水稻根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收磷的影响

本文采用营养液培养方法研究了根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收磷的影响。结果表明，水稻报表的铁氧化物胶膜随营养液中Fe2+浓度的增加而增加。铁氧化物胶膜可富集生长介质中的磷，根表铁膜数量越多，富集的磷量也越多。根表铁股可促进水稻对磷的吸收，但这种促进作用的大小依赖于根表铁膜数量。根表铁膜数量为24570mp／kg时，促进作用达到最大，此后随着铁膜数量的增加，水稻吸收磷的数量下降，但仍高于根表没有铁膜的水稻。因此，水稻根表形成的铁氧化物胶膜在一定程度上是一个磷富集库，对水稻吸收磷起促进作用。在此过程中，缺铁条件下水稻根分泌物中的植物铁载体对淀积铁氧化物胶膜的水稻根系吸收磷没有明显的作用。     

根表铁膜对水稻吸收污灌土壤中的锌的影响

采用土-石英砂联合培养的盆栽试验，研究两个不同基因型的水稻根表铁膜的形成情况及其对水稻吸收污灌土中的锌的影响。结果表明，两基因型水稻在不同不分条件下根表铁膜的形成情况不同：淹水条件下形成的铁膜数量最多，高于湿润和干-湿交替，后二者之间差异不明显。不同基因型水稻（金优22与90-68-2）根表铁膜的形成趋势一致，只是数量稍有差异；不同基因型秸秆及籽粒中锌的含量存在差异，不同铁处理的根表铁膜数量、地上部锌含量均不同。     

不同铁形态对水稻根表铁膜及铁吸收的影响

通过溶液培养试验研究了FeCl2?4H2O和FeCl3?6H2O对水稻根表铁膜数量及铁吸收的影响。结果表明,FeCl2处理时水稻根表铁膜浓度是FeCl3处理的197%～233%。利用EDTA-BPDS对铁膜形态分析看出,根表铁膜中Fe3+占85%～92%,Fe2+占8%～15%。水稻天优998根表铁膜数量显著高于培杂泰丰,其铁吸收是培杂泰丰的115%～138%。两种铁形态处理明显提高水稻的根系活力,其中,FeCl2处理时水稻根系活力增加24%～69%,FeCl3为16%～54%。FeCl2处理时水稻根系SOD、POD和CAT活性分别增加11%～32%、15%～30%和30%～31%,但FeCl3处理没有明显影响。上述结果表明一定浓度铁处理明显增加水稻根表铁浓度和铁吸收;与FeCl3处理相比,FeCl2处理能提高根系抗氧化酶活性,增加水稻的铁吸收和根表铁膜数量。     

缺磷对不同作物根系形态及体内养分含量浓度的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以水稻、 小麦、 玉米和大豆为试验材料,研究了短期缺磷（2周）诱导根表沉积铁氧化物是否为水稻特有的性质,以及缺磷对不同作物根系形态及其吸收钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜、 锌营养元素的影响。结果表明,供磷和缺磷处理并没有影响小麦、 玉米和大豆3种作物根系的颜色,而缺磷处理水稻根表沉积了铁氧化物而呈红（黄）棕色,且铁氧化物不均匀地富集在根细胞壁的孔隙中; 缺磷促进了水稻,小麦,玉米和大豆根系的生长,分别比供磷处理伸长了11%、 11%、 20%和11%（P0.05）。此外,缺磷胁迫下水稻根表铁氧化物增强了钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在根表的富集而成为其进入根系的缓冲层。缺磷处理水稻根中铁浓度明显高于供磷处理（P0.05）,而地上部铁的浓度仅为磷营养正常水稻植株的18%,这说明缺磷诱导的铁氧化物促进了根系对铁的吸收但抑制了铁由根系向地上部的转运。短期缺磷对其他养分在水稻根中和地上部的浓度没有明显影响。对于其他 3 种作物,短期缺磷没有明显影响钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在其根表富集及在植物体内的浓度。因此,在供试的4 种作物中,由于磷胁迫诱导根表形成铁氧化物是水稻特有的性质,铁氧化物的沉积可促进铁的吸收但抑制了铁向地上部的转运,而短期缺磷并没有影响其他3种作物对钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌养分的吸收和转运。     

镉处理根表铁膜对水稻吸收镉锰铜锌的影响

本试验利用营养液和土壤培养系统,研究不同Fe、 Cd处理下根表铁膜对水稻吸收Cd、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn的影响。土壤中Fe的水平为0、 1、 2 g/kg Fe（以FeSO47H2O的形式供应）,Cd 的水平为0、 2、 10 mg/kg Cd（以3CdSO48H2O的形式供应）。营养液中Fe和Cd的水平分别为0、 10、 30、 50、 80、 100 mg/L Fe 和 0、 0.1、 1.0 mg/L Cd。收获后测定水稻根表、 根中和地上部Cd、 Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn 含量。试验结果表明,两种培养方式下,随着介质中Fe浓度的增加,水稻根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）逐渐增多。土壤培养方式下,根表铁膜中Cd 和 Mn 含量随铁膜量增加而略有增加,所有元素含量均表现为根中大于铁膜中。营养液培养条件下,根表铁膜中Mn和Cu含量在高量 Fe 供应时有所增加, Mn、 Cu、 Zn表现为铁膜中大于根中。根表铁膜中Zn含量在两种培养方式下均未呈现一定规律性变化。根中和地上部 Cd、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn 含量一般都随介质中Fe浓度的增加而下降,Cu和Zn含量在加Cd处理中下降。以上结果证明,铁膜对Cd 的吸附阻挡能力有限,对Mn、 Cu、 Zn 的吸附作用因培养方式和元素种类不同而有所差异,植株体内微量元素含量的下降主要与它们之间的相互抑制作用有关。     

磷饥饿诱导水稻根表铁膜形成机理初探

采用溶液培养的方法,初步探索了磷饥饿诱导水稻根表铁膜形成的机理。磷饥饿24h后水稻的根表出现了明显的红棕色物质的沉积,扫描电镜的能谱分析结果显示,红棕色物质是铁的氧化物。针对这一现象,首先研究了没有水稻生长的正常磷营养液和缺磷营养液的变化,结果表明二者之间全波长的扫描图谱没有出现差异。采用酸碱混合指示剂的琼脂染色方法,观察了水稻根系表面及根际pH值的变化情况,并分别测定了正常磷营养（P）和缺磷（P0）2种条件下水稻的根系活力。结果看出,缺磷时水稻根系活力高于磷营养正常的处理,尤其是基因型Jin23A,其P和P0处理间根系活力差异极显著。水稻根表三价铁的浓度高于二价铁,并且缺磷根系表面三价铁和二价铁浓度均明显高于供磷处理;缺磷处理水稻根质外体沉积的铁浓度也明显高于供磷处理。因此,初步确定磷饥饿诱导水稻根表铁膜形成是生物学基础上的化学反应过程。     

不同栽培方式对镉污染水稻土籼、粳稻根表铁膜铁、镉含量及根镉含量的影响

通过对镉污染水稻土籼、粳稻分蘖、孕穗、灌浆和收获期根表铁膜的铁、镉和根系镉含量的测定,研究淹水、覆膜、覆草和湿润栽培对籼、粳稻吸镉量的影响。结果表明:1)分蘖期,淹水和覆草栽培籼稻根表铁膜铁含量高于粳稻;覆膜和湿润栽培的粳稻根镉含量高于籼稻。2)孕穗期,淹水和覆膜栽培的籼稻根表铁膜铁含量高于粳稻;湿润栽培的籼稻根表铁膜镉含量高于粳稻;覆膜、覆草和湿润栽培的籼稻根镉含量低于粳稻。3)灌浆期,淹水和湿润栽培籼稻根表铁膜铁含量高于粳稻;覆膜和湿润栽培的籼稻根表铁膜镉含量低于粳稻;根镉含量籼稻低于粳稻。4)收获期,根表铁膜铁含量籼稻低于粳稻;根表铁膜镉含量覆膜栽培的籼稻高于粳稻;根镉含量覆膜、覆草和湿润栽培的籼稻低于粳稻。     

镉在水稻根际的生物有效性

综合介绍了水稻根际土壤中的ｐＨ值、Ｅｈ值、有机质和微生物、其它金属元素及根分泌物等因素同隔的生物有效性之间的关系。提出水稻根系具有泌能力,使其根际微环境呈氧化状态。因而,溶液中一些还原性物质被氧化,如Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋形成的氧化物在根表沉积成胶膜。胶膜及其根际环境对水稻吸收镉都有一定的影响。     

水稻不同生育期对硒吸收累积及铁膜的吸附特性

采用盆栽试验方法,研究不同生育期水稻各部位对硒的吸收累积及根表铁膜对水稻吸收积累硒的影响机制。结果表明:水稻营养器官生物量在拔节期积累最快,不同时期营养器官中硒含量不同,根中的硒在拔节期达到最大,根和茎中的硒在灌浆期和成熟期被转运至其他部位。水稻各组织中约50%的硒在拔节期和孕穗期被吸收,小穗吸收总硒的47.22%且是在孕穗期完成的,说明这两个时期对于水稻硒吸收累积非常关键。铁膜中硒占总硒的比例在幼苗期高达73.63%,是同时期茎中硒所占比例的4.87倍。随着生育期的推进,铁膜中硒所占比例显著递减,在成熟期降低至20.02%,同时期茎中硒占总硒的比例为65.42%。这表明,根表铁膜在水稻整个生长周期内通过吸附作用使其表面能够富集一定量的硒,在水稻生育后期,当土壤溶液中硒含量较少时,根表铁膜可能会作为一个硒源,吸附在根表铁膜中的硒重新被水稻所利用,铁膜在水稻硒吸收转运的过程中扮演了"缓冲器"的角色。明确不同生育期根表铁膜对水稻硒累积特性,在生产管理中可在不同生育期采取措施提高稻田硒生物有效性,从而为进一步提高农产品中硒含量提供科学依据。     

硒(Ⅳ)预处理下根表铁膜对水稻幼苗吸收和转运汞的影响

采用水培试验的方法研究硒(Se,Ⅳ)预处理下,根表铁膜对水稻幼苗吸收和转运汞(Hg)的影响。将水稻幼苗置于Se0和Se0.5(mg L-1)培养液中培养2周,再用4种不同浓度的Fe2+溶液(0、25、50和100 mg L-1即Fe0、Fe25、Fe50、Fe100)诱导水稻根表形成不同数量的铁膜,随后置于0.3 mg L-1的Hg Cl2培养液中继续培养72 h。结果表明,根表铁膜对水稻幼苗生长无显著影响,但硒可以增加其生物量。碳酸氢钠―柠檬酸三钠―连二亚硫酸钠(DCB)提取液(即根表铁膜)中含铁比例(57.3%~96.2%)显著高于水稻幼苗地上部(1.1%~17.5%)和根部(2.7%~25.9%),水稻幼苗的大部分铁被积累至DCB提取液中。随着根表铁膜数量的增加,根和地上部汞含量均显著降低。在Fe50和Fe100处理中,硒的加入显著减少了地上部和根部的汞含量,也显著降低了汞的分配系数,Se(Ⅳ)预处理能明显提高铁膜固持汞的量。综上所述,Se(Ⅳ)预处理和根表铁膜均能阻碍水稻幼苗对汞的吸收和向地上部的转运,减轻水稻汞胁迫,从而起到保护水稻避免汞毒害的作用。本研究对于提高汞污染区稻米质量和保证粮食安全具有一定的现实意义。     

土壤－水分－植物体系中铅和镉的交互作用及其机制: Ⅱ. 根际中Pb-Cd的交互作用

The interaction of Pb-Cd can be observed not only in the uptake process of elements by plants and in their influence on the growth,but also in rhizosphere.The changes in extractable Cd and Pb concentrations in the rhizosphere soil of rice plants ,root exudates from wheat and wheat plant and their complexing capacity,with Pa and Cd were investigated under different Pb and Cd treatments.Results showed that the concentration of extractable Cd in the rhizosphere of rice in red soil was markedly increased by Pb-Cd interaction,It increased by 56% in the treatment with Pb and Cd added against that in the treatment with only Cd added in soil . The considerable differences in both composition and amount of root exudate from wheat and rice were found among different treatments.Pb and Cd might be complexed by root exudates ,The concentrations of free Pb and Cd in the solution were increased markedly by adding root exudate from wheat and decreased by that from rice due to Pd-Cd interaction.The distribution patterns of Pb and Cd in roots were affected by Pb-Cd interaction,which accelerated transport of Pb into internal tissue and retarded accumulation of Cd in external tissue.     

缺铁水稻根表铁膜对硒的转运和吸收的影响

Under anaerobic conditions, ferric hydroxide deposits on the surface of rice roots and affects uptake and translocation of certain nutrients. In the present study, rice plants were cultured in Fe-deficient or sufficient solutions and placed in a medium containing selenium （Se） for 2 h. Then, FeSO4 was added at the various concentrations of 0, 10, 40, or 70 mg L-1 to induce varying levels of iron plaque on the root surfaces and subsequent uptake of Se was monitored. The uptake of Se was inhibited by the iron plaque, with the effect proportional to the amount of plaque induced. The activity of cysteine synthase was decreased with increasing amounts of iron plaque on the roots. This may be the important reason for iron plaque inhibition of Se translocation. At each level of iron plaque, Fe-deficient rice had more Se than Fe-sufficient rice. Furthermore, with plaque induced by 20 mg Fe L-1, plants from Fe-deficient media accumulated more Se than those from Fe-sufficient media, as the Se concentration was increased from 10 to 30 or 50 mg L^-1. We found that phytosiderophores, highly effective iron chelating agents, could desorb selenite from ferrihydrite. Root exudates of the Fe-deficient rice, especially phytosiderophores in the exudates, could enhance Se uptake by rice plants with iron plaque.     

Cadmium Impact on Root Exudates of Sorghum and Maize Plants: A Speciation Study

ABSTRACT

The effect of cadmium (Cd) on root exudates of sorghum and maize was investigated in order to get further insight into the mechanisms of plant tolerance to Cd. Plants were grown hydroponically and supplemented with: 0, 0.5, and 5.0 mg Cd L^{? 1}. Hydroponic solutions containing exudates were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed different exudation patterns by sorghum and maize with cadmium supply. While sorghum enhanced malate exudation over the entire range of applied Cd in the uptake solutions, maize increased mainly citrate. Moreover, malate concentration exuded in sorghum rhizosphere presented higher values than citrate (from maize). With the aid of the HYPERQUAD speciation program, a significant decrease in the bioavailable Cd (free Cd plus Cd chloro-complexes) was found due to the increase of Cd organic complexation in the hydroponic solution. Furthermore, similar metal organic complex concentrations were obtained for both plants, which turned the maize and sorghum overall detoxification process equivalent. Exudation of malate and citrate should contribute to tolerance mechanisms of these plants, reducing deleterious effects of free Cd on root growth. These findings support the idea that the metal-binding capabilities of root exudates may be an important mechanism for stabilizing metals in soil.     

Genotypic Difference in Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation by Rice Seedlings Grown in Hydroponics

Genotypic differences in arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) uptake and their translocation within rice seedlings grown in solution culture were investigated. Arsenic uptake and its translocation differed significantly between eight cultivars. The largest shoot and root As concentrations were found in cultivar ‘TN1’ and ‘ZYQ8’, while cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the lowest As concentration. Arsenic concentration in shoot or root of ‘JX-17’ was about 50% of that in cultivar ‘ZYQ8’. Specific Arsenic uptake (SAU) was found significantly different between rice cultivars, which was about 2-fold higher of ‘ZYQ8’ than that of ‘JX-17’. The Cd accumulation also differed significantly between cultivars. Rice cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the highest ability in Cd uptake, but the lowest ability in Cd translocation from root to shoot. The transfer factor (TF) of Cd had an important effect on Cd accumulation by rice seedlings. Arsenic can competitively inhibit P uptake by rice seedlings, P concentrations in shoots, or roots treated with As were significantly lower than those without As addition. However, the concentrations of P and As were positively correlated within these genotypes. The Cd immobilization by cell wall was an important mechanism for Cd detoxification. The cell wall bound 21–44% of total Cd in shoots and 25–59% of total Cd in roots of these tested genotypes. The genotypic differences in As and Cd uptake and translocation within rice seedlings provide the possibility of selecting and breeding genotypes and /or cultivars with reduced levels of As and Cd in rice grains.     

Effect of Cadmium and Iron on Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Plant in Chelator-Buffered Nutrient Solution

ABSTRACT

To better understand the mechanisms responsible for differences in uptake and distribution of cadmium (Cd), nutrient-solution experiments were conducted with different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa), ‘Khitish’ and ‘CNRH3’. The plants were grown in a complete nutrient solution with different levels of pCd (-log free Cd⁺² activity) and pFe [-log free iron (Fe⁺²) activity]. The required concentrations of chelating agent and metals were determined using a computerized chemical equilibrium model such as Geochem-PC. Experimental treatments included a combination of four pCd activity levels (0, 7.9, 8.2, and 8.5) applied as Cd (NO₃)₂ 4H₂O, and two pFe activity levels (17.0 and 17.8) applied as FeCl₃. The application of both Cd and Fe in solution culture significantly affected plant growth, yield, and Cd accumulation in plant tissue. In general, yield of rice was decreased by an increase in amount of solution Cd; however, yield response varied among the cultivars. At the 7.9 pCd level, yields of rice cultivars ‘Khitish’ and ‘CNRH3’ were reduced to 69% and 65%, respectively, compared with control plants. Root Cd concentrations ranged from 2.6 mg kg^?1 (control plants) to 505.7 mg kg^?1 and were directly related to solution Cd concentrations. In rice plants, Cd toxicity symptoms resembled Fe chlorosis. Differential tolerance of varieties to phytotoxicity was not readily visible, but a significant interaction of substrate Cd and variety was obtained from dry-matter yields. Significant interactions indicated that response of tissue Cd concentration, plant Cd uptake, and translocation of Cd to the aerial parts were dependent on variety as well as substrate Cd. Uptake of Cd by roots was significantly higher than by shoots. Higher Cd uptake by rice plants decreased the uptake of other beneficial metals.

The effect of Cd and Fe on the rate of phytometallophore release was also studied in the nutrient solution. Among the rice genotypes, ‘Khitish’ was the most sensitive to Cd toxicity. In both genotypes, with the onset of visual Cd-toxicity symptoms, the release of phytometallophore (PM) was enhanced. Among the rice varieties, ‘Khitish’ had the highest rate of PM release. Treatments with the metal ions studied produced a decrease in chlorophyll and enzyme activity. A decrease in concentrations of chlorophyll pigments in the third leaf was observed due to the highest activity level of Cd (pCd 7.9). Activities of enzymes such as peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are altered by toxic amounts of Cd. Changes in enzyme activities occurred at the lowest activity of Cd (pCd 8.5) in solution. Peroxidase activity increased in the third leaf. Results showed that in contrast with growth parameters, the measurements of enzyme activities may be included as early biomarkers in a plant bioassay to assess the phytotoxicity of Cd-contaminated solution on rice plants. Evidence that Cd uptake and translocation are genetically controlled warrants the selection of varieties that assimilate the least Cd and that translocate the least metal to the plant part to be used for human and animal consumption.     

有机硅改性复合肥防治水稻镉污染的效果和初步机制

为探讨有机硅改性复合肥防治水稻镉(Cd)污染的效果和机制,采用田间小区试验和大面积示范试验,研究不同配比的有机硅改性复合肥及其不同用量对水稻镉含量、养分吸收、产量和土壤镉有效性及其形态变化的影响。结果表明,小区试验中,与CK和CF1相比,施用有机硅改性复合肥降低了水稻分蘖期茎叶部和根部镉含量,分别下降57.0%~64.1%和24.0%~65.4%;与CK相比,成熟期茎叶镉含量降低30.1%~74.3%,稻米镉含量下降65.3%~81.1%。该结果在大面积示范中得到验证,与普通复合肥相比,有机硅改性复合肥降低了44.2%~86.0%的稻米镉含量,基本达到稻米食用安全国家标准;增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、铁的吸收;增产12.1%~20.0%;土壤pH值提高0.07~0.47;有效镉含量下降1.9%~14.3%。小区试验土壤镉形态分析表明,与CK和CF1相比,有机硅改性复合肥处理的交换态镉含量下降1.2%~22.3%、还原态镉含量增加6.1%~43.0%、氧化态镉含量下降6.8%~35.0%、残渣态镉含量增加2.2%~60.0%。综上所述,施用有机硅改性复合肥可以提高水稻养分吸收,增加水稻产量,同时降低水稻对镉的吸收转运,是一项水稻镉污染防治的新技术。     

大田生产条件下不同品种水稻植株中镉的分布特点

通过4个水稻品种在大田生产条件下的试验,研究分析了水稻植株Cd积累和分布的特点。结果表明,水稻的根系是吸收Cd的主要器官,也是Cd的主要储存场所,无论在水稻分蘖期还是成熟期都很明显;在水稻成熟期,籽粒（糙米）中Cd的含量显著地低于其他器官,水稻植株器官中Cd的分布情况大致为：根〉鞘＞叶＞茎＞糙米,但随着品种的不同而有所变化;根据4个水稻品种在成熟期的植株Cd积累量的分析,9311是植株高累积Cd的水稻品种,Jia－48和Jia－51的糙米中Cd的积累很低;水稻品种间对于Cd的吸收和累积能力有显著的差异,但水稻类型间（粳稻与籼稻间）Cd含量没有显著差异,因此不能按照水稻类型来选育糙米中低Cd积累品种,应针对品种选育出糙米中低Cd积累的高产优质水稻品种。     

EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WHEAT AND CORN TO IRON DEFICIENCY

This work evaluated the effect of cadmium (Cd) on the physiological responses of corn (Zea Mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to iron (Fe) deficiency. For this purpose, seedlings of corn and wheat were cultivated under controlled conditions, plants were grown in different strength Hoagland's solutions for one month. In the fifth week, some seedlings were still in full strength Hoagland's solution (+Fe) and others were in full strength Hoagland's solutions without iron (?Fe). The plants were exposed to different cadmium (Cd) concentrations for four days. The plant chlorophyll content of young leaves, Fe and Cd content in shoots and roots, biomass production, and phytosiderophores (PS) release by roots were assessed. Results showed that Cd decreased the chlorophyll content of young leaves, accompanied by a significant shoot and root biomass reduction for Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments. However, chlorophyll content and shoot and root biomass of Fe-deficient wheat and corn were lower than Fe-sufficient plants at different Cd concentrations. Iron-deficiency induced Cd accumulation compared to Fe-sufficient in wheat and corn; however, a depressive effect of Cd on iron acquisition in shoots and roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments was observed. Cadmium also inhibited PS release in Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn. Iron-deficient PS release was higher than Fe-sufficient corn and wheat across all Cd treatments. These results suggested that Cd might reduce capacity of plants to acquire iron from solution by inhibiting PS release.