降水和人类活动对北洛河径流变化的定量化研究

径流变化是降水和人类活动综合作用的结果,如何分离其单独的水文效应是水科学研究中的热点问题。根据北洛河流域1954—2011年实测降水、径流资料,采用M-K趋势分析法确定了突变点。在此基础上,分别利用双累计曲线法和AWY(annual water yield)模型法分离出了由降水及人类活动引起的实测径流变化量,并对其结果进行了分析。结果表明:北洛河流域实测径流呈减少趋势,2004年为突变年份;人类活动是引起流域径流减少的主要原因,其中双曲线分析法中,人类活动的影响量为6.4mm,贡献率为56%;AWY模型法表明人类活动的影响量为7.6mm,贡献率为67%。     

皇甫川流域降水和人类活动对水沙变化的定量分析

采用线性趋势法、非参数Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、累积距平法及径流历时曲线法分析皇甫川流域1955-2010年水沙变化特征,通过水文分析法定量评价降水和人类活动对水沙变化的贡献率.结果表明:皇甫川流域径流量和输沙量均呈急剧减少趋势,尤其在20世纪80年代之后,减少更加显著,近10年(2000-2010)的平均径流量与输沙量相当于1950-1959年的约20％;皇甫站径流量和输沙量均在1979年发生突变;在变化期1980-2010年,人类活动对流域水沙变化的贡献占主导因素,约为70％,而降水所占比例为30％左右;自20世纪80年代始,大规模的水土保持措施(如退耕还林(草)、梯田建设、水库淤地坝等工程)等人类活动是流域水沙锐减的主要影响因素.     

1952-2008年延河流域降水与径流的变化趋势分析

利用延河流域控制站甘谷驿水文站流量实测数据及流域内5个县级气象站降水观测数据,分析了1952-2008年间甘谷驿水文站以上延河流域降水与径流的年内、年际变化特征,并运用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和Sen斜率估计法对延河流域降水、径流的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,延河流域汛期降水量和径流量分别占全年降水量和径流量的72%和64%。20世纪50年代至90年代,径流变化过程基本与降水过程一致,但到了21世纪初期,降水量呈先升后降的变化趋势,而径流量呈下降趋势。1952-2008年间流域降水量呈微弱的减少趋势,而冬季降水却以0.18mm/a的幅度显著递增。甘谷驿站汛期径流量以99.25万m3/a幅度显著降低。从径流的季节变化上来看,春季降低趋势不显著;夏秋两季径流分别以83.83万m3/a和26.16万m3/a的幅度显著减少;而冬季径流以15.62万m3/a的幅度显著增加。虽然相关分析表明降水变化与径流变化有较好的相关关系,但人类活动对径流的影响不容忽视。     

锡林河流域径流变化规律及气候波动和人类活动影响的定量分析

多种原因导致内蒙古高原内陆河草原流域草地退化及环境恶化,定量分析其径流变化规律和影响因素对于流域的生态保护具有重要的意义。基于内蒙古锡林河流域1963—2015年水文、气象和社会经济等数据,采用累积距平法、双累积曲线法、改进的M-K趋势检验法和累积量斜率变化率比较法等方法,从年代、水文年及季时间尺度剖析了锡林河流域径流演变的规律,定量计算了气候波动和人类活动对锡林河径流变化的贡献。结果表明:锡林河流域径流量在各时间尺度均为显著(p0.05)减少趋势,而各气候要素的波动变化趋势不明显,但流域内社会经济变化显著;径流量在21世纪初达到最小,相对于20世纪90年代减少了54.9%;流域内降水、径流变化的突变年份均为1998年,1998年前后气候波动对径流减少的贡献率仅为30.34%,而人类活动对径流减少的贡献率达到69.66%,人类活动是引起径流量减少的主要驱动因素。     

艾比湖流域气候变化及对地表水资源的影响

利用艾比湖流域逐月气温、降水数据,结合流域地表径流和艾比湖湖泊面积数据,分析了1961—2010年流域气候要素变化趋势和突变特征,探讨了气候变化对流域地表水资源的影响。结果表明:(1)近50a来艾比湖流域气温、降水均呈波动上升趋势,气候由暖干型向暖湿型转变。冬季升温对流域气温增幅贡献率大,气温在1995年发生突变。冬季降水量增幅明显,夏季只有温泉站点降水量增幅显著,降水量在1984年发生突变;(2)流域年均气温与径流量呈正相关,年降水量与径流量的变化呈显著同步性;(3)流域年平均气温与艾比湖面积大小关系复杂;年平均降水量与湖泊面积的变化趋势趋于同步,1996—1999年这种同步性更明显;(4)气候变化直接影响冰川伸缩与雪线升降,冰川数量和规模均逐渐减小,用水矛盾日益尖锐,影响绿洲社会经济发展。     

降水变化和人类活动对纸坊沟小流域年径流的影响

为在小流域尺度上深入认识并定量区分人类活动和降水变化对黄土高原年径流变化的影响,统计了甘肃省平凉市纸坊沟小流域49a间(1955—2003年)的年降水量和径流量实测数据。结果发现,年降水量虽无明显变化,但年径流深却呈显著减少趋势。从20世纪50年代的59.1 mm降到21世纪初的12.2mm,相对降幅高达72.4%。根据年降水量—年径流深双累积曲线,划分出了5个降水—径流关系变化时段(1955—1964,1965—1976,1977—1985,1986—1995,1996—2003年),然后以1955—1964时段为基准期,定量估算了各时段内人类活动和降水变化对年径流变化的贡献。结果表明,除在干旱时段内降水对年径流减少有明显贡献外,其他时段的径流变化主要是由人类活动引起的,并且其绝对贡献量呈逐渐增大趋势。合理规划人类活动是解决黄土高原水问题的重要途径。     

1970-2016年气候变化对渭河源头清源河流域降水和地表径流的影响

[目的]探究1970—2016年渭河源头清源河气温、降水、径流变化特征及相互关系,为明确该区域气候变化对降水和径流的影响及模拟研究径流演变过程提供依据。[方法]在分析气候要素变化和径流等年际变化规律和相互关系的基础上,采用3种气温修正气候水文模型与流域基本水文模型相比较的方法研究气候变化对径流的影响。[结果]1994—1995年是清源河流域主要气象水文要素变化的分界线,1970—1994年,流域年平均气温、年降水量、径流量变化不大;1995年之后,气温持续升高,而降水、径流则出现了整体降低趋势,2010—2016年平均温度比1970—1974年升高0.9℃,升幅15.79%;年降水量、径流量分别减少13.48%,31.82%。3个气候水文模型MQPT_1-1,MQPT_2-1和MQPT_3-1对年降水—径流过程模拟精度均比一般水文模型高,尤其是气温扰动法修正模型MQPT_2-1平均模拟误差仅为3.03%,比不考虑气候变化的流域水文模型精度提高11.62%。[结论]渭河源头清源河小流域近50 a气温变化对径流影响非常明显,尤其是1995年之后;在径流模拟分析中必须考虑气温等主要气象因子的影响。     

开都河流域气候变化特征及其对径流的影响简

采用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变检验、R/S的Hurst指数以及线性回归、滑动平均等方法,分析开都河流域1960-2010年的气温、降水及径流量指标,揭示该流域气候变化及径流响应的特征和长期趋势.结果表明,开都河流域近50年的气温、降水及径流量均呈显著增加趋势,增长率分别为0.027℃/a、0.863 mm/a和0.625 m3/a,其相应的突变年份分别为1993、1986和1996年.流域内山区既是气温增温最大的地区,也是降水增加最显著的地区.在气候变暖背景下,山区年均温及春、夏、秋3季升温比绿洲区的响应更为显著,但在绿洲区冬季升温则更为显著;山区降水量增加趋势较绿洲区显著.在过去50年,开都河径流突变前后多年平均径流量增加了9.96亿m3,对该流域工农业发展、生活以及生态可持续发展产生了很大的影响.     

基于Budyko假设的沂河流域径流变化归因识别

气候变化和人类活动是导致径流变化的主要原因,因此计算气候变化和人类活动对沂河流域径流变化的贡献率可为缓解沂河流域水资源紧张提供一定的参考依据。以山东省沂河流域为研究对象,基于1960—2016年的气温、风速、降水和流量等水文气象数据,首先采用Mann-Kendall、有序聚类分析法和累积平距法分析降水量及径流量的变化趋势及突变点,最后采用Budyko水热耦合平衡方程,定量计算了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明：1960—2016年沂河流域年径流深呈现显著减小趋势,且在1975年和2003年发生突变,因此将径流序列分为1960—1975年(基准期),1976—2003年(变化期Ⅰ)和2004—2016年(变化期Ⅱ)3个阶段。基于Budyko水热耦合平衡方程计算变化期Ⅰ和变化期Ⅱ中降水、潜在蒸散发和下垫面对径流变化的贡献率,发现导致沂河流域变化期Ⅰ径流减少的主要原因是下垫面条件和降水的改变,贡献率分别为51.42%,49.43%,潜在蒸散发的减少导致径流增加,贡献率为-0.85%;导致变化期Ⅱ径流减少的最主要原因是下垫面条件的改变,占73.11%,其次是降水,贡献率为42.5...     

挠力河流域丘陵-平原-湿地区径流变化驱动力分析

为了减少或者防止丘陵-平原-湿地区蒸发变大、径流减少和湿地退化等问题产生,有必要找到丘陵-平原-湿地区径流变化的驱动力。该文针对这种情况选定典型丘陵-平原-湿地区挠力河流域为研究对象,识别研究区水文气象、降雨径流关系、覆盖类型和旱田作物种类等径流影响因素的变化情况,利用情景模式反映影响因素的组合情况,将情景模式输入水文模型,分析径流影响因素及其变化对水文循环过程和径流的影响。结果表明:研究区域降水变化是径流变化的关键驱动力,降雨与径流总体上均呈递减趋势,并且径流深的递减趋势强于降水量的递减趋势;径流减少影响因素除了关键性因素降雨外还有其他因素在起作用,并且影响在逐渐增强;气候变化也是径流变化的重要驱动力之一,1965—2014年期间夏季和秋季的气温、水汽压、日照和风速等都存在显著增加趋势,春季的气温和水汽压显著升高,春季的风速在降低;1965—2014年期间流域蒸发在5—10月间并不是总是随着气温、日照、水汽压和风速等增加而增加,在某些时段某些覆盖类型蒸发量存在减小的现象;集水区域内覆盖类型变化是径流变化的重要驱动力之一,未利用地转变成旱地、旱地转换为水田以及农业产业结构的调整,加速了研究区内流域蒸散发,导致径流深的递减速度加快,同时引起了径流深对降水响应的异常;降水、气候因素和土地覆盖类型等综合影响着蒸发、根系区含水量、非饱和带含水量和径流等水循环过程因素的时空变化。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。