湖南省小流域生态安全综合评价指标体系研究

该文通过收集整理湖南省小流域基础数据,结合实际调查完成对湘东、湘南、湘西3个区域11个典型小流域生态安全评价指标的筛选。基于小流域水土资源、生态环境及社会经济三个方面的复合表征,采用层次分析法、专家咨询法等方法建立可适用于南方红壤区小流域生态安全综合评价指标体系及评价模型。评价结果表明:(1)总体而言,湖南省各地区小流域生态现状评价为基本安全,湘西地区的生态现状安全程度要高于其他地区,具体次序为:湘西较好,湘南次之,湘东较差;(2)小流域生态安全综合评价指数分布与水土流失率分布范围有较好的一致性,水土流失率大的流域,其生态安全综合指数明显偏低,两者存在较强的负相关性;(3)通过小流域生态安全的障碍因素分析,影响湖南省小流域生态安全的主要障碍因素为土壤侵蚀量、水土流失率、水土流失治理率及人均纯收入等。     

生态清洁小流域主要评价指标研究

基于生态清洁小流域广泛的关注度及其评价指标体系的稀缺性,为了建立基本、易行的生态清洁小流域评价指标体系,统计了130余篇前人研究成果和相关法规、标准,梳理出43个小流域生态评价指标体系,共计671项参评指标。采用频次分析、相关性分析法,结合指标的代表性、系统性、差异性和可获取性,从小流域水环境、生态系统、土壤状况、人类社会与经济发展4个方面,筛选出了14个能够反映小流域生态清洁整体状况的关键性评价指标。     

北京市山区小流域生态清洁程度评价指标体系研究

根据北京市山区小流域的发展要求和建设实践,按照坡面、沟道和村庄3个部分构建了小流域生态清洁程度的评价指标体系,分别确定了各项指标的调查和评价方法。所建立的指标体系及其调查方法已在北京市各区县应用,为生态清洁小流域的建设工作提供了技术支撑。     

基于模糊数学理论的川南地区典型小流域生态清洁度综合评价

[目的]评价川南地区典型生态清洁小流域清溪谷小流域的生态清洁程度,以期有效指导山区各级生态清洁小流域建设工程实施方案的制定,同时为类似区域生态清洁小流域建设及其效果评价提供科学理论与数据支持。[方法]依据科学性、代表性、可操作性、适用性等原则,结合清溪谷小流域的自然、社会和经济特征,采用模糊数学法和层次分析法构建川南地区清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度的综合评价指标体系框架。[结果]清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度的综合评价指标体系包含生态区、生产区、生活区3个子系统,初选沟道水文形态、农业用地比例、生活污水处理率等24项作为评价指标。流域水系整治及水土流失综合治理的生态指标所占权重为0.247,生态农业发展指标所占权重为0.373,人居环境整治所占权重为0.380。清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度综合评价指数分值为0.772,达到"清洁"等级。清溪谷生态清洁小流域系统处于良性、协调、稳定的发展状态。[结论]通过生态清洁小流域建设,改善了当地农业生产条件,完善了产业结构调整,有效控制了面源污染,提供了洁净的水源、优美的生态和人居环境,促进了流域水土资源、生态环境和经济社会的可持续发展。     

生态清洁小流域水生态环境监测指标体系初探

以生态清洁小流域为研究对象,构建了北京市生态清洁小流域水生态环境监测指标体系。该指标体系包括3个层次,第一层共包括土壤侵蚀强度、村庄生活污水处理率、河流生物完整性指数等17项指标;第二层包括水土流失与面源污染状况、点源污染状况、河流健康状况;第三层为顶层指标,通过对第一、二层指标进行综合分析,评价生态清洁小流域水生态环境质量状况。建立该指标体系以期能为广泛开展的生态清洁小流域建设提供基础数据和决策依据,能够对小流域生态系统的保护和恢复起到一定的指导作用。     

新宾满族自治县水土保持工程效益等级评价

基于可持续发展理论从社会、经济与生态三个方面选择显著影响效益等级评价的13项关键因素,对各指标的相对重要性利用组合赋权法确定,然后利用未确知测度法科学评价了新宾满族自治县夹河北小流域、小四平小流域、大甸子小流域以及砬子沟小流域的水土保持工程效益等级。结果显示:对水土保持效益影响较为显著的指标为土地生产率、土壤侵蚀模数和林草覆盖增加率;在水土保持效益等级评价中未确知测度法具有较强的实用性与科学性,各小流域的相关治理措施具有较好的水保效益。     

小流域土地整理与农村经济可持续发展研究——以云南省牟定县飒马场小流域为例

土地整理是实现土地可持续利用的重要途径,景观整理和生态整理是国际国内土地整理发展的趋势。首先从论述小流域土地生态系统的特点入手,提出以水土流失综合治理为核心内容的小流域土地整理是一种综合整理或者叫小流域土地景观整理,并据此确定小流域土地整理的目标和内容;其次,根据云南省牟定县飒马场小流域土地整理翔实的调研资料,分析小流域土地整理在改善农业生态环境,促进区域农业和农村经济可持续发展中的作用;最后,提出进一步搞好小流域土地整理的运作模式。     

生态清洁小流域综合效益评价研究进展

生态清洁小流域综合效益评价是检验与衡量生态清洁小流域建设成果的有效手段。在分析生态清洁小流域综合效益内涵的基础上,从综合效益评价方法、评价指标体系、确定指标权重的方法等方面介绍了我国生态清洁小流域综合效益评价研究与实践进展,指出了当前研究存在的问题,并从生态清洁小流域建设目标的分类、效益内涵、评价指标体系构建、指标权重确定方法几个方面,对未来生态清洁小流域的综合效益评价研究进行了展望,以期提高生态清洁小流域综合效益评价研究水平,促进生态清洁小流域建设健康发展。     

基于景观生态安全格局的成都平原与龙门山脉过渡带土地资源开发利用

[目的]基于景观生态安全格局的土地利用研究,为缓解人地矛盾、经济发展与生态保护提供科学依据。[方法]以成都平原与龙门山脉过渡带的四川省绵竹市为例,基于遥感和GIS技术,在提取和分析20a来土地利用变化及其地形因子响应基础上,以生态用地保护为目标,选取地形和土地覆盖类型为阻力因子,应用最小累计阻力模型构建景观生态安全格局。通过与土地资源现状的叠加,对不同景观安全水平的土地资源进行划分。[结果]研究区土地资源分为优先开发、适度开发、限制开发、禁止开发等4种类型,其面积分别达7 218.39,17 974.75,21 545.39,77 791.46hm2,并分析各类型土地利用特征,提出了相应的土地资源开发利用规划。[结论]基于景观生态格局理论与方法,提出的不同生态安全水平的土地用地规划,有利于区域生态安全保护和土地资源持续性利用。     

基于集对分析模型的水土保持工程效益后评价研究

[目的]建立一个科学合理的水土保持效益后评价指标体系对水土保持工程进行效益评价,为小流域的生态治理提供科学后评估依据。[方法]综合分析小流域水土保持工程特性和影响水土保持工程效益的关键因素,识别和选取水土保持工程效益后评价的13项关键指标,建立小流域工程效益后评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵值法改进评价指标的权重,结合评价指标数据和指标评价标准应用改进的集对分析模型开展工程效益后评价研究。[结果]改进的集对分析模型结果表明,评价指标体系中水保效益、生态效益、社会效益,流域水土保持工程效益评价总体处于2级水平,流域治理的成效显著、可供开发的空间和潜力较大。[结论]该方法是一种有效地针对小流域的水土保持工程效益评价的新方法。在构建水土保持工程效益后评价指标体系的基础上,将该方法运用到水土保持工程效益后评价中,基本达到了预期的研究目的。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.