提高冬油菜播种量和施氮量抑制杂草生长的机理研究

【目的】草害是影响油菜产量主要因素之一,研究大田条件下直播油菜播种量和施氮量对油菜和杂草生物量的调控作用,揭示其氮素竞争规律,为提高直播油菜产量提供种植管理依据。 【方法】于2014年10月至2015年4月在华中农业大学校内试验基地开展田间试验,试验设置三个播种量为1.5、4.5、7.5 kg/hm2和五个氮梯度为0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm2,在油菜地上部生物量最大时,调查了杂草和油菜的生物量、氮素含量和氮素积累量,运用Shannon指数分析杂草均匀度,计算不同处理油菜与杂草在生物量和氮素积累上的竞争关系。 【结果】增加油菜播种量和施氮量可以提高油菜生物量和氮素积累量,与播种量1.5 kg/hm2相比,播种量为4.5和7.5 kg/hm2的所有氮用量处理油菜平均生物量分别提高了23.3%和45.2%,平均氮素积累量分别提高了21.2%和39.2%;与不施氮相比,用量从低到高各施氮处理油菜生物量平均分别增加了0.9、1.7、2.2和2.7倍,氮素积累量平均分别增加了1.0、2.0、3.5和4.4倍。杂草的生物量和氮素积累量随油菜播种量的增加而降低,播种量4.5和7.5 kg/hm2的各氮肥处理平均生物量比播种量1.5 kg/hm2的杂草平均生物量分别降低了16.8%和25.8%,杂草氮素积累量分别降低了17.3%和29.4%;而杂草生物量和氮素积累量随氮肥用量的增加而提高,但提高的幅度远低于油菜。相同处理的杂草氮含量高于油菜,且二者的氮含量均随施氮水平提高而增加,但油菜对氮肥的响应大于杂草,最高施氮处理油菜平均含氮量比对照增加了46.2%,相应的杂草氮含量增幅只有24.1%。油菜与杂草的氮素积累量比值在播种量为1.5 kg/hm2时均小于1,增加播种量,比值增大,在7.5 kg/hm2处理中施氮处理比值均大于1,施氮240 kg/hm2处理高达2.2,说明高密高氮可以提高油菜的氮素竞争力。施氮会改变杂草种群结构,杂草群落的均匀度随氮肥用量增加而降低。 【结论】油菜生物量和氮素积累量对施氮量和播种量的敏感度大于杂草,通过增施氮肥和提高播种量可以提高油菜的氮素竞争力,抑制杂草的生长。     

硼肥用量对油菜产量与硼养分吸收的影响

以华油杂9号和中油杂12号为供试油菜品种,在鄂东油菜主产区布置田间试验,试验设置3个硼肥用量梯度,硼砂用量分别为0、3和12 kg/hm2,研究硼肥用量对两种油菜产量、干物质积累量和硼素积累量的影响。结果表明,土壤严重缺硼(有效硼含量为0.12 mg/kg)条件下,施硼显著提高油菜产量和地上部各部位生物量,促进硼素吸收,且其影响随着生育进程的推移而加大。试验条件下最佳硼肥(B含量11%)用量为3 kg/hm2,相比不施硼处理,华油杂9号和中油杂12号分别增产26.8%和38.4%。硼用量为3 kg/hm2时,华油杂9号和中油杂12号的硼肥相对利用率分别为32.2%和19.4%,硼用量进一步增加,利用率显著降低。两个油菜品种相比结果表明,不同品种油菜对硼的吸收利用能力及敏感程度不同,华油杂9号具有较强的吸收、利用硼的能力,而中油杂12号对缺硼更加敏感,增产幅度更显著。研究结果说明,在当前生产条件下,油菜施硼增产效果显著,但目前油菜生产中不施硼和推荐施硼量过大的现象同时存在,应根据实际情况进行调整。     

油菜不同生长期稻田土壤无机氮形态及氮肥利用率对控释氮肥施用的响应

通过盆栽土培试验研究了尿素、控释氮肥对南方稻田冬油菜生长、产量、土壤肥效和氮肥利用效率的影响,为控释氮肥在油菜生产上的推广应用提供参考。试验选用油菜品种"湘油15",参考油菜大田种植施氮量,共设4个处理,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,在施氮量均为200kg/hm^2的水平下,设置了3种氮肥处理:尿素(Urea)、控释氮肥1(CRNF1)和控释氮肥2(CRNF2)。对油菜生物量和产量、不同生育期下土壤无机氮、油菜氮素吸收、油菜生理特性、土壤微生物氮以及土壤酶活性等相关指标进行测定及分析。结果表明:较常规Urea处理相比,控释氮肥处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期生物量,增产11.2%～20.1%;CRNF1处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期土壤NO3--N含量,相比尿素处理分别提高43.2%和61.8%,CRNF2处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期土壤NH4+-N含量,相比尿素处理分别提高18.7%和64.1%,保证了油菜生育后期土壤氮素供应;与Urea处理相比,控释氮肥显著提高了油菜薹期及生殖生长期油菜总氮吸收,最终氮肥利用率(NUE)提高23.1%～60.2%,氮肥农学利用率(NAE)提高19.1%～30.5%;CRNF1处理显著提高了油菜生长后期SPDA值和总叶绿素含量,相比尿素处理分别提高6.5%,10.1%;CRNF1处理极显著提高了油菜生长后期土壤微生物氮,较尿素处理提高142.5%;此外,控释氮肥显著提高了油菜生长后期土壤脲酶、FDA水解酶活性,相比尿素处理分别提高8.4%～12.9%,24.5%～32.4%。在总氮施用量不变的前提下,施用控释氮肥可提高油菜生殖生长期土壤有效氮含量,改善光合作用,增强土壤微生物量和微生物活性,促进氮素的吸收,提高氮肥的利用效率,进而增加油菜干物质累积,最终提高产量。     

不同施肥方式下氮肥用量对直播稻根系形态及氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究施肥方式(点施于距土表1、5 cm土柱中心位置,分别记为M1、M2;距土表0~5、0~10 cm土壤与氮肥混匀施用,分别记为M3、M4)和氮肥用量(N 0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 g/盆)对直播稻苗期生物量、根系形态及氮素吸收的影响,以期为直播稻科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。结果表明,M1、M2施肥方式下N0.6处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为17.8%~84.8%和13.9%~46.9%,根系形态指标表现为N0.3和N0.6高于N1.2处理;M3、M4施肥方式下N1.2处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为32.6%~36.3%和14.9%~16.2%,根系形态指标有随着施氮量增加而增加的趋势。施肥方式和氮肥用量对氮素吸收量的影响趋势与生物量表现一致,氮素吸收利用率表现为点施条件下M1M2,混施条件下M3M4。相关分析结果表明,水稻地上部生物量及其氮素吸收与根系形态参数及氮素吸收量存在显著正相关关系。综上所述,低氮条件下浅层点施、高氮条件下浅层混施有利于促进水稻苗期的生长发育,稳固良好的根系形态特性,增强其对养分的吸收利用。     

施氮量对木薯养分吸收和土壤有效养分平衡的影响

从高效施肥角度出发,采用田间试验,研究施氮量对木薯干物质积累、养分吸收及土壤有效养分含量的影响。结果表明:随施氮量的增加,茎、叶干物质积累量显著增加,但块根干物质积累量先增后降,以施氮130 kg/hm~2的最高,比不施氮增加18.13%。增加施氮量,木薯各器官磷、钾积累量及茎、叶氮积累量明显增加,块根氮积累量则先增加后下降。氮肥农学利用率、生理利用率及偏生产力随施氮量的增加而显著下降,氮肥吸收利用率以施氮130 kg/hm~2的最高,比其他处理提高11.37%~25.12%。木薯收获后,随施氮量的增加,土壤碱解氮明显增加,有效磷及速效钾不同程度下降,但各处理有效磷、速效钾及施氮195 kg/hm~2处理的有效氮明显盈余。综合分析认为,本研究条件下木薯施氮130 kg/hm~2较为适宜。     

密度和施氮量对油菜生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨密度和施氮量互作效应对油菜生长发育及产量的影响,以甘蓝型油菜品种华油杂9号为材料,在施氮120、240和360 kg·hm~(-2)的条件下,分别设密度15万、30万和45万株·hm~(-2)处理,分析了施氮量与密度对油菜生长发育动态、产量构成因素和产量的影响,及三者之间的相关关系。结果表明,油菜生育期随施氮量增加略呈延长趋势,而与密度无显著相关。株高随密度增大而下降,随施氮量增加表现出先升后降趋势。在油菜整个生育期中,随着施氮量和密度的增加,单位面积群体根颈粗、绿叶数、功能叶叶绿素、干物质积累量、角果分配比例、有效分枝数、有效角果数大体均显著增大,并与油菜产量呈显著正相关,且密度的影响总体大于氮肥的影响。随着施氮量和密度的增加,各相邻处理间差异总体呈逐渐变小趋势。120 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量和45万株·hm~(-2)种植密度组合不仅可以达到360 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量和15万株·hm~(-2)种植密度组合的产量,同时每公顷可以节省120 kg的氮肥投入,在实际生产中适量减少氮肥并适度提高密度依然可以获得高产。     

氮肥用量对直播油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为了明确安徽省江淮地区直播油菜氮肥的适宜用量,在安徽省江淮地区布置不同氮肥用量对直播油菜产量、氮素累积量、经济效益及氮肥利用率影响的田间试验。结果表明,施用氮肥显著提高了油菜产量和氮素累积量。施氮量高于240 kg/hm~2后,油菜籽粒产量和氮素累积量的增加趋于平缓。氮肥用量为240 kg/hm~2时获得最高经济效益10 026元/hm~2。氮肥用量为180 kg/hm~2时,油菜氮肥表观利用率达到最高(43.78%),氮肥施用量超过240 kg/hm~2,氮收获指数和肥料利用率出现下降。施氮量相同的情况下,分次施肥比起一次性施肥更有利于提高油菜产量。综合油菜的产量、肥料利用率和经济效益,安徽省江淮地区直播冬油菜施氮量在180～240 kg/hm~2能较好地协调油菜高产和氮肥合理利用的统一。     

氮、钾肥用量对膜下滴灌加工番茄产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究不同氮、钾肥用量对加工番茄产量、品质的影响。试验设N 0、210、300、390kg/hm~24个水平,K_2O 0、135、225、315 kg/hm~24个水平,于成熟期测定各项品质指标、产量构成并分析增产效应。结果表明,氮肥、钾肥对加工番茄均有显著增产作用,但钾肥的增产作用强度不如氮肥显著。氮、钾肥增产率范围分别为32.8%~51.4%,13.3%~23.0%。N、K肥均通过增加加工番茄单果重增加产量。施氮量390kg/hm2处理番茄红素、可溶性固形物较300 kg/hm~2处理显著降低10.85%和14.77%,较210 kg/hm~2低氮处理糖酸比显著下降36.04%。随施钾量的增加,番茄红素持续增加,315 kg/hm~2处理最大,为14.97 mg/100 g。增施钾肥可溶性固形物含量可以提高8.81%~13.73%,糖酸比提高3.98%~30.68%。增施钾有利于降低脐腐病发生率,提高氮肥用量可使脐腐病发生率显著增加。分别对施氮肥量、施钾肥量和产量的关系用一元二次方程拟合,得到最高产量氮肥施用量为265.5 kg/hm~2,最高产量钾肥施用量为268.5 kg/hm2。确定合理的氮肥和钾肥的施肥量范围分别为254.1~265.5和225~230.2 kg/hm~2。     

滴灌施氮对春玉米氮素吸收、土壤无机氮含量及氮素平衡的影响

为解决吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下氮肥合理施用问题,通过2年(2015—2016年)田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量(0,70,140,210,280,350kg/hm~2)对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:施氮量在70~210kg/hm~2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过210kg/hm~2后,处理间产量无显著差异;将玉米产量(y)与施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量分别为195.1,201.0kg/hm~2。施氮显著提高了玉米各生育时期氮积累量,其中灌浆期和成熟期氮积累量以施氮量210kg/hm~2处理最高。氮素当季回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随施氮量的增加而下降。玉米成熟期0-200cm剖面土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量随土层深度增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;施氮提高了0-200cm土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中施氮量280,350kg/hm~2处理40-200cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其他施氮处理。玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈极显著的正相关;玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的21.6%~23.3%,33.0%~37.4%,41.0%~43.7%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,综合产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡等因素,在吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥适宜施氮量应控制在195~210kg/hm~2。     

小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响

田间试验研究了小麦蚕豆间作及4种施氮水平(0、90 kg·hm^-2、180 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2)对小麦植株体内氮含量、小麦地上部氮素累积及氮素养分吸收速率的影响。结果表明: 间作显著增加了小麦地上部植株的氮含量, 与单作相比, 分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期不同施氮处理间作小麦植株的氮含量平均比单作提高20.0%、21.9%、21.4%和17.1%; 抽穗期和成熟期间作小麦叶、茎和穗中的氮含量均高于单作; 间作显著提高了小麦植株的氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率, 与单作相比整个生育期间作小麦氮素累积量增幅为15.5%~30.4%。无论单作还是间作, 小麦植株氮含量和氮素累积量随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 施氮对单作小麦植株氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率的影响大于间作, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 间作优势逐渐减弱; 单作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 间作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。本研究表明, 间作和施氮促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 间作优势与施氮水平密切相关, 间作体系中氮素养分的合理投入是发挥间作优势的关键。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。