Cu含量在高量 Fe 供应时有所增加, Mn、 Cu、 Zn表现为铁膜中大于根中。根表铁膜中Zn含量在两种培养方式下均未呈现一定规律性变化。根中和地上部 Cd、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn 含量一般都随介质中Fe浓度的增加而下降,Cu和Zn含量在加Cd处理中下降。以上结果证明,铁膜对Cd 的吸附阻挡能力有限,对Mn、 Cu、 Zn 的吸附作用因培养方式和元素种类不同而有所差异,植株体内微量元素含量的下降主要与它们之间的相互抑制作用有关。     

不同土壤的还原状况对铁镉形态转化和水稻吸收的影响

采用土壤-蛭石联合培养,以填充蛭石的网袋模拟根际,置于红壤、水稻土、盐土中后淹水栽培水稻13 d.试验结果表明,水稻栽培期问,红壤、水稻土、盐土pH变化范围分别为6.05 ～6.78、6.47 ～7.33、6.42 ～7.44;有机质处理下,除红壤根际pH明显升高外,其余土壤根际和非根际pH均有所下降.各土壤对照根际Eh保持在233 ～ 385 mV;有机质处理使根际Eh下降,同时也导致除盐土外的非根际Eh上升.土壤还原溶解Fe与蛭石吸附Fe的90％以上均米自铁锰氧化物结合态铁(Oxide-Fe)组分,与溶液Eh、pe+ pH均有显著相关性,表明两表面同为Fe的氧化还原反应,但方向相反.水稻根表Fe膜的形成与根际氧化还原状况有关,在对照根际(高Eh)环境下,根表Fe含量随pH升高而降低,在有机质处理根际(低Eh)环境下则随pH升高而升高;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍Fe的吸收,在水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进Fe吸收.根表Cd含量与根内Cd、地上部Cd有显著正相关;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收;水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收.     

中轻度砷污染土壤-水稻体系中砷迁移行为研究

通过土-砂根袋培养生物学模拟试验,运用砷形态分级的连续提取方法研究了水稻整个生育时期内砷在中轻度砷污染土壤-氧化性根际-水稻体系中的时空分布规律。结果表明:(1)该品种水稻(远诱一号)生长旺期(第三生长时期和第四生长时期)由于根系活化作用产生明显根际效应,根际土壤中各砷形态总量、无定形态砷含量均显著高于非根际土(p0.05),而有效性最低的残渣态则低于非根际土。(2)水稻根表铁氧化物膜(简称:铁膜)主要以无定型态铁和结晶态铁为主(90%),在生长旺盛期老化程度最高,且对砷富集能力与第一时期相比降低60%,与第二时期相比降低10%;根表铁膜对砷的富集作用并不完全随铁膜数量的增减而变化,还与铁膜中铁的组成形态(尤其无定形态铁)密切相关。(3)砷在土壤-根际-水稻(远诱一号)体系中迁移规律:砷随铁氧化物的还原由非根际向根际迁移并在氧化性根际富集,由于铁膜的缓冲层作用,砷很少进入作物根系,迁移至地上部的砷含量低于根中砷含量;生育初期(前两个生长时期),水稻根表铁膜主要起富集库作用,具有很强的富集砷能力,但富集的砷易解吸进入作物根系,生育后期(后三个生长时期),铁膜逐渐老化,主要起缓冲层作用,使根系砷含量与生育初期相比降低50%～90%。     

硒(Ⅳ)预处理下根表铁膜对水稻幼苗吸收和转运汞的影响

采用水培试验的方法研究硒(Se,Ⅳ)预处理下,根表铁膜对水稻幼苗吸收和转运汞(Hg)的影响。将水稻幼苗置于Se0和Se0.5(mg L-1)培养液中培养2周,再用4种不同浓度的Fe2+溶液(0、25、50和100 mg L-1即Fe0、Fe25、Fe50、Fe100)诱导水稻根表形成不同数量的铁膜,随后置于0.3 mg L-1的Hg Cl2培养液中继续培养72 h。结果表明,根表铁膜对水稻幼苗生长无显著影响,但硒可以增加其生物量。碳酸氢钠―柠檬酸三钠―连二亚硫酸钠(DCB)提取液(即根表铁膜)中含铁比例(57.3%~96.2%)显著高于水稻幼苗地上部(1.1%~17.5%)和根部(2.7%~25.9%),水稻幼苗的大部分铁被积累至DCB提取液中。随着根表铁膜数量的增加,根和地上部汞含量均显著降低。在Fe50和Fe100处理中,硒的加入显著减少了地上部和根部的汞含量,也显著降低了汞的分配系数,Se(Ⅳ)预处理能明显提高铁膜固持汞的量。综上所述,Se(Ⅳ)预处理和根表铁膜均能阻碍水稻幼苗对汞的吸收和向地上部的转运,减轻水稻汞胁迫,从而起到保护水稻避免汞毒害的作用。本研究对于提高汞污染区稻米质量和保证粮食安全具有一定的现实意义。     

黑豆边缘细胞对干旱胁迫的响应和对根系生理特性的影响

以黑豆Glycine max (L.) Merrill为材料,采用静置培养(保持边缘细胞和黏液附着在根尖)和振荡培养(移除边缘细胞及根尖黏液)方法,比较研究干旱胁迫下黑豆根尖边缘细胞(root border cells, RBCs)产生和黏液分泌以及对根系生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,11%和22%的聚乙二醇(PEG)处理使RBCs数目分别降低了18.1%～21.6%和28.8%～30.4%,胞外黏液分泌分别增加了62.8%～140.7%和133.8%～172.7%,表明干旱胁迫抑制了RBCs的发育,增加了RBCs黏液分泌量。移除边缘细胞的根伸长抑制率、根系相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量高于保留边缘细胞的根,而根系脯氨酸含量则是前者显著低于后者。说明干旱胁迫下,黑豆根尖附着的RBCs及黏液分泌量的增加,减缓了根尖细胞损伤,有利于根系生长,从而提高黑豆的抗旱能力。     

外源钾对铁胁迫下水稻元素吸收运输规律的影响

以耐铁毒型水稻品种协优9308和铁毒敏感型品种Ⅱ优838为实验材料,采用水培法研究250mg/L Fe2+胁迫下,不同浓度的K+对水稻的生长特性以及不同器官和亚细胞的元素吸收运输规律的影响。结果表明,在250mg/L Fe2+胁迫下,两品种水稻生长均受到严重抑制,Fe含量显著上升,K、Na、Ca、Mg、Zn的吸收与运输受到抑制。施加外源钾可以不同程度的缓解铁毒,有效解除铁胁迫对水稻生长的抑制作用,降低水稻体内Fe含量,并促进营养元素K、Na、Ca、Zn的吸收,但对Mg元素的影响并不明显。在亚细胞分布中,Fe、K主要分布于细胞壁组分F1和以液泡为主的可溶性组分F5中。由此可知,高Fe2+胁迫抑制水稻生长,营养元素的吸收以及向地上部的运输,施加适宜浓度的外源钾有利于营养元素的吸收运输从而促进水稻生长,在一定程度上缓解铁毒。     

不同铁效率玉米品种苗期适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异

  【目的】  石灰性土壤高pH和高重碳酸盐含量严重影响土壤中有效铁含量,导致作物缺铁黄化、减产,铁高效玉米品种的推广应用是实现石灰性土壤玉米高产稳产的重要途径。 本研究探讨不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异,旨在为铁高效玉米品种的推广应用提供科学依据。  【方法】  试验以铁高效玉米品种正红2号 (ZH2)、正大619 (ZD619) 和铁低效玉米品种川单418 (CD418)、先玉508 (XY508) 为材料,设置极低铁处理 (Fe0,Fe浓度为0 μmol/L)、低铁处理 (Fe10,Fe浓度为10 μmol/L) 和正常供铁 (Fe100,Fe浓度为100 μmol/L) 3个处理,通过砂培试验,研究不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系形态特征、干物质重、铁积累及铁吸收利用差异。  【结果】  低铁胁迫下,玉米幼苗的根干重、单株干重、铁积累量、根系相对铁吸收效率均显著降低,而根冠比与铁素生理效率均显著升高,且随胁迫程度的增加变幅加大;总根长、根表面积、根体积和根直径则表现出明显的品种差异,与正常铁处理 (Fe100)相比,低铁处理下铁低效品种的总根长、根表面积和根体积显著降低,根直径显著增加,而铁高效品种的总根长和根表面积差异不显著,根体积显著增加,根直径在极低铁处理(Fe0)下显著降低,低铁处理 (Fe10)下差异不显著;铁高效品种总根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重、单株干物重、铁积累量和根系铁吸收效率的降幅及根冠比的增幅均明显低于铁低效品种,而铁生理效率的增幅高于铁低效品种。相关性分析结果表明,玉米幼苗铁积累量与总根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重均呈显著正相关,而与根冠比呈负相关,其中与总根长 (R2 = 0.8546) 和根表面积 (R2 = 0.8983) 相关性最强。  【结论】  与铁低效玉米品种相比,铁高效玉米品种低铁胁迫下具有较优的总根长、根表面积及较高的根系铁吸收效率与铁生理效率,促进了其对铁的高效吸收与利用,提高了其对低铁环境的适应能力。     

澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征

采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,研究了澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土与现代耕作水稻土铁形态、含量变化及剖面演变特征,探讨了土壤铁形态变化与成土过程的关系。结果表明:澧阳平原现代耕作水稻土与埋藏古水稻土铁形态及含量分别为:全铁31.61~35.10 g/kg和33.97~46.88 g/kg,游离铁8.88~13.92 g/kg和11.10~20.36 g/kg,无定型铁2.52~4.06 g/kg和2.64~3.35 g/kg,结晶态铁5.06~11.40 g/kg和8.46~17.43 g/kg。澧阳平原水稻土各形态铁含量除无定型铁外,其他形态铁含量总趋势为埋藏古水稻土现代耕作水稻土,且古水稻土各形态铁分异明显。现代耕作水稻土全铁、游离铁、结晶铁含量均呈现随深度加深而增加趋势,而无定型铁则相反,且各形态铁含量波动性较小;埋藏古水稻土全铁含量随土层增深而增加,无定型铁含量呈现微幅增加趋势,但游离铁和结晶铁含量变化有异,PA剖面减少,PC剖面增加,埋藏古水稻土中各形态铁含量变化趋势多样。澧阳平原古水稻土的铁有明显的淋溶淀积特征,不同形态铁在各土层变异较大,埋藏古水稻土铁富集明显。     

Water- and pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances fractions as a source of iron for Fe-deficient cucumber plants

The capacity of Fe-deficient cucumber plants to utilise water-extractable and pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances as a source of Fe was investigated. Plants were grown for 13 days in nutrient solution in the presence or absence of Fe and during the last 7 days water-extractable and pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances were added to the solution at a final concentration of 5 μg organic C ml^–1. The water-extractable humic fraction did not significantly modify leaf area and dry matter accumulation, leaf total Fe or chlorophyll content of cucumber plants adequately supplied with Fe. In contrast, pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances caused a slight but significant decrease of all the leaf parameters considered, with the exception of the chlorophyll content. Root Fe content of Fe-sufficient plants was decreased by more than 50% in the presence of each humified fraction. Addition of each humic fraction to Fe-deficient plants led to a partial disappearance of leaf chlorosis symptoms with a significant increase in chlorophyll and leaf Fe content. Fe content of roots was also significantly increased in Fe-deficient plants by the addition of humic substances to the nutrient solution. These results show that Fe-deficient cucumber plants can utilise Fe contained in the two fractions of humified organic matter. However, by calculating the amount of total Fe accumulated per plant in the presence of water-extractable or pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances, it could be seen that Fe contained in the water-extractable humic fraction was almost totally used by Fe-deficient cucumber plants, while that present in the pyrophosphate-extractable fraction could only be partially absorbed. The results strongly support a role of humified organic matter in Fe nutrition of plants and are discussed in terms of a possible interaction between soil humic substances and the biochemical mechanisms involved in the plant response to Fe deficiency. Received: 6 November 1996     

根表铁氧化物和缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响

在人工光照植物培养室中采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同镉浓度条件下,水稻根表沉积的铁氧化物及缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响。结果表明：（１）水稻根只的铁氧化物对其生长介质的镉有富集作用,并在一定程度上能促进水稻对镉的吸收。水稻生长的铁营养状况不同,则地上部镉含量不同,地上部镉含量达到最大峰值时根表铁氧化物的数量也不同。（２）当根表铁氧化物数量一定时,随着营养液中镉浓度的增大（镉的处理浓度为０、０．０     

供铁水平对不同氮源条件下水稻生长和元素吸收 积累的影响及种间差异

采用控制条件下的水培试验方法,研究了不同氮源条件下,外源供铁水平对粳稻品种中花11和籼稻品种扬稻6号的苗期生长特征、铵含量和铁、钾离子含量的影响。结果表明:外源铁浓度水平升高会显著缓解铵抑制的粳稻中花11的根系长度,但不缓解铵抑制的籼稻品种扬稻6号根长。外源铁浓度升高处理会显著增加两水稻品种根部铁离子含量,而显著降低两水稻品种铵态氮条件下水稻根部铵离子含量,且两品种间变化趋势相似。高量铵/铁共胁迫条件下,两水稻品种根部钾离子含量均显著降低,且两品种间变化趋势相似。粳稻中花11根系生长明显更耐铁毒害胁迫;硝态氮条件下,籼稻品种扬稻6号根部钾离子变化对铁毒害胁迫更敏感。上述结果显示外源铁浓度水平对根系铵毒害的缓解效果在不同水稻生态型之间存在差异,且这种差异可能与铁胁迫抗性之间存在关联。     

Iron Nutrition of Peanut Enhanced by Mixed Cropping with Maize: Possible Role of Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Microflora

Abstract

Field observations have indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut are more severe and widespread in monoculture than intercropped with maize in calcareous soils of northern China. Here we report a pot experiment that investigated the mechanisms underlying the marked improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut grown in mixture with maize. Iron deficiency chlorosis occurred in the young leaves of peanut in monoculture and was particularly obvious at the flowering stage, while the young leaves of peanut grown in mixture with maize remained green throughout the experiment. The chlorophyll and HCl‐extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut grown in mixture were much higher than those in monoculture, indicating that maize may have markedly improved the peanut Fe nutrition. Growth in mixture was associated with greatly altered root morphology and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of peanut. Visual observation of peanut roots in monoculture showed that they were larger in diameter and shorter than those in mixture. Moreover, peanut roots in mixture with maize produced more lateral roots and had increased root length compared with plants in monoculture. Peanut grown together with maize showed obvious rhizodermal transfer cells in the subapical root zone, but cells with cell wall ingrowths were poorly developed in peanut in monoculture. Mixed culture resulted in a significantly decreased abundance of bacteria in the rhizosphere of peanut compared with monoculture, and electron microscope observations indicated that this was associated with a thicker mucigel layer on the root surface of peanut in mixture with maize. Several root morphological and rhizosphere microbial factors may thus have contributed to the improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut in mixed culture.     

低铁胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响

为了揭示不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的差异,为玉米耐低铁能力的遗传改良提供依据,以耐低铁玉米品种‘正红2号’和不耐低铁玉米品种‘川单418’为材料,采用重度[10μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]、中度[30μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]和轻度[50μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]3种低铁胁迫及对照[100μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]的铁营养液处理3叶1心玉米幼苗,分析低铁胁迫对不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,随着营养液铁浓度降低,两个玉米品种幼苗的根长、根体积、根系活力、干物质、铁含量、铁积累量、相对吸铁能力均显著降低,但根系麦根酸分泌量增多,铁素向地上部转移分配能力增强,铁素的生理效率提高,这是玉米适应低铁胁迫的重要生理机制之一。玉米幼苗的铁素积累量与根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力等根系性状均呈极显著或显著正相关。耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力均较不耐低铁玉米品种高,是其铁素吸收积累量高的重要原因。根系麦根酸分泌量与铁素茎叶分配率呈正相关,铁素茎叶分配率与铁素生理效率呈极显著正相关,增加根系麦根酸的分泌量可在一定程度上提高玉米铁素的茎叶分配率,从而提高铁素生理效率;耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下麦根酸分泌量增幅高于不耐低铁玉米品种,是其铁素生理效率高的主要原因。     

东北玉米根系生物量模型的构建

开展根系生物量的观测和研究,建立通用性的根系生物量模型对于开展生态系统生物量的监测和评估具有重要意义。为得到根系生物量的实时信息,2016年9月末利用挖土法和根系扫描系统,获取玉米根系的生物量及生态指标,分析了玉米根系生物量的垂直分布特征并建立了根系生物量与根系生态指标之间的模拟方程。结果表明：玉米根系生物量主要集中于0~30 cm,占玉米根系垂直分布量的94.44%。利用普通最小二乘法建立根系生物量模型均存在异方差问题,增加根长作为自变量建立的根系生物量模型显著提高了模拟精度,决定系数（R²）达0.91以上。采用对数转换消除方程的异方差及比较不同的模拟方程后发现,玉米根系生物量与根径和根长的组合变量（D²H）建立的指数函数是模拟玉米根系生物量的最优方程,决定系数（R²）最高,为0.90,平均绝对误差（MAE）、估计值的标准误差（SEE）、平均预估误差（MPE）均最小,满足了模拟方程的精度要求。对该方程进一步验证发现,模拟值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.92,说明此模型能较好地模拟根系生物量。利用根系生物量模型结合微根管法,可解决根系生物量实时观测难的问题。     

Rhizosphere interactions between microorganisms and plants govern iron and phosphorus acquisition along the root axis - model and research methods

Iron and phosphorus availability is low in many soils; hence, microorganisms and plants have evolved mechanisms to acquire these nutrients by altering the chemical conditions that affect their solubility. In plants, this includes exudation of organic acid anions and acidification of the rhizosphere by release of protons in response to iron and phosphorus deficiency. Grasses (family Poaceae) and microorganisms further respond to Fe deficiency by production and release of specific chelators (phytosiderophores and siderophores, respectively) that complex Fe to enhance its diffusion to the cell surface. In the rhizosphere, the mutual demand for Fe and P results in competition between plants and microorganisms with the latter being more competitive due to their ability to decompose plant-derived chelators and their proximity to the root surface; however microbial competitiveness is strongly affected by carbon availability. On the other hand, plants are able to avoid direct competition with microorganisms due to the spatial and temporal variability in the amount and composition of exudates they release into the rhizosphere. In this review, we present a model of the interactions that occur between microorganisms and roots along the root axis, and discuss advantages and limitations of methods that can be used to study these interactions at nanometre to centimetre scales. Our analysis suggests mechanisms such as increasing turnover of microbial biomass or enhanced nutrient uptake capacity of mature root zones that may enhance plant competitiveness could be used to develop plant genotypes with enhanced efficiency in nutrient acquisition. Our model of interactions between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere will be useful for understanding the biogeochemistry of P and Fe and for enhancing the effectiveness of fertilization.     

玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究

玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布是准确量化植被与气候相互作用不可缺少的参数,也是玉米生产科学管理和节水农业发展的重要科学依据.在中国气象科学研究院固城生态环境与农业气象实验站内的大型根系观测系统中,采用地下室玻璃窗观测法和方形整段标本法,观测了"屯玉46号"玉米的根深、根宽、根长和根重,分析了玉米根长、根长密度、根重密度和根系粗度等在土壤剖面中的分布状况.结果表明,玉米根长、根干重均随土壤深度的增加基本呈递减类型.吐丝期0～40 cm土层根长占整层根长51.5%,0～80 cm土层占76.2%,0～120 cm土层占90.5%.乳熟后期其分布趋势与吐丝期相似.玉米根系粗度随着土壤深度增加,在上层呈减少分布型,在下层呈增加分布型.乳熟后期,玉米最大根深可达230 cm,根长总量达8.288 km·m-2,显示出该玉米品种有较发达的根系.通过玻璃窗观测的根深大于远离玻璃窗处的根深.     

A method of processing soil core samples for root studies by subsampling

Root studies are generally believed to be very important in ecological research. Soil coring is a valuable approach to root research, but it requires a very large amount of processing time. We present here a method for processing soil cores consisting of the combination and homogenization of several soil cores from a plot, with subsequent subsampling for root extraction. The required subsample size was determined for a topsoil and a subsoil sample from a groundnut field and was found to be 5–10% of the total soil sample. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.     

Contamination of laboratory glassware with iron

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine iron (Fe) contamination on supposedly clean laboratory glassware used for Fe determinations. Iron adhered tenaciously to glassware that had been well washed and rinsed by usual methods (detergent, HCl, and distilled water) and was removed only by washing the glassware with a Fe che‐lating agent. Variability sometimes noted in Fe determinations could possibly be attributed to Fe contamination on glassware. Our data showed that glassware previously exposed to Fe solutions should be washed with an appropriate Fe chelating agent before subsequent determinations of Fe.