水生生态系统服务功能与辐射效应——以河南省洛阳市为例

[目的] 分析区域水生生态系统服务功能的价值变化和辐射效应,为区域水资源可持续发展和流域生态补偿提供科学依据。[方法] 利用ArcGIS软件对2000—2020年河南省洛阳市土地利用数据进行提取得到水域类型面积,采用能值方法对水生生态系统服务功能进行量化,并分析其变化。同时通过断裂点模型分析其功能辐射。[结果] 2000—2020年洛阳市水生生态服务总能值分别为8.01×10²¹sej, 1.29×10²²sej, 1.27×10²²sej, 1.29×10²²sej, 1.31×10²²sej,总体上呈增长趋势。其中,服务构成重心已由供给功能向文化功能偏移,系统中生物多样性保护、水产品生产、水资源供给、水资源调蓄和休闲娱乐功能居于支配地位,且休闲娱乐功能已成为核心功能。此外,洛阳市水生生态系统服务功能主要转出地区为嵩县和洛宁县,向外转移总量分别为3.10×10²⁰sej和3.21×10²⁰sej,主要转入地区为栾川县、宜阳县、伊川县及汝阳县。[结论] 在洛阳市同类地区,需要重视水生态保护,加大对区域旅游事业的扶持引导,同时合理地进行流域内生态补偿,促进各地区经济、社会、生态协调发展。     

甘肃黄土高原区主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力

根据甘肃省黄土高原区城市雨洪资源的分布特征,选取主要城市兰州、定西、平凉、庆阳和天水为研究区,研究了各主要城市降水量特征变化规律,并对各主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力进行了分析计算。结果表明,兰州、定西、平凉、庆阳和天水雨洪资源的平均理论潜力分别为5.71×10⁷,8.61×10⁶,2.38×10⁷,7.62×10⁶和3.21×10⁷m³,平均可实现潜力分别为2.91×10⁷,4.65×10⁶,1.43×10⁷,4.87×10⁶和1.95×10⁷m³。计算结果说明,甘肃黄土高原区各主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力相对较大,具有很好的开发利用前景,并且可为黄土高原区城市雨洪资源高效利用和有效管理提供参考依据。     

南水北调中线水源地土壤侵蚀经济损失估算

在GIS的支持下,通过气象数据分析、实地调查、野外采样及室内分析、DEM计算、遥感解译等,构建了南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库库区流域地理信息数据库,并利用USLE估算了研究区的土壤侵蚀量。以1990年的价格为基准,利用市场价格法、机会成本法和影子工程法估算了水源区年均土壤侵蚀带来的经济损失。结果表明,水源区的年均土壤侵蚀模数为2394 t/(km²·a)。研究区表土流失造成的全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质损失量在分别换算成标准化肥磷酸二铵、氯化钾及薪柴后的经济损失分别为1.64×10⁸,7.25×10⁷,1.17×10⁹和2.97×10⁷元;年均侵蚀的土壤相当于61.94 km²的土地被废弃,经济损失为3.71×10⁷元。土壤侵蚀导致的涵养水分、泥沙淤积和泥沙滞留方面的经济损失分别为3.22×10⁵,1.88×10⁷和1.95×10⁶元。水源区年均土壤侵蚀总经济损失达1.50×10⁹元,其中养分损失占96.11%。     

联苯菊酯等3种杀虫剂在茶园茶叶、土壤及降雨径流中的残留

为探究杀虫剂联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈的常用剂量和减施剂量对绿茶品种‘丰绿’（Camellia sinensis Yutakmitor）的鲜叶和茶园土壤及降雨径流的影响以及可能产生的膳食摄入风险,选择联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈的当地常用剂量和减量30%剂量作为处理组,在浙江绍兴富盛镇御茶村茶园进行田间试验,喷药后1 d、3 d、7 d、10 d分别采集试验小区的鲜叶和土壤,喷药后4 d、8 d采集降雨径流,检测样品中的杀虫剂残留并评估3种杀虫剂的膳食暴露风险。试验结果表明：同种杀虫剂常用剂量处理的茶鲜叶中残留虽然高于减施剂量处理,但二者差异不显著,杀虫剂减量30%对减少鲜叶中的残留并无明显效果。经过常用剂量与减施剂量处理的茶鲜叶中联苯菊酯的半衰期分别为5.89 d和4.61 d,溴氰菊酯的半衰期分别为5.75 d和2.55 d,虫螨腈的半衰期分别为3.72 d和2.70 d。3种杀虫剂在土壤中的残留均低于《土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）》中有机氯杀虫剂六六六的一级标准值（≤ 0.05 mg·kg^-1）。联苯菊酯和虫螨腈在降雨径流中的残留均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749-2006）》中有机氯杀虫剂六六六的限值（0.005 mg·L^-1）,溴氰菊酯在降雨径流中的残留低于《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749-2006）》中溴氰菊酯的限值（≤ 0.02 mg·L^-1）。3种杀虫剂在茶叶中的膳食暴露风险评估结果表明,联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈的最大暴露量分别为0.5×10^-4~1.7×10^-4 mg·kg^-1（bw）·d^-1、1.0×10^-6~7.3×10^-6 mg·kg^-1（bw）·d^-1、1.0×10^-5~8.3×10^-5 mg·kg^-1（bw）·d^-1,风险商分别为0.005~0.017、0.000 2~0.001和0.000 2~0.003,使用联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈防治茶树虫害,对消费者的膳食暴露的风险均可以接受。与常用剂量相比,减施剂量处理对减少茶叶和环境中的杀虫剂残留的效果不明显。     

丹江上游商洛市畜禽粪便排放量与耕地污染负荷分析

南水北调中线上游水源地保护与水质持续安全一直是研究的重点之一。商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县和商南县被规划为丹江流域上游“水源地安全保护区”。掌握该地区畜牧养殖业发展情况、估算畜禽粪便的排放量、分析该地区常用耕地对畜禽粪便及其污染物的消纳能力、评估畜禽粪便可能造成的污染风险等是科学管控畜牧养殖业和有效实施水源地保护的基础性研究。目前,该地区尚无这些方面具体的成果和资料。本研究采用畜禽粪便排泄系数方法,估算了丹江上游流域自上游至下游的商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县、商南县2014—2016年各类畜禽粪便排放量,依据3区县的常年耕地面积分析了畜禽粪便猪粪当量耕地负荷,确定了当前商洛地区畜禽粪便猪粪当量最大适宜耕地负荷标准,并评估了3区县畜禽粪便耕地负荷的污染风险。结果表明：1）商州区、丹凤县和商南县年度平均畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量分别为5.732×10⁵ t·a^-1、9.321×10⁵ t·a^-1和1.274×10⁶ t·a^-1;其中猪与禽的粪便占到总粪便排放量的68.06%。2）3区县畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量耕地负荷依次为27.04 t·hm^-2·a^-1、76.72 t·hm^-2·a^-1和90.10 t·hm^-2·a^-1。3）商洛市畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量最大适宜耕地负荷标准为61.22 t·hm^-2·a^-1。4）3区县畜禽粪便耕地负荷的污染风险警报级别分别是：商州区为Ⅱ级,稍有污染风险;丹凤县和商南县均为Ⅳ级,有较严重的污染风险。5）商州区、丹凤县和商南县的总氮平均耕地负荷分别为159 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、450 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和530 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,总磷平均耕地负荷分别是51 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、179kg·hm^-2·a^-1和199 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,生化需氧量平均耕地负荷分别为716 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、2 275 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和2 595kg·hm^-2·a^-1,化学需氧量平均耕地负荷分别为768 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、2 345 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和2 667 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,NH₃-N平均耕地负荷分别为65 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、201 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和232 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。总之,商洛市商州区、丹凤县和商南县的畜禽养殖总量大,养殖结构不合理;商洛市常用耕地面积相对较少,畜禽粪便的耕地负荷及其污染物负荷均较大,且形成自上游到下游急剧增加的态势;商洛市超量污染物排放会造成氮素和磷素等成分的淋溶和流失,对于南水北调水源地的水质安全构成较大的潜在威胁。     

生物质炭对土壤N2O消耗的影响及其微生物影响机理

生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N₂O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N₂O和N₂浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g^-1）分别为6.80×10⁷（nirK）、5.59×10⁸（nirS）和1.22×10⁸（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1升至7.43×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×10⁷基因拷贝数·g^-1升至1.50×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N₂O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N₂O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值,促进N₂O彻底还原成N₂。生物质炭对于N₂O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。     

中南地区几种地带性土壤的胶体表面性质与14×10-10m矿物

本文研究了中南地区不同纬度带花岗岩母质发育的黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的胶体表面性质与粘土矿物组合、14×10^-10m矿物、氧化物的关系。结果表明:(1)黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤粘粒的阳离子交换量、比表面和内表面占总表面的比例依次减小,这与其高岭石、粘粒氧化物含量依次增加,14×10^-10m矿物含量依次减少有关,且也与14×10^-10m矿物在黄棕壤中主要是蛭石,在红壤中主要是14×10^-10m过渡矿物,砖红壤不含14×10^-10m矿物的结论相符合。(2)在其他矿物类型和含量相近下,14×l0^-10m矿物是蛭石的土壤与14×10^-10m矿物是14×10^-10m过渡矿物的土壤相比,前者的阳离子交换量、比表面、内表面占总表面的比例比后者高些,但土壤的活性酸度弱些,交换性铝含量比后者低些。     

稻鱼共生系统的推广潜力分析——以中国南方10省为例

稻田浅水环境为许多水产动物提供了生境,也为稻鱼共生产业的发展提供了基础。但是,一个区域的稻田是否适合发展稻鱼共生系统,常常受到当地自然和社会条件的影响,了解这些影响对有效推广稻鱼共生系统有重要意义。本文以我国南方10省为研究区域,从自然和社会经济因素两个方面分析了稻鱼共生系统的推广潜力。研究利用气象资料和农业统计数据,基于地理信息系统构建了研究区域内的稻田地理分布数据库,确定了15个影响稻鱼共生系统推广效率的指标,通过指标的层级模型和线性加权评分法对不同稻田的推广优先等级进行评估,并构建了基于稻田总面积、推广率和单产水平下鱼产量估算的简易模型。结果表明,综合自然和社会经济条件,研究区域内的稻田可划分为4个推广优先等级,面积占比分别为：等级1占29.6%（3.59×10⁶ hm²）,等级2占16.9%（2.05×10⁶ hm²）,等级3占24.2%（2.94×10⁶ hm²）和等级4占29.4%（3.57×10⁶ hm²）;其中湖南、四川、江西和浙江4省的稻田50%以上属于等级1和等级2,而在云南和贵州基本上所有的稻田都属于等级3和等级4。等级1和等级2的稻田适合推广集约型稻鱼共生模式,这两个等级的稻田每个生长季可产出最高鱼产量分别为3.77×10⁶ t和2.15×10⁶ t;而等级3的稻田适合进行粗放型和集约型模式相结合的推广方式,粗放型和集约型模式最高鱼产量分别为0.62×10⁶ t和3.09×10⁶ t。本研究主要结果为合理制定稻鱼共生系统推广策略提供借鉴,也可为国内外稻田水产养殖产业发展规划的制定提供参考。     

1990—2020年淮河生态经济带耕地资源分布变化特征与驱动机制

探索淮河生态经济带耕地资源分布变化特征，可为保护耕地、保障国家粮食安全提供规划和决策依据。基于1990—2020年遥感影像数据，利用空间探索、统计分析等方法，揭示该区域耕地资源在过去30年的时空分布变化及其驱动机制，并进一步对2030年土地利用进行情景预测。结果表明：1）淮河生态经济带土地利用结构以耕地为主，平均占比为68.70%；近30年来研究区耕地面积剧烈缩减8.63×10⁵ hm²，年均减少2.88×10⁴ hm²，其中旱地减少占耕地总减少量的82%；耕地的流失主要在于建设用地的侵占。2）耕地资源具有明显的集聚特征，以淮河为分界线集聚分布，呈现“东南水田、西北旱地”的典型分布特征。3）耕地资源分布变化的主导驱动因子包括农业机械化水平、粮食产量、人口等社会驱动力；生态驱动力各要素对耕地资源变化的驱动力则相对较为稳定。4）自然发展情景下，2030年耕地面积持续减少1.10×10⁵ hm²，在积极的耕地保护情景下，耕地面积将显著增加5.29×10⁵ hm²；采取耕地保护情景，鲁中南低山丘陵区以及桐柏—伏牛山通过开垦部分疏林地和低覆盖草地将其整治为耕地，东部沿海可将沿海水域合理建设为建设用地，中部区域可通过减少建设用地的碎片化，较大程度上使耕地资源的连片化，从而在一定程度上提高耕地的利用效率。研究对于优化淮河生态经济带耕地资源结构以及空间优化配置具有重要意义。     

自然解决方案背景下的辽宁省森林生态系统服务主导功能评估

[目的] 对辽宁省森林生态系统的主导服务功能进行评估，并分析其作为基于自然的解决方案的意义和可行性，为探索符合中国国情的基于自然的解决方案（NbS）提供理论依据。[方法] 基于辽宁省2017年森林资源2类调查数据，根据中华人民共和国国家标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（GB/T38582-2020），应用分布式测算方法，对辽宁省森林生态系统绿色水库、绿色碳库、净化环境氧吧库和生物多样性基因库4项主导服务功能进行评估，并探讨其对于解决社会挑战的贡献。[结果] 全省4大主导功能价值量分别为：1.71×10¹¹，8.24×10¹⁰，3.40×10¹⁰，9.69×10¹⁰元/a。森林生态系统服务功能整体上呈现：辽东山区>辽西北地区>辽中南平原沿海地区的分布格局，丹东市、抚顺市和本溪市各项服务功能较高，沈阳市、锦州市和盘锦市各项服务功能较低。[结论] 在全球变化和实现可持续发展目标时间越来越紧迫的背景下，基于自然的解决方案的内涵与生态系统服务对人类福祉的贡献不谋而合。森林生态系统各项服务功能的充分发挥有助于解决气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境退化等问题。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.