1981-2010年中国北方风蚀气候侵蚀力演变与植被动态响应

风蚀气候侵蚀力演变是影响植被生长的重要因素,基于GIMMS NDVI3gV1.0数据以及气候数据,并结合多情景分析法、敏感性分析法,分析了1981-2010年中国北方风蚀气候侵蚀力演变及其对植被变化的影响。结果表明:（1）1981-2010年,风蚀气候因子指数多介于10~100,均值为29.4,侵蚀力水平一般。其基本特征是由东至西逐渐减弱,由南至北逐渐减弱。（2）1981-2010年,中国北方风蚀气候侵蚀力整体上呈下降趋势,其变化主要受风速影响,二者相关系数高达0.95。（3）植被动态对风蚀气候侵蚀力演变的响应具有典型的空间异质性,多数沙区表现为风蚀气候侵蚀力减少导致植被增加。（4）不同沙区植被变化对风蚀气候侵蚀力演变的响应程度不同,河套平原、塔里木盆地等沙区植被动态对风蚀气候侵蚀力演变较为敏感,伊犁盆地、乌兰察布以及阿拉善高原等沙区则敏感性较小。     

准东地区土壤风蚀影响因子分析与风蚀量估算

为阐明准东地区土壤风蚀现状及影响因子,通过实地采样,结合气象、土地利用数据、DEM、遥感影像,从气候因子、地形因子、土壤因子以及植被盖度4个方面进行分析,利用GIS平台结合WEQ经验模型对各因子叠加计算的土壤风蚀状况进行分级,并对各侵蚀等级进行评价分析。结果表明:气候、土壤及植被盖度共同影响该区域的土壤风蚀状况。受各因子的影响,准东地区风蚀分级状况比较明显,侵蚀强度由南向北呈增强趋势,主要表现为重度侵蚀,占研究区面积的43.02%。该区域平均侵蚀模数为4 470.64t/(km2·a),风蚀量达9 969.53万t。为验证模型的准确性,利用137 Cs示踪法推算的风蚀模数与模型值进行对比,结果表明模型计算值与137 Cs示踪法估算值间的平均相对误差7.78%,证明该模型在研究区具有很好的适用性。     

近39年东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力及其对气候变化的响应

为评估东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力及其对区域气候变化的响应，基于东北地区66个气象站点1981—2019年气象数据，采用风蚀气候侵蚀力计算方法，解析东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力空间分布特征、时间变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：近39年(1981—2019年),东北地区风速和相对湿度呈下降趋势，降水量呈波动增加趋势，气温呈上升趋势；风蚀气候侵蚀力整体呈西高东低趋势，全区平均为18.8,空间变化范围为0.9～63.8;春、夏、秋和冬季的风蚀气候侵蚀力分别为10.4,1.4,4.1和2.9;全区年风蚀气候侵蚀力平均每10年减小3.71,春、夏、秋和冬季平均每10年分别减小2.05,0.24,0.96和0.44;风蚀气候侵蚀力有明显的空间性(西高东低)和季节性(春季高，夏季低)。39年来，全年及四季的风蚀气候侵蚀力整体呈下降趋势。研究结果可为不同农业种植区土壤风蚀防治提供理论依据。     

土壤风蚀预报简述

土壤风蚀是目前全球性土地退化的主要过程之一，土壤风蚀预报是在风沙物理学和各种风蚀因子研究的基础上于本世纪５０年代后发展起来的一门实用技术，用以指导土壤风蚀防治。经过科学家们４０多年的努力，目前已提出了风蚀方程、帕萨克模型、波查罗夫模型、德克萨斯侵蚀分析模型、风蚀评价模型、修正风蚀方程和风蚀预报系统等代表性的风蚀预报模型。我国的土壤风蚀问题日趋严重，亟待开展风蚀预报研究。     

基于不同风蚀模型的区域土壤风蚀变化及影响因素研究——以内蒙古自治区为例

基于遥感数据、气象数据等,利用RWEQ模型和风蚀预报模型对内蒙古自治区2000—2017年土壤风蚀进行评估并分析其驱动因素。结果表明：（1） RWEQ模型（R²=0.85,P<0.01）和风蚀预报模型（R²=0.43,P<0.01）的预测值与¹³⁷Cs示踪技术风蚀的值具有较好的相关性,其中RWEQ模型预测精度更好。（2）时间上,RWEQ和风蚀预报模型模拟的结果均表明2000—2017年内蒙古自治区土壤风蚀呈下降的趋势,下降趋势分别为0.73,1.18 t/（hm²·a）,2个模型模拟的土壤风蚀模数在2011年均达到最低值。空间上,2000—2017年,2个模型的模拟结果均表明内蒙古自治区土壤风蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,其中剧烈侵蚀在整个研究区的占比较小（RWEQ 1.79%,风蚀预报模型5.45%）,主要分布于北方风沙区的西南部。趋势上,89.74%（RWEQ）和72.05%（风蚀预报模型）的土壤风蚀模数呈下降趋势,其中显著降低的区域主要分布于北方风沙区的巴丹吉林沙漠和乌兰布和沙漠。（3）大风天数对土壤风蚀具有显著影响,随着大风天数的增多,土壤风蚀呈显著上升趋势,植被覆盖度和降水量的增长在一定程度上可抑制土壤风蚀的进程。     

不同秸秆移除率下免耕时长对土壤风蚀的影响

土壤风力侵蚀是干旱、半干旱地区农业土壤主要退化因素之一,是农业可持续发展中最突出的问题。耕地采用免耕技术(NT)可以减少经济投入,减少能源消耗从而降低温室气体排放,同时提升土壤有机质含量从而增加土壤团聚体的团聚效应,增加土壤抗侵蚀能力。虽然免耕可以使得农田土壤抗风蚀能力有显著提高,但是免耕年限长短与土壤抗风蚀能力之间的关系并没有得到充分研究。通过研究不同免耕年限下土壤的可侵蚀比(EF)、几何平均质量直径(GMD)、破碎力(BF)、干团聚体稳定性及表面糙率等,探讨免耕年限对土壤抗风蚀能力的影响,并且综合这五项指标对美国堪萨斯州的两块相邻的土地(Garden City与Scott City)进行对比。试验发现:当秸秆移除率为50%时,免耕年限较长的Scott City(17年免耕)的五项指标普遍优于Garden City(5年免耕),尤其是在GMD和糙率上,都远远优于Garden City。当秸秆移除率为100%或者0%时,五项指标中两处土壤的性质各有优劣,这些差异与气候、环境以及土壤类型等因素有关。从试验中发现,土壤的抗风蚀能力与免耕年限呈正相关关系。     

宁夏风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变及影响因素分析

[目的]揭示宁夏回族自治区风蚀气候侵蚀力(C值)的时空演变特征,阐明宁夏气候对风蚀的影响及因素,进而为宁夏风蚀评估提供科学依据。[方法]基于宁夏及周边气象站1965—2019年的观测数据,根据FAO风蚀气候侵蚀力计算公式,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变点检验、Morlet小波分析及随机森林等方法,开展了宁夏风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变及影响因素的研究。[结果](1)宁夏多年平均C值为23.8,在年尺度和季节尺度上呈现可持续的显著减少趋势,且春冬季高、夏秋季低。(2)多年平均C值在空间上呈现中北部高、南部低的分布,显著减少的站点共8个,且均呈现可持续性。(3)除夏季尺度外,其他季节尺度和年尺度的C值均在2003年前后发生显著突变,且均存在一个30 a左右的主周期。(4)影响C值最主要的因子是风速,其次是降水量、相对湿度、热力因子、太平洋年代际振荡指数。[结论]宁夏属于干旱半干旱地区气候侵蚀力较弱的区域,风速是影响宁夏C值最主要的因子。     

陕西省降雨和风蚀气候侵蚀力时空分布特征

[目的]研究陕西省不同区域降雨侵蚀力和风蚀气候侵蚀力的时空分布特征、突变特征和周期特性等,为陕西水土流失防治和生态建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用陕西省96个气象站1981—2020年气象观测资料计算了全省降雨侵蚀力和风蚀气候侵蚀力,采用气候趋势分析、空间插值、M-K检验、小波分析等方法,分析了陕西省风蚀、水蚀气候侵蚀力时空分布特征、突变和周期特征等。[结果](1)全省1981—2020年降雨侵蚀力为2 719.6 MJ·mm/(hm²·h),空间差异性较大,呈现南高北低的空间分布。陕西省风蚀气候侵蚀力为3.18,呈现北高南低的空间分布特征。(2)近40年陕西省降雨侵蚀力年际波动较大,呈现微弱上升趋势,但未通过显著性检验。全省降雨侵蚀力经历了先减小后增大的变化趋势,目前处于降雨侵蚀较大的年代。陕西省风蚀气候侵蚀力年际波动较大,但无显著变化趋势。风蚀气候侵蚀力近40年先增强后减弱,大部分地区风蚀气候侵蚀力在20世纪90年代最强,目前处于最弱的年代。(3)降雨侵蚀力主要以6—9月较大,最大值出现在7月,风蚀气候侵蚀力则以冬春两季较大,4月最大,二者具有明显的非同步性。(...     

半干旱草原潜在土壤风力侵蚀空间格局研究

中国绝大多数的干旱半干旱地区遭受着严重的风力侵蚀。风蚀可导致土壤流失、肥力下降,最终导致土地荒漠化。半干旱草原区的荒漠化问题日益突出,由此带来的沙尘暴等灾害天气增多,给人们的生产生活带来诸多不便。从影响土壤风力侵蚀的风速、干燥度、植被盖度、地形起伏度、土壤可蚀性以及放牧压力6个方面出发,借助GIS技术,通过主成分分析研究半干旱草原区达茂旗土壤风力侵蚀的空间分布格局。结果表明:达茂旗潜在土壤风力侵蚀指数由南向北呈高—低—高趋势。达茂旗北部地区土壤风蚀主要受风速、干燥度和植被指数影响;中部地区风力侵蚀主要受地形起伏度的影响,地形起伏对风的消减作用增强,使得风力降低,加之该地区土壤可蚀性和干燥度相对较低,风力侵蚀指数低;南部土壤风力侵蚀主要受放牧压力影响,春季正是牧草返青季节,植被盖度低,且牲畜密度相对较大,放牧对草场的压力大,土壤风力侵蚀严重。风力侵蚀各影响因子的时空异质性是导致半干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要原因。干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要影响因素是风速、干燥度和植被指数,其次受地形和土壤可蚀性的影响,而放牧压力是半干旱草原区土壤风力侵蚀的主要人为因素之一。     

内蒙古阴山北麓干旱区不同种植模式对农田风蚀的影响

通过野外观测和室内试验，研究阴山北麓干旱区不同的种植模式对农田风蚀的影响，结果表明：（1）研究区具有发生风硅危害的潜在气候条件；（2）土壤不合理的翻耕是造成农田风蚀的重要因素，通过实行保护性的留茬免耕措施，可以有效抑制农田土壤风蚀。（3）不同作物种植条件下，条播作物农田风蚀量小于穴播作物。为了有效防治农田土壤风蚀，对作物进行高留茬处理和通过各种措施增加地表粗糙度，可以达到最大的防风蚀作用。（4）农事操作增大了土壤风蚀的潜在危险。     

Using the RBFN model and GIS technique to assess wind erosion hazard of Inner Mongolia,China

Soil wind erosion is the primary process and the main driving force for land desertification and sand‐dust storms in arid and semi‐arid areas of Northern China. While many researchers have studied this issue, this study quantified the various indicators of soil wind erosion, using the GIS technology to extract the spatial data and to construct a RBFN (Radial Basis Function Network) model for Inner Mongolia. By calibrating sample data of the different levels of wind erosion hazard, the model parameters were established, and then the assessment of wind erosion hazard. Results show that in the southern parts of Inner Mongolia wind erosion hazards are very severe, counties in the middle regions of Inner Mongolia vary from moderate to severe, and in eastern are slight. Comparison of the results with other research shows conformity with actual conditions, proving the reasonability and applicability of the RBFN model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同土地利用背景下土壤侵蚀空间分布规律研究

在 RS与 GIS技术的支持下 ,对不同土地利用背景下的土壤侵蚀空间分布规律进行了定量研究。具体表现为通过空间分析 ,对不同土壤侵蚀下的土地利用类型、不同地貌特征下的土壤侵蚀状况、不同土地利用结构下的土壤侵蚀进行了动态分析。研究结果表明 :我国的土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀为主 ,其次为风力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀。我国的水力侵蚀以微度水力侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积在逐渐减少 ;我国的风力侵蚀以剧烈风力侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积逐渐增加 ;在冻融侵蚀区以微度冻融侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积逐渐减小。对我国威胁最大的是风力侵蚀 ,因此 ,研究如何防治风力侵蚀 ,阻止土壤沙漠化 ,在目前是一项十分紧迫的任务。     

The vegetation cover dynamics (1982–2006) in different erosion regions of the Yellow River Basin,China

Vegetation significantly influences human health in the Yellow River basin and the plant cover is vulnerable to people. Typical types of erosion in the Yellow River basin include that caused by water, wind and freeze–thaw. In this paper, vegetation cover change from 1982 to 2006 was studied for a number of different erosion regions. The Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GIMMS NDVI) data were employed, while climatic data were also used for analysis of other influencing factors. It was shown that: (1) generally the vegetation cover in different erosion regions displayed similar increasing trends; (2) spatially the vegetation cover was highest in the water erosion region, the second highest was in the freeze–thaw region and the lowest in the wind erosion region; and (3) vegetation cover in the Yellow River basin is influenced by climate factors, especially by temperature. In water erosion regions, the temporal change of vegetation cover seemed complicated by comprehensive climatic and human influences. In wind erosion regions, the vegetation cover had close relations to precipitation. In freeze–thaw erosion regions, the vegetation cover was primarily altered by temperature. In all the three erosion regions, significant change of the vegetation cover occurred from 2000 just after the ‘Grain for Green’ (GFG) programme was implemented throughout China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Studying the function of ecosystem in preventing aeolian dust emission in the dryland areas of China

Aeolian dust emissions can cause many environmental hazards, like accelerating land degradation and desertification, polluting air, harming human health, and so on. The dryland areas of China (DAC) are hot spots of aeolian dust emissions. To date, many efforts have been paid to researching dust emissions processes and effects, but research studies on ecosystems' function in preventing dust emissions are still very limited. In this study, we investigated the function of DAC ecosystems in preventing dust emissions, and the corresponding driving factors through integrated wind erosion modelling system (IWEMS) modelling. The main results indicate that: (1) from 2001 to 2020, the ecosystems of DAC prevented the emission of dust ~40,554 Tg, approximately 15 times as much as the total actual dust emission (~2776 Tg); (2) the function of DAC ecosystems in preventing dust emissions was relatively strong in spring and winter; (3) grassland ecosystems had the strongest function in preventing dust emissions among all the land cover types, avoiding the emission of dust ~20,857 Tg over 2001–2020; (4) dust emission prevention function provided by the DAC ecosystems benefits almost every region of China, which provides a theoretical basis for formulating ecological compensation policies; and (5) the changes in dust emissions were dominated by wind speed in most areas of DAC.     

沙地土壤风蚀动力因子分析

地表粗糙度反映地表对风速减弱的作用以及对风沙流的影响 ,其值大小取决于地形、植被覆盖及作物的播种方向 ,粗糙度越大风蚀强度越小。吉林省西部流动沙丘的起沙风速为 1 0 3m/s,风蚀耕地的起沙风速为 6 3～ 7.9m/s。春季侵蚀性风能为 1 72 1 8(v·u)。该区风蚀性气候因子和侵蚀性风能自东向西递增 ,西北部的通榆为最大     

新疆林果产业大风沙尘灾害风险评估模型构建及区划

该研究以获取新疆林果产业大风沙尘风险灾害防控等级为目的,以自然灾害系统理论为基础,结合林果业受大风沙尘灾害危害特征,以气象、基础地理信息、农业和社会经济等方面数据为依据,从致灾因子风险性,孕灾环境敏感性和承载体脆弱性3方面分析了大风沙尘灾害风险构成;采用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)结合加权综合评价法对指标进行筛选和权重确定,在Arc GIS空间分析模块支持下,按照各指标分配的权重对各单项评价指标进行叠加分析,获得新疆林果产业大风沙尘风险评估区划等级图。从空间分布看,南疆林果业遭受大风沙尘的风险高于北疆。从局部区域看,塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘以和田地区为主风沙危害最为显著,为一级防控区;托克拉克沙漠、布吉里沙漠、库木塔格沙漠、噶顺戈壁区以喀什地区、巴州地区、哈密和吐鲁番区域风沙危害较为严重,为二级防控区;其他区域为三级防控区。该研究为有关生产部门针对性地防御和减轻风沙灾害提供决策依据。     

东北地区不同耕作方式农田土壤风蚀特征

为探究不同耕作方式农田土壤风蚀特征,揭示风蚀对表层土壤理化性质及养分含量的影响,以东北地区典型农田土壤(黑土和风沙土)为研究对象,通过野外集沙仪定点监测与室内理化分析等方法,对不同耕作方式(垄作、免耕)和不同地表覆盖措施(无覆盖、留茬、覆盖)下的土壤风蚀特征展开研究。结果表明:(1)风沙土的输沙量显著高于黑土,在0—100cm高度范围内风沙土的输沙量平均为黑土的168倍。随高度的上升输沙量急剧减少,其中0—10cm输沙量最大,占总输沙量的50%以上,40cm以上则无明显风蚀物;(2)不同耕作方式下,免耕农田土壤风蚀输沙量较垄作样地减少了66.0%~94.1%;而相同耕作措施下,不同地表覆盖的输沙量表现为无覆盖>留茬>覆盖,与无覆盖相比,留茬及秸秆覆盖下的输沙量可以减少90.3%~99.4%;(3)受风蚀影响,表层土壤颗粒、有机质及养分流失严重,其中风蚀物的砂粒含量是表层土壤的1.06~1.42倍,且10—20cm风蚀物中有机质、全氮和全磷含量均比表层土壤高;(4)通过修正风蚀方程(RWEQ)估算得出,垄作无覆盖(RTNF)风蚀模数高达181.7~86582.9t/(km^2·a),风蚀剧烈,而免耕覆盖(NTF)的风蚀模数仅为9.89t/(km^2·a),为微度风蚀。研究显示垄作及无覆盖方式下农田土壤风蚀程度剧烈,加剧了表层土壤颗粒和养分流失的风险,而免耕和地表覆盖能有效缓解风蚀危害。     

Cartographic Procedure for the Analysis of Aeolian Erosion Hazard in Natural Parks (Central System,Spain)

Cartographic analysis of the hazard of erosion is a useful tool for the planning and management of natural parks, helping to establish measures for protection and correction. Such parks, which offer spectacular landscape views and natural beauty, must be conserved with all their resources. Accordingly, park managers must have the cartographic tools for hazard planning, which is necessary for the rational and sustainable handling of human activities and the establishment of preventive and corrective measures. The present work describes a cartographic procedure using GIS that determines the risk of aeolian erosion. The method was applied to two protected natural parks in the central mountain system in Spain. This cartographic method revealed a weak risk of hazard of erosion in low‐lying areas or valley floors, with increasing risk in areas of deflation. These areas were explored by mapping geomorphological domains and slopes, characterising different surficial deposits: colluvium, piedmonts, debris cone, alluvial fans and river terraces. Aeolian erosion on cultivated surfaces with gentle slopes was observed to be low, but in sectors with little agricultural activity and undulated reliefs, the hazard of erosion is important owing to the high analytical and textural erodibility and scant vegetation cover of these sectors. These parameters were studied on the basis of the mapping of soils and soil profiles. Additionally, the cartography of vegetation and the wind index in the cartographic procedure allowed for the different degrees of aeolian erosion to be better quantified. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于QuickBird影像的艾比湖及周边土壤风蚀研究

近年来,艾比湖湖面发生严重萎缩,造成湖泊大面积裸露,为沙尘暴提供了大面积沙源。通过对高分辨率QuickBird影像数据的处理,分析了艾比湖湖域的风蚀现状。在湖岸周边强度以上的风蚀面积约占63%,主要分布在无植被覆盖的东部和西部;微度风蚀和中度风蚀面积约占37%,主要分布在有植被覆盖的南北两岸。湖泊裸露的干涸湖底,位于湖泊的西北部,面积达430km²。影像的色调、形状和纹理变化上反映了干涸湖底的地貌形态和风系的方向。结合实地测量数据的分析发现,湖泊西北向东南方向形成宽约4.5km,长约10km,坡度为1/5000的带状坡面,为沙尘暴的发生创造了有利的条件。要改善艾比湖流域生态环境,主要依靠增加入湖水量以减小干涸湖底的沙源,达到控制艾比湖地区风蚀的目的。     

Integration of biophysical and socio‐economic factors to assess soil erosion hazard in the Upper Kaligarang Watershed,Indonesia

Soil erosion is one form of land degradation, which is caused by the interacting effects of numerous factors such as biophysical characteristics and socio‐economic condition of a particular watershed. Previous erosion studies focused on the use of soil erosion models (e.g. USLE, EUROSEM, SLEMSA etc.), which have been developed under local conditions (e.g. United States, Europe, Africa, etc) and mostly use only biophysical factors as inputs to the models. In this study, a methodology that integrates both biophysical and socio‐economic aspects into a framework for soil erosion hazard assessment using principal component analysis (PCA) is described. The analysis is done at the land unit level. With the particular conditions of the study area that is characterized by Inceptisols and Alfisols soil types, nine different land uses with mixed vegetation and forest area dominant in the steep slope, high annual rainfall (>2500 mm), high population with mostly low income and low education, were considered. These were used in formulating a soil erosion hazard index (EHI) equation which relates a number of key factors consisting of biophysical and socio‐economic variables, namely soil texture, slope steepness, land cover, soil conservation practices, income and farmers' knowledge. Weighting and scoring of these key factors were used to develop the EHI equation and to calculate an index value of erosion hazard for every land unit. Results indicate that more than 60% of the area has erosion hazard ranging from moderate to very severe, and most of the land units with high erosion hazard were found at the mountain areas. It was also found that erosion hazard was severe in areas with high silt content, followed by high rainfall and steep slope, low crop cover without any soil conservation practices coupled with lack of awareness on soil erosion and low income. The key factors identified and level of erosion hazard obtained can be used to formulate conservation measures in critical areas which are prone to soil erosion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.