北京山区耕地质量变化及未来趋势模拟

准确把握区域耕地质量现状、空间分布以及未来变化,对实现耕地保护由数量平衡与管理向数量-质量综合平衡与管理具有重要意义。应用GIS空间分析与模拟技术,在对北京山区耕地质量进行定量评价的基础上,对山区不同地域层次上的耕地质量变化及未来趋势进行了分析。研究结果发现,1993－2004年北京山区以及各地貌类型区域耕地质量处于总体提高态势,耕地质量的提高主要是耕地布局优化的结果。2004－2015年,北京山区耕地总体质量将继续提高,但总体幅度有所减小;同时,不同区域耕地质量变化出现分异,山区和半山区耕地质量仍然不断     

宁夏沿黄生态经济带耕地的时空演变及驱动力

[目的] 研究耕地空间分布格局与演变的驱动机制,为严守耕地保护红线及宁夏沿黄生态经济带制定耕地资源保护政策与措施,优化耕地保护格局提供参考。[方法] 利用土地变更调查数据和社会经济数据,采用核密度、空间自相关、土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、二元Logistic回归模型等方法,分析2010—2018年宁夏沿黄生态经济带耕地的空间分布、时空演变及其驱动机制。[结果] ①研究区耕地的空间分布呈现出明显的差异性,整体以中、低密度区分布为主,且由低、高密度区向中密度区演变;②耕地空间分布呈正相性,高—高聚类区域主要集中在银川平原,低—低聚类区域分布在灵武市东部、沙坡头区中西部等生态相对脆弱区;③研究区耕地的双向流转是以未利用地—耕地—建设用地为主的生态转换系统,耕地数量稳中有增;④耕地动态度变化有明显的空间聚类现象,且与距离城市的距离成正比,与城市规模成反比;⑤自然条件因子是耕地增加的主要驱动因素,社会经济因子是耕地减少主要驱动因素。[结论] 宁夏沿黄经济带耕地保护基本实现动态平衡。耕地变化是以一定的自然条件因子为基础,受经济、人口等社会经济因子综合作用下的效益择优过程。     

陇东黄土高原耕地变化趋势及驱动因子分析

利用1986—2002年陇东地区耕地统计资料,对该区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征、耕地数量变化的基本过程、空间差异、耕地流向以及耕地数量变化的主要驱动机制进行了分析。结果表明:(1)16 a来陇东地区耕地数量呈明显的波动减少趋势,经历了缓慢减少—急剧减少—缓慢减少的变化过程。(2)耕地的主要流向是工矿用地、居民点和各类交通用地以及果园;耕地的增加主要是未利用土地的开垦。(3)经济发展、人口增长和政策是耕地面积减少的主要宏观驱动因子,耕地变化过程中的明显突变与国家宏观政策背景相关联,耕地快速减少在发生时间上与经济的快速增长基本同步,在空间分布上与地区经济发展速度水平的差异相一致。     

江西省耕地的动态变化及驱动因子

利用江西省1990—2009年耕地变化数据以及社会经济资料,分析了该区域耕地动态变化的时空特征,并将主成分分析和多元线性回归分析相结合,揭示了江西省耕地数量变化的主要驱动力。结果表明,江西省耕地数量变化在时序上呈现出先减少后增加的趋势;在空间上区域差异性较大,不同时期各市耕地利用动态度波动较大;江西省耕地动态变化的主要驱动因子包括经济增长、社会发展和农业科技提高3个主要类别,总体上,耕地数量变化与人口、GDP、全社会固定资产投资、3大产业、耕地产出率以及农机机械总动力之间存在着显著相关性,在第1主成分中经济和人口两大因子是主要的驱动因素,第2主成分中农业科技进步是主要因子。     

河北省耕地资源时空格局演变和驱动力

根据河北省1995-2005年耕地变化统计数据,研究耕地利用现状和耕地资源的时空变化规律,应用主成分分析和线性回归模型,定量研究了耕地资源和各社会经济驱动因子之间的关系,结果表明:10 a间耕地总面积和人均耕地面积都经历了"缓慢减少-急剧减少-相对稳定"的变化过程,均呈现总体减少的变化趋势.空间区域差异明显,表现为平原区耕地减少最多,占37.80%;丘陵山区耕地减少面积占26.09%.农业结构调整、农业现代化和社会经济发展水平、粮食安全是河北省耕地资源变化的主要驱动力.加强耕地变化驱动力与驱动机制研究,对合理利用和保护耕地资源、控制耕地面积进一步减少,保持耕地质量和数量的动态平衡,促进区域农业的可持续发展具有一定的现实意义.     

基于遥感的吉林省中西部耕地数量和质量空间格局变化分析

耕地数量和质量变化直接关系到国家粮食安全和社会稳定,研究粮食主产区耕地数量和质量变化具有重要的现实意义。该研究利用2000年、2013年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感数据和2351个样点土壤实测数据,对吉林省中西部耕地分布的空间变化和由此引起的不同质量等级耕地的时空特征进行分析。结果表明:2000—2013年期间,吉林省中西部耕地总量稍有增加,面积由5.61×104 km2增加到5.64×104 km~2,其中旱田面积增加645 km2,水田面积减少350 km~2。研究区耕地分布表现出明显的西部增加、东部减少的趋势;新增耕地最主要来源于湿地(66.04%)和草地(21.12%),传统耕作区(主要为城市周边)耕地大面积减少,其中45.08%转化为人工表面,28.85%和22.61%转化为林地和湿地;水田与旱田之间的相互转化比较剧烈。2000—2013年期间,研究区耕地质量总体呈下降趋势,净减少的耕地为一、二等地,其中一等地净减少305 km~2,长春市占96%,净增加的耕地是三、四和五等地,分别为235、148和218 km~2,主要分布在白城市和松原市。城市化占用和耕地保护政策的实施是该区域耕地数量和质量变化的主要驱动因素,研究时段内吉林省中西部优质耕地流失严重,存在突出的占优补劣问题。     

下辽河平原典型区耕地格局变化及其空间要素驱动

为明确粮食主产区耕地格局动态变化特征及其空间驱动因素。该研究以下辽河平原典型区沈阳市为研究区,运用变化轨迹分析法、重心迁移模型和景观格局指数,揭示1980-2000年和2000-2018年耕地格局变化特征,并从空间要素角度出发,运用随机森林算法识别不同区域尺度耕地格局变化空间驱动因素。结果表明：1）1980-2000年耕地格局相对稳定,耕地重心向西南方向迁移;2000-2018年耕地流失严重,耕地重心向西北方向迁移,迁移速度加快。2）2 个研究时段内耕地变化均具有转入转出双向特征,1980-2000年耕地转入与耕地转出速度缓慢,2000-2018年耕地转出面积远高于耕地转入面积,耕地转出区域以城区周边为主。3）不同区域尺度空间驱动因素重要性大小存在差异,空间距离要素、地理空间要素和政策因素对耕地格局变化起主要驱动作用,高程和坡度对耕地格局变化的影响较小。研究证实了随机森林算法能够有效量化耕地格局变化空间驱动因素,研究结果可为构建耕地保护长效机制提供借鉴与参考。     

基于PLUS的耕地驱动因素分析与未来预测——以图们江流域为例

[目的] 探究图们江流域耕地时空演化特征及其驱动因素并预测与《吉林省国土空间规划(2021—2035年)》(以下简称《规划》)相关的耕地变化状况,为图们江流域耕地资源合理规划与利用提供依据和决策支持。[方法] 通过土地利用转移矩阵与重心转移分析其时空演化特征,耦合马尔可夫模型和PLUS模型,预测不同情景下耕地数量和空间变化。[结果] ①1990年以来研究区耕地面积呈持续减少趋势但整体处于可控状态,到2020年总量共减少了440.42 km²,减少的耕地主要转化为林地和建设用地。②耕地的空间分布具有明显的差异性,主要集中在中下游区域,并且耕地重心以每年43.1 m的速度逐渐向西南偏移。③社会经济因素中的GDP值、道路交通和人口等与自然因素中的坡度和降水是影响过去耕地变化的主要驱动因素。④预测结果表明,两种情景下耕地总量均呈现逐年减少的趋势,目标导向情景下2035年耕地总量比2020年将减少128.57 km²,减少的耕地主要集中在规划的开发区与保护区。[结论] 过去30 a随着社会经济的快速发展,研究区内耕地承载的压力越来越大,而且当前的状况不利于《规划》目标的实现。为了实现耕地数量、质量与生态三位一体保护与耕地资源的可持续发展,可以适当开发研究区上游与西部地区的耕地资源,推动原有农业实现规模化、科技化。此外,目标导向情景更有利于图们江流域耕地资源的可持续发展,应当继续实施《规划》目标。     

环太湖耕地利用变化与驱动机制研究——以苏州市吴中区为例

以环太湖苏州市吴中区为样区,利用统计资料、遥感数据和典型调查数据,结合RS和GIS技术,分析18年来耕地利用变化特点与驱动机制。结果表明:研究区耕地年递减率为1.6%,表现出以水域和各类非农建设用地大量占用耕地为突出特点的区域土地动态变化特征;耕地数量变化与区位和地形有关;种植业对耕地利用强度出现波动下降趋势,作物生产由粮食作物生产为主转化为粮食与经济作物生产并重;其变化机制主要是经济发展、人口增长、农业结构调整和政策因素驱动。最后,并在此基础上提出相关建议。     

烟台地区耕地资源流向及宏观驱动机制研究

利用改革开放20多年来烟台地区耕地统计资料和近5年土地详查与变更数据,研究揭示了该区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征,耕地数量变化的基本过程、空间差异及耕地流向,初步探讨了耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子及其影响机制,得出以下结论:(1)20多年来,烟台地区耕地数量呈明显的波动减少趋势,经历了缓慢减少至急剧减少到缓慢减少的变化过程,并在1985年前后、1987～1990年和1991～1993年出现了3次明显的耕地流失高峰;(2)耕地的主要流向是工矿用地、居民点和各类交通用地以及果园,耕地的增加主要是未利用土地的开垦和工矿用地的整理与复垦;(3)经济发展、人口增长和政策是耕地面积变化的主要宏观驱动因子,耕地数量变化过程中的明显突变与国家宏观政策背景相关联,耕地快速减少在发生时间上与经济的过热增长基本同步,在空间分布上与地区经济发展速度和水平的差异相一致;此外,人口增加对耕地减少的驱动也不可忽视.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.