基于高频探地雷达的土壤表层含水量测定

高精度快速探测土壤表层水分状况,对于精准农业生产、水资源精确管理及防治坡耕地水土流失具有重要意义。现有探地雷达(ground penetrating radar,GPR)低频探测技术不能满足表层土壤含水量高精度要求,需要发展和应用高精度探测技术。本研究采集江宁某蔬菜地水稻土表层(0~20cm)土壤(粉砂质黏壤土),通过室内模拟试验,利用高频(1 GHz和2 GHz)探地雷达在不同土壤含水量状况下进行探测,获取GPR数据图像信息,提取电磁波谱特征参数,分析其与土壤含水量之间的定量关系。结果表明:1 GHz和2 GHz频率GPR探测的土壤介电常数ε与实测土壤含水量θ拟合的ε~θ模型决定系数R2分别为0.94与0.97,高频探地雷达技术预测粉砂质黏壤土表层土壤含水量是可行的;与低频探地雷达技术相比,高频探地雷达技术能够高精度探测表层土壤含水量。     

基于探地雷达的典型红壤区网纹红土层识别

网纹红土层的识别对于土壤学和第四纪环境等研究均具有重要意义。以位于南方红壤区的江西省鹰潭市孙家流域为例,通过多频率探地雷达图像解译、钻井探测和土壤含水量分析等方法相结合,研究使用不同天线频率雷达对网纹红土层的识别效果及最佳的雷达探测方法。结果表明:共中心点法(CMP)能够准确地计算出电磁波在不同土地利用类型、不同深度的传播速度,电磁波在网纹红土层的传播速度在0.052 m·ns~(-1)～0.065 m·ns~(-1)之间,平均速度为0.058 m·ns~(-1);剖面深度上的含水量变化特征与土壤层次的分布具有协同性,网纹红土层内土壤含水量逐渐递增,至网纹红土层下界面出现最大值,风化层以下土壤含水量随着深度的增加不断减小;应用60 MHz和120 MHz天线的雷达均可识别网纹红土层的上、下界面,深度拟合结果的R~2分别为0.93和0.86;相比较于60 MHz单天线探测网纹红土层厚度的结果,采用组合天线的方法,即200 MHz和60 MHz天线分别获得网纹红土层上、下界面的深度,能够提高探测准确度,试验平均相对误差由16.2%缩小至6.8%;探地雷达技术不仅可以提高野外调查效率,还有利于推进土壤三维制图的发展。     

探地雷达结合钻孔探测采煤塌陷区土壤剖面层次及含水率

为分析煤层开采对地层结构及含水率的影响,利用探地雷达对西部煤矿开采区开采前后地表浅层土壤剖面、土壤含水率分布特征进行了探测研究。通过钻孔地质编录对雷达探测地层分布进行了矫正,并利用实验室实测含水率验证了雷达探测含水率精度。结果表明:1)雷达探测钻探结果显示,煤矿开采区浅层(10 m)土壤介质结构从上之下主要包含砂层、黏土层和风化层3类。2)探地雷达探测含水率与实测含水率随深度变化规律相似,4个钻孔两种方法探测所得含水率相关系数分别为0.875、0.88、0.94和0.84,表明探地雷达反演浅部地层含水率的可行性,黏土、含砂黏土的含水率远远大于砂层含水率。3)煤矿开采对浅部地层土壤剖面具有一定影响,但土壤剖面整体不变。煤矿开采后浅层土壤含水率下降明显,第1、3次探测L1测线砂层和黏土层含水率损失率平均为28.26%、12.85%。这表明煤层开采对砂层结构土壤含水率影响较大。第二、四次探测砂层平均含水率分别为5.31%,7.44%,含水率增大2.11%,土壤含水率增大范围在5%～56%之间,平均增大范围为27.89%示。黏土层两次探测含水率分别为11.46%、11.96%,含水率增大0.5%,含水率增大范围在-19.13%～19.59%,平均增大范围为4.79%。即黏土类结构层含水量变化较小,砂层结构含水量变化较大,说明黏土类地层受降雨影响较小,砂层结构地层含水量受降雨影响较大,表明浅部地层土壤水分主要受降雨影响。     

低频探地雷达地波法测定土壤含水量的可行性研究

利用地波法来探讨低频探地雷达(GPR)在土壤含水量测定方面的可行性。分别采用50 MHz和100 MHz天线的探地雷达地波法对黄淮海平原潮土地区砂壤土和砂土中的含水量进行了探测研究。结果表明,50 MHz天线GPR分辨率过低,在砂土和砂壤土中均无地波信号。100 MHz天线在砂壤土中无地波信号,但在砂土中可清晰读取出空气波和地波。TDR测得含水量为6.3%的砂土,用100 MHz天线地波法3次测定结果分别为5.9%,6.2%和6.5%,绝对误差均在0.4%以内。采用共中点法(CMP)和固定间距法(FO)相结合探测土壤含水量,在FO最佳天线间距1 m时测得灌水前后的砂土含水量分别为6.5%和20.2%,与TDR测定结果6.3%和19.7%相比,绝对误差在0.5%以内。100 MHz天线CMP和FO相结合的方法兼顾了CMP法读取地波的精确和FO法的快速便捷,在砂土的含水量测定应用中是可信、可行的。     

基于探地雷达的土壤水分测定方法研究进展

农田和小流域尺度土壤水分空间和时间分布信息的快速、准确、无损获取是土壤学、农学以及生态环境学等相关科学研究的重要需求.探地雷达作为一种新型地球物理技术, 近年来在多个领域有了应用和推广.本文针对探地雷达技术在土壤水分监测方面应用的科学问题, 在总结国内外相关研究的基础上, 重点阐述了探地雷达技术测定土壤含水量的基本原理、土壤含水量和土壤介电常数的常用关系式、探地雷达技术测定土壤含水量的研究方法及其在国内外的研究进展, 评价了各方法的优势和不足及其在农田土壤中的适用性, 并提出存在的问题和研究展望, 以期为相关科学研究以及探地雷达在我国农田土壤上应用开创新的领域提供参考.     

潮土区农田土体构型层次的探地雷达无损探测试验

为探究探地雷达对自然土壤土体构型进行快速无损探测的可行性,该文首先利用基于时域有限差分法的Gpr Max2D软件模拟4种具有不同介电特性差异的土壤层次的土体模型,识别雷达电磁波在具有不同土壤介电特性差异的土壤层次中传播时反射波振幅和相位的客观变化规律;然后于2016年在位于黄淮海平原潮土区的河北省曲周县选择夹黏型和底漏型2种土壤层次较明显的农田土体构型进行GPR探测试验,并挖掘土壤剖面,通过雷达图像处理软件和MATLAB编程处理雷达图像并提取波形数据,根据模拟获取的规律进行土壤层次识别,对比探测层厚与实际剖面层厚。研究结果显示,雷达电磁波在不同介质分界面处发生反射,两侧介电特性差异越大,反射波振幅越大;上层介质介电常数小于下层会发生正反射,反之发生负反射;实测波形比模拟波形杂乱;通过电磁波振幅和相位变化识别层次界面清晰的夹黏型土体构型中较厚层次的厚度的相对误差(9%)要小于识别层次界面不清晰的底漏型土体构型各层厚度的相对误差(9%);可识别的层次界面反射系数均大于0.02,两侧土壤具有较大介电特性差异;通过客观判读依据可以判别农田潮土的层次结构,但层次界面的整齐清晰程度、界面两侧介电特性差异程度和相邻层次的厚度大小影响着探地雷达探测效果。该文可以为相关研究提供参考,为实现土体构型这一重要耕地质量指标的快速监测提供借鉴。     

基于探地雷达的滨海盐渍土表层含水量测定研究

本研究选取了17个植被类型不同或长势不同的典型地块,利用250 MHz中心频率探地雷达,采用固定间距法和共中心点法两种测量方法,分析电磁波信号对土壤剖面特性变异分层的响应特征,提取地面波和表层反射波的传播速度,代入常用的11个土壤介电常数—含水量经验模型,反演表层土壤(0~30 cm)体积含水量。GPR图像可清晰识别0~1m土层的空气波、地面波和反射波信号;GPR反演体积含水量与农田表层土壤实测质量含水量的相关系数可达0.8以上,其中以Topp模型与巨兆强模型的相关系数最高,朱安宁粉砂黏潮土的θ~ε经验模型的平均反演误差为0.012 m~3 m~(-3);对于表层土壤盐分较高的地块,反射波信号反演表层土壤含水量的效果优于地面波;表层土壤扰动越大,雷达波信号提取误差越大,GPR反演含水量的精确度越低。     

基于低频GPR的土壤累积入渗量的探测方法研究

农田尺度上土壤累积入渗量的准确获取是目前土壤入渗研究中的难题.通过土工模拟和灌水实验,探讨利用低频探地雷达(GPR)技术探测土壤累积入渗量的方法.在分析灌水前后GPR剖面特征的基础上,分别构建和对比了基于波速法和振幅法的土壤累积入渗量计算模型.结果表明,基于振幅的探测模型在精度和稳定性方面均优于波速法,反射波振幅模型精度高于地面波模型,利用反射波波谷1构建的累积入渗量的GPR探测模型的决定系数达到0.96.因此,使用低频探地雷达可以实现对土壤累积入渗量的准确探测.研究结果为农田尺度上土壤累积入渗量的探测方法提供了一种新思路,同时,也为GPR在土壤学领域中的进一步应用提供了科学依据.     

探地雷达地波法测定红壤区土壤水分的参数律定研究

探地雷达地波法是一种农田尺度快速测量土壤体积含水量的有效技术,能够弥补传统方法和卫星遥感方法在含水量监测上的不足。但地波法在红壤地区进行含水量反演的最佳参数仍未确定,相关研究鲜有报道。本研究以位于南方红壤区江西省鹰潭市孙家流域为例,采用地波法对区域土壤体积含水量进行了探测:先使用共中心点法确定所用雷达的系统延时、有效反演深度,并利用Topp、Roth、Ferre和朱安宁四种常用的经验模型由介电常数ε反演土壤含水量;然后通过固定间距法进行区域性的土壤体积含水量测量,确定雷达测量时的最佳天线间距。这一系列过程中,土壤含水量实测值是用烘干法校正的管式时域反射仪(time domain reflectometry,TDR)测定的土壤体积含水量。研究的目的是为了律定地波法在红壤区测定土壤含水量的有效反演深度、最优模型和最佳天线间距等参数。结果表明:60 MHz探地雷达地波法反演0～40 cm土层的土壤体积含水量时精度最高,误差最小;Roth经验模型更适合于红壤地区0～40 cm土层土壤含水量的反演,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.022 m3m-3;地波法的最佳天线间距为1.0 m,能够准确地反演土壤体积含水量;土地利用类型对雷达的探测精度具有一定影响,在1.0 m天线间距下,旱地上的反演精度优于果园,旱地和果园的RMSE分别为0.004和0.020 m3m-3。     

不同质地耕层土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

[目的]研究不同土壤质地下耕层土壤有效态微量元素含量特征,为合理制定农田土壤施肥方案和提高土壤养分资源利用率提供依据。[方法]以库车县不同质地耕层土壤(0—20cm)为调查对象,采用统计方法对土壤微量元素有效态含量特征进行分析。[结果](1)土壤有效态微量元素在壤土、砂壤土、黏土、黏壤土及砂土中含量差异显著(p0.05),且壤土和砂壤土的有效态微量元素含量相对较高;(2)土壤微量元素有效性综合指数排列顺序依次为:砂壤土(1.51)砂土(1.44)黏土(1.42)壤土(1.41)黏壤土(1.27);(3)土壤有机质与土壤有效态微量元素均具有极其显著的相关性(p0.01),pH值则与有效铜和有效锰相关显著(p0.05)。[结论]在不同土壤质地下,微量元素铁和锌含量较为缺乏,锰和铜含量则相对较为丰富,故应依据这一特性进行土地科学管理和施肥。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。