多年生香豌豆在黄土高原地区引种试验研究

多年生香豌豆是1998年初从美国引进的豆科牧草之一,经过在黄土高原地区 3年的引种试验研究表明,其具有适应性强、生长迅速、耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、产草量高 、适口性强、覆盖度强、种植技术简单等特点,是优良的水土保持和饲料植物.     

渭河中游地区几种多年生豆科牧草的试验研究

本文比较了天水地区红豆草等5种多年生豆科牧草的生育期、株高、生产量、产草量与适口性等试验现测资料,认为参试的牧草在该区都表现了抗逆性强的特点,均为当地优良牧草,但在生育期长短、草质优劣、产草量高低等方面有所差异,应根据具体情况因地制宜地搭配种植,以发挥其综合效益。     

七个高蛋白大豆新品种的比较试验

为进一步筛选适宜重庆市忠县＂三山两槽＂丘陵地貌以及麦/豆/苕,麦/豆//豆,玉//豆/苕等不同耕制条件的优质、高产、高效大豆品种,从重庆市农业科学院、重庆市农业技术推广总站引进了7个大豆新品种,与对照（南豆3号）进行品比试验。试验于2009年在忠县涂井乡龙滩村实施。初步结果表明：高农优1号产量最好,产量差异极显著,抗性好;豫豆25综合性状最好,抗逆性最强,产量差异不显著;齐黄26比对照增产2.53%,产量差异不显著,抗逆性一般,单株综合性状一般;鲁豆10号、贡豆E30、沔509、贡豆9101比对照减产3.80%～20.25%,综合性状一般,不适宜大面积推广。     

关于胡枝子开发利用的研究

<正>胡枝子是一种多年生豆科小灌木,耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐酸碱、抗寒、抗逆性强、成活率高、枝叶繁茂,根系能保土蓄水,茎枝条是编织原料;枝叶可做饲料亦可压绿肥;花粉是蜜源;夹果做种子。是发展多种经营的一种重要的经济植物,是水保植物措施先锋树种。     

三种不同绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征研究

利用网袋法模拟研究旱地条件下箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativas L.）、苕子（Vicia villosa Roth. Var.）、山黧豆（Lathyrus palustris L. Var. Pilosus ledeb） 三种绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征。结果表明,三种绿肥均在翻压15 d内腐解较快,腐解率均在50%以上,之后腐解速率逐渐减慢,翻压70 d时,箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆的累积腐解率分别达71.7%、67.3%和74.1%。氮和钾在翻压10 d内释放较快,碳和磷在翻压15 d内释放较快,之后释放速率均减慢。箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆在翻压70 d时的碳累积释放率分别为71.3%、67.0%和74.1%。三种绿肥的养分累积释放率均是K>P>N,在翻压70 d时钾的累积释放率均在90%以上,磷的累积释放率为73.3%～78.7%,氮的累积释放率为59.9%～71.2%,其中山黧豆的氮和磷累积释放率高于箭筈豌豆和苕子,而三种绿肥钾的累积释放率无显著差异。养分释放量结果表明,箭筈豌豆和苕子的养分累积释放量表现为K>N>P,而山黧豆表现为N>K>P,不同绿肥的养分累积释放量不同,山黧豆的氮累积释放量最高,箭筈豌豆的磷和钾累积释放量最高,苕子各养分的累积释放量都最低。     

芨芨草水土保持特性及其开发利用

芨芨草 (Achnatherumsplendens (Trin) ,Nerski)是多年生禾本科牧草。草丛高大浓密 ,产草量高 ,枯枝宿存良好 ,芨芨草适应性强 ,耐盐、耐碱、耐寒、耐旱 ,根系发达 ,是优良的水土保持植物 ;它在青嫩时适口性及营养价值高 ,是大家畜良好的饲料 ;芨芨草是农牧区编织日常用品的优质原料 ;芨芨草纤维适合制造优质纸张。     

牧场草引种试验研究

我国 1998年从美国引进牧场草 ,在天水地区的试验研究表明 ,其在黄土高原地区适应性很强、生态经济利用价值高 ,在饲料、水土保持等方面具有广阔的推广前景 ,是一种优良的牧草     

晋西北沙打旺种子繁育综合技术研究

沙打旺适应性强,耐旱、耐寒、耐瘠薄,抗逆性强,是优良的水土保持草种。但因种子成熟期长,在晋西北地区不易成熟,产籽量不高,给大面积推广带来了不利影响。为了提高产籽量,开展了定位试验研究。试验结果表明:沙打旺种子繁育基地宜选择旱地,行株距以25 cm×50 cm为宜,生长期根外喷磷可有效提高产籽量。     

黄土丘陵区金银花引种栽培技术研究

金银花又叫忍冬,为忍冬科多年生丛生灌木,具有耐旱、耐寒、耐涝、耐瘠薄、对土壤要求不严等特点,是我国35种名贵中药材之一。原产地为河南省密县五指岭半山区,1996年引进在忻州市栽培,历经十余年的驯化培育、中试推广,引种获得成功。文章介绍了金银花的生态适应性、引种试验结果、栽培管理技术、水土保持效益与经济效益。     

丘陵瘠薄地“麦—豆/苕”“油—豆/苕”三熟制技术试验示范

在重庆市潼南县选育出了适宜丘陵瘠薄地种植的耐旱大豆品种潼豆9769、潼豆9923,开创性地探索实践了"麦—苕"、"油—苕"两熟变"麦—豆/苕"、"油—豆/苕"三熟的耕作制度,并总结出了农艺措施,在当地示范推广已具一定规模。三熟制比原来的两熟制实现每667m2增收大豆60～92kg,新增纯收益200元以上;在增加收益的同时,还能促进土壤养分良性循环,耕地用养结合,综合效益显著。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.