直触式超声功率对梨片超声强化热风干燥水分迁移的影响

为探讨直触式超声对梨片热风干燥过程的水分迁移强化效应,在不同超声功率下进行梨片超声强化热风干燥试验,应用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术的自旋-自旋弛豫时间T2反演图谱及磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术分析超声功率对梨片干燥过程中内部水分状态与迁移变化的影响。结果表明:梨片热风干燥属于内部扩散控制,在梨片热风干燥过程中施加超声有利于增强内部传质、加快干燥进程;干燥温度为45℃时,超声功率升至12、24、36、48 W时,对应平均干燥速率比0 W时分别提高了13.1%、49.1%、83.6%、139.34%,表明提高超声功率有利于提高脱水速率。扫描电镜(scanning electron morphology,SEM)观察发现,施加超声会导致梨片组织微细孔道的增大与增多,从而有利于水分迁移。LF-NMR结果表明,超声功率越大,自由水、不易流动水和结合水的峰面积A值变化越显著,表明提高超声功率有利于提高水分流动性;结合干燥特性可以看出,干燥过程中首先除去的是自由水,超声功率由0 W升至48 W,自由水完全被脱除时间由720 min缩短至360 min,表明超声在自由水存在的情况下能实现较好的声波能量传递及内部水分湍动,进而产生显著的水分迁移强化效果;超声功率越大,不易流动水和结合水的脱除速率加快,表明提高超声功率可增强超声的高频振动和扩张作用,有利于减弱组织结构对水分的束缚力并增强水分流动性。MRI图像直观显示出梨片干燥过程中水分减少和水分空间分布变化规律,超声功率越大,H+质子密度图红度值下降越快,说明提高超声功率有利于加快水分迁移速率。研究结果可为超声强化热风干燥的理论研究及技术应用提供参考。     

基于LF-NMR及不同干燥方法的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型

为建立稳健、适用范围更广的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型,采用不同干燥方法(热风干燥(Hot Air drying,HA)和红外辐射干燥(Infrared drying,IR)),在相同温度水平下(50、60、70℃)对哈密瓜片进行干燥,采用低场核磁共振技术(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)对比分析干燥过程的水分迁移规律及2种干燥方法间的差异,并结合化学计量学方法建立含水率预测模型。结果表明:无论HA还是IR,一定温度范围内高温有利于提高干燥速率,缩短干燥时间;且IR与HA相比干燥时间缩短20.0%~37.5%。经LF-NMR分析,在HA和IR过程中,自由水峰面积逐渐降低,不易流动水峰面积及结合水峰面积呈波动变化;自由水峰顶横向弛豫时间不断降低,不易流动水峰顶横向弛豫时间因干燥方式和干燥温度的差异呈不同的变化趋势;与HA过程中结合水峰顶横向弛豫时间逐渐降低不同,其在IR干燥初期短暂上升,后呈下降趋势。基于HA、IR数据集结合化学计量学方法建立的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型中,偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)模型具有更好的性能,模型预测决定系数R_P² 大于0.99,表明PLSR结合LF-NMR可实现哈密瓜片含水率的快速检测,且不受干燥方法不同引起水分状态差异的影响。研究结果为基于LF-NMR和多加工手段的果蔬含水率预测模型的建立提供参考。     

牛肉干中红外-热风组合干燥工艺中水分迁移规律

为研究牛肉干中红外-热风组合(combined mid-infrared and hot air,CMIHA)干燥过程中水分迁移的规律,进而阐明这种干燥工艺的合理性,在干燥温度70℃,辐射强度0.48 W/cm2,辐射距离8 cm,风速1 m/s的条件下,通过对比牛肉干CMIHA干燥和热风(hot air,HA)干燥的干燥曲线、热收缩率及测定水分扩散率、内外温差等指标,研究了牛肉干CMIHA干燥过程中水分迁移变化;借助水分低场核磁共振波谱(low field magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)及氢质子成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术分析牛肉干CMIHA干燥和HA干燥过程中水分的状态变化及分布,比较2种干燥方法对牛肉干内部3种状态水的横向弛豫时间、含量、信号幅度及H质子密度的影响,揭示CMIHA干燥牛肉干水分迁移规律。结果表明,与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够显著提高(p0.05)干燥过程中牛肉干的内、外部温度及其温差,显著降低牛肉干收缩率(p0.05),从而提高CMIHA干燥的水分扩散率(p0.05),加快水分的迁移,提高干燥效率(p0.05);这是由于干燥初期CMIHA干燥能够显著提高牛肉干不易流动水和自由水的横向弛豫时间(p0.05),加快内部不易流动水向自由水的转变,不易流动水的含量、信号幅度显著降低(p0.05),自由水的含量、信号幅度显著提高(p0.05),促进自由水扩散至物料表面而散失;此外,2种干燥方法对牛肉干干燥过程中结合水的影响差异不显著(p0.05)。研究结果为CMIHA干燥在牛肉干生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

热风干过程中风干肉水分的迁移

为阐明热风干过程中风干肉水分迁移机制,利用氢质子低场核磁共振弛豫研究热风干过程中(温度35℃、湿度60%、风速3 m·s^-1)风干肉内部和外部中水分迁移及水-蛋白相互作用模式。结果表明,在风干过程中风干肉中水分的主要存在形式为不易流动水,其不断从肌原纤维网络内迁移到网络外,水分含量显著下降。风干肉外部中结合水、不易流动水和自由水的弛豫时间均显著下降(P < 0.05),表明风干肉外部中水-蛋白相互作用模式发生改变。而风干肉内部中结合水和自由水的弛豫时间无显著变化(P > 0.05),表明风干过程中风干肉内部和外部中水-蛋白相互作用不同,风干肉表皮的温度较内部温度高,且表皮水分含量下降速度较内部的水分含量下降速度快,导致了硬壳的形成。综上所述,风干过程中风干肉外部的温度高且水分脱除快,导致了风干肉内外部中水-蛋白相互作用不同。本研究结果为调控风干过程中水分迁移速度,实现风干肉工业化加工提供了理论依据。     

基于低场核磁共振的热风干燥过程花生仁含水率预测模型

为研究热风干燥过程中花生仁内部水分的变化规律,该文采用热空气对开农71、开农8834-9、天府3号3个品种的湿花生进行干燥,监测干燥过程中花生果、花生仁与花生壳含水率的变化;并利用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)研究干燥过程中花生仁内部自由水、弱结合水和结合水的变化情况;建立花生仁水分弛豫峰占比与其含水率之间的数学关系,提出了一种花生含水率的快速检测方法。结果表明,由于花生仁和花生壳化学组成不同,仁和壳干燥曲线呈现不同的变化趋势。LF-NMR弛豫图谱显示干燥过程中,自由水弛豫峰逐渐消失,结合水和弱结合水弛豫峰面积无明显变化规律,油脂峰峰面积基本不变,说明花生仁在干燥过程中油脂的含量无明显变化。建立的花生仁国标法实测含水率y与核磁共振弛豫谱图得到的总水分峰占比(T21+T22+T23)的拟合方程R2为0.888 4。经验证,该方程能较好地对未知含水率的花生仁样品进行预测。因此,低场核磁共振技术可以用于花生仁含水率的快速检测。     

苹果冷冻-热风联合干燥体积收缩机制

为降低冻干苹果能耗，同时获得具有良好外观的脱水产品，该研究将冷冻-热风联合干燥应用于苹果脱水加工，并从水分迁移角度探究此过程中产品的收缩机制。选取4个水分转换点（干基含水率分别为1.00、0.76、0.53和0.33 g/g）对苹果进行联合干燥处理，并对脱水产品收缩率、质构特性、微观结构、孔隙分布及样品在热风干燥阶段的水分迁移与分布进行测定及分析。结果表明，联合干燥样品的收缩情况显著（P<0.05）优于单一热风干燥样品，且转换点对样品收缩率影响较大（收缩率6%～45%），当转换点干基含水率低于0.53 g/g时，联合干燥样品没有出现明显的体积收缩现象。随着转换点干基含水率的升高，样品的收缩程度增大，并出现不同程度的中心塌陷，且孔隙率逐渐减小，但相应能耗降低。产品收缩主要发生在热风干燥过程的升速阶段，在此阶段样品自由水含量大幅减少，结合水与不易流动水未发生明显改变，样品内部水分在湿度差的作用下向表面迁移，这是导致联合干燥样品发生体积收缩的关键机制。该研究结果可为冷冻-热风联合干燥高效生产良好外观的脱水苹果提供数据支撑及理论参考。     

超高压和超声波预处理对蒜片热风干燥过程及品质的影响

为缩短蒜片热风干燥时间,提高干制蒜片品质,将超高压与超声波技术应用到蒜片干燥前处理,并利用低场核磁共振技术(Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, LF-NMR)分析预处理对蒜片干燥过程中内部不同状态水分迁移的影响。结果表明:干燥前超声或超高压预处理有利于加快干燥过程,超声、超高压和超高压-超声预处理的干燥时间分别比没有预处理的对照组降低了37.50%、43.75%、62.50%;三种预处理均可以降低干燥能耗,尤以超高压-超声最为显著(P0.05),相比对照降低了32.31%。低场核磁共振测定结果表明,预处理后蒜片中存在三种状态的水分,自由水占的比例最大,不易流动水次之,结合水最少。干燥过程中脱除的主要是自由水,超声和超高压均降低了自由水的脱除时间,超高压-超声预处理脱除自由水的时间最少,为90 min,说明超高压和超声联合更有利于减弱蒜片组织对水分的束缚并增强水分的流动性。通过扫描电镜发现,超高压使蒜片细胞间隙增大,细胞壁破坏严重,而经超声预处理的蒜片组织出现疏松多孔的结构,超高压-超声扩增了蒜片的显微通道,验证了超高压-超声更有利于提高水分的流动性。经超高压或超声预处理后,干制蒜片的色差降低,复水比和蒜素含量显著提高(P0.05),超高压与超声联合预处理得到的干制蒜片品质较优,色差值为16.11,大蒜素含量为2.67 mg/g,复水比为2.90 g/g。研究结果为高效节能、高品质的大蒜干燥技术提供理论参考。     

利用低场核磁共振技术无损检测澳洲坚果含水率

为探究澳洲坚果(Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.)干燥过程中水分的变化规律,测定其干燥过程中的含水率,利用低场核磁共振技术研究了干燥过程中澳洲坚果的水分态及其分布,建立含水率与低场核磁总信号幅度的关系。结果表明:温度越高,澳洲坚果的干燥速率越大,达到恒质量的时间越短,但是比较干燥后澳洲坚果的品质发现变温干燥方式(30℃2 d→38℃2 d→45℃至结束)相对较好;在干燥过程中,自由水、半结合水的含量逐渐降低,结合水的含量先下降后有所上升;干燥过程中澳洲坚果内水分分布不均匀,水分由内向外扩散;拟合得到澳洲坚果含水率与低场核磁总信号幅度的线性关系方程的决定系数R~2为0.904,经检验该曲线预测性较好(平均相对误差为5.89%),结果表明低场核磁共振技术可以用作澳洲坚果含水率的快速无损检测。     

中国毛虾红外热风耦合干燥特性及动力学模型研究

为研究红外热风耦合干燥(IRHA)对中国毛虾干燥特性的影响,采用低场核磁共振波谱(NMR)及氢质子成像技术(MRI)分析毛虾IRHA干燥过程中干物质与水结合状态,分析不同干燥温度、不同辐射距离和不同物料载量下IRHA对中国毛虾的干燥特性。结果表明,干燥温度对毛虾的干燥速率影响最大,干燥过程直接表现为降速阶段。毛虾干燥动力学数学模型拟合表明,Two-term模型拟合度最高(R²>0.999 8),可以用来描述和预测毛虾IRHA干燥过程。通过菲克第二定律求得干燥过程的有效水分扩散系数(D_eff)范围为4.47×10^-10~1.295×10^-9 m²· s^-1。根据Arrhenius公式计算出毛虾IRHA干燥的活化能(E_a)为34.24 kJ· mol^-1。干燥过程中毛虾干物质与水结合越来越紧密,自由水和不易流动水逐渐消失,最终只存结合水,且结合水的量有所上升,有可能来自不易流动水的转化,这从微观上解释了干燥后期干燥速率下降的原因。本研究结果为IRHA在中国毛虾干燥方面的实际应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于低场核磁共振技术探究不同水分含量对熟化板栗品质的影响

为探究不同水分含量对熟化栗仁品质特性的影响,采用高压蒸汽方法对不同水分含量的生栗仁进行蒸制,结合熟化栗仁的质构特性与色差,基于低场核磁共振技术解析熟化栗仁失水过程中的水分迁移、分布规律,并借助线性回归分析不同水分含量与熟化栗仁质构特性、色差和核磁参数的相关性。结果表明,失水过程中熟化栗仁的硬度、胶黏性及咀嚼性变化较大。栗仁含水量在48%～28%范围时经高压蒸汽处理,栗仁发生美拉德反应,色泽逐渐变暗,褐色加深;含水量在28%～18%时栗仁逐渐发生石灰化,蒸制后栗仁色泽较白。栗仁含水量为48%、43%时均会出现结合水、不易流动水和自由水3个组分峰,随着失水程度加剧,结合水含量呈先上升后下降的趋势、不易流动水含量表现为先下降而后逐渐趋于平缓,自由水含量变化最明显。随着栗仁失水程度加剧,蒸制后的可食性口感逐渐不佳。不同水分含量对熟化栗仁品质特性有显著影响。本研究结果可为栗仁品质的控制提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。