黄河三角洲芦苇湿地不同水期土壤-植被重金属分布特征

ICP-AES法研究了黄河三角洲湿地平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(10月)土壤和植被重金属(Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr)含量分布特征,并分析了土壤和植被重金属含量的关系。结果表明:(1)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土和底泥Hg,Cu,Zn平均含量变化呈递减趋势,依次表现出:平水期丰水期枯水期,不同时期土壤重金属Hg,Cu,Zn含量均表现为表土底泥;黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土和底泥Pb,Cd和Cr平均含量变化呈递增趋势,依次表现出:枯水期丰水期平水期,并且不同时期土壤重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量均表现为底泥表土,局部有所波动,综合分析可知,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地平水期的Hg,Cu,Zn污染最严重,枯水期Pb,Cd和Cr污染最严重;(2)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土重金属Hg,Cu,Zn含量高于底泥,表土重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量低于底泥;(3)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地植被重金属Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr含量均显著高于土壤(p0.05),说明植被的吸收作用在土壤重金属污染中起着关键作用;(4)主成分分析表明黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤中Hg和Zn含量、植被中Pb和Cd的含量变化是黄河三角洲芦苇湿地的重金属污染主要影响因子;相关性分析表明,植被体内的重金属含量主要来自和依赖于土壤重金属含量,同时植被对于土壤各重金属的吸收也保持一定的独立性。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地表土沉积物中重金属污染的分布特征

在不同时段采集鄱阳湖区典型湿地底泥沉积物及湖滩草洲表土沉积物样品,分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等重金属元素的含量与分布特征。结果表明,研究区内湿地底泥沉积物、湖滩草洲表土沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等重金属元素的平均含量显著高于鄱阳湖区的土壤背景值和全国平均水平;且不同的元素表现出不同的相关特征,Cu、Zn、Pb三种元素之间呈现出极显著正相关,表现出一定程度的复合污染。     

草海湖湿地重金属分布特征及污染负荷

该文测定了草海湿地土壤和草海表层沉积物中7种毒性重金属的含量,对比研究了重金属元素含量的时空变异特征,同时应用单因子污染指数法和污染负荷指数法对底泥、沼泽草地、农用地和林地土壤中重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明:本研究中7种重金属中,Cd,Zn,Hg含量明显高于贵州省土壤背景值,重金属Cd和Zn分布特征为:底泥农用地沼泽草地林地;Cr的分布特征为:沼泽草地林地农用地底泥;Pb和Cu含量的分布特征为:农用地底泥沼泽草地林地;Hg的分布特征为:底泥沼泽草地农用地林地;As的分布特征为:林地农用地沼泽草地底泥;草海湖周边的农用地和沼泽湿地中Cd,Hg达到重污染程度,Zn为中度污染,Pb和As为轻度污染。草海底泥中Cd,Hg和Zn达到重污染水平,其余4种重金属尚未构成污染;草海底泥重金属污染水平为中等污染,枯水期污染略重,且靠近湖心的采样点污染较重,3个采样区都呈现距岸边越远污染越重的趋势。草海湿地底泥重金属污染较重,农用地次之,沼泽草地再次,林地无重金属污染。研究可为草海湿地重金属污染放置与治理提供基础数据。     

旅游开发对湘江流域土壤重金属及水体状况的影响

以湘江流域为例,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,调查了旅游开发区和对照区不同水期(平水期、丰水期和枯水期)不同形态土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)、水质(TN、TP、BOD5和CODcr)及浮游植物多样性分布状况,并运用冗余分析(RDA)的方法研究了旅游开发区和对照区浮游植被多样性与环境因子(土壤和水质)之间的关系。结果表明:(1)湘江流域旅游开发区共检出浮游植物8门273种,对照区共检出浮游植物8门203种,两者主要种类为绿藻门和硅藻门,旅游开发区和对照区浮游植物种类基本表现为丰水期枯水期平水期,局部有所波动,相同时期各藻类数目基本表现为旅游开发区对照区;(2)旅游开发区和对照区水质水温、pH、TN、TP、BOD5和CODcr浓度呈一致的变化规律,基本表现为丰水期枯水期平水期,透明度呈"V"字形变化规律;旅游开发区pH、TN、TP、BOD5和CODcr浓度均显著高于对照区(P0.05),透明度显著低于对照区(P0.05),水温并没有明显的变化趋势(P0.05),在枯水期二者之间的差距较小,说明了旅游开发对湘江流域枯水期水质的影响较小;(3)旅游开发区和对照区不同形态土壤重金属含量总体表现为丰水期枯水期平水期,旅游开发区土壤As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb含量分别超国家标准,其中Cd含量超标最为严重;(4)湘江流域旅游开发区和对照区土壤重金属总量与土壤有效态重金属含量均存在极显著的正线性相关关系(P0.001),说明旅游开发区和对照区土壤有效态重金属含量主要来自土壤重金属总含量。(5)冗余分析结果显示,湘江流域旅游开发区和对照区浮游植物多样性与土壤及水质状况均呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),对湘江流域旅游开发区和对照区浮游植物多样性影响最大的主要是BOD5浓度、CODcr浓度和土壤Cu、Pb含量。     

芦苇对白洋淀底泥重金属污染程度的影响效应研究

取白洋淀底泥制成3种不同厚度的基质种植芦苇，另外设置不含底泥的麦地土壤和旱地芦苇土壤，定期对基质采样，测定底泥中重金属Cu，Cd，Pb，Zn浓度并进行比较分析。试验表明，底泥和供试麦地土壤和芦苇土壤已受到重金属Cu，Cd，Pb，Zn不同程度污染；Cd浓度均已超过全国土壤质量三级标准，分别为1．35～1．59mg／kg和1．078～1．16mg／kg，污染程度严重。其次为Pb和Zn，Cu为轻微污染。随着芦苇的生长，底泥和麦地及芦苇土壤中大部分重金属浓度呈不同程度下降趋势，表明芦苇对有害重金属有一定抗性和富集作用，旨在为底泥污染治理提供科学依据。     

西藏尼洋河水体重金属分布特征及风险评价

重金属含量是影响水生态环境安全的重要因素,该文意在探索西藏河流水体重金属变化规律。研究了雅鲁藏布江第二大支流尼洋河的Zn、Cu、Mn、Cd、Fe5种重金属含量时空变化特征和相关性,以及迁移变化机理,对重金属富集程度和污染风险进行了评价。结果表明:尼洋河重金属含量源头较低,中上游位置有突变。Fe、Mn、Cd是影响水质变化的敏感因子。Zn、Cu、Mn含量平水期枯水期丰水期。丰水期重金属含量主要受人类活动或水文气象活动影响,平水期及枯水期的Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe含量主要受自然过程影响,枯水期Cd主要受人类活动影响。水库对重金属富集有一定的影响。河源和中下游河段污染较轻,上游河段重金属综合污染指数最高。     

喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

[目的]对喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险进行评价,为景区资源科学管理和保护提供参考依据。[方法]以喀纳斯景区为研究区,测定土壤样品As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr,和Cu含量,通过污染负荷指数对喀纳斯景区重金属污染情况进行全面评价,采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属进行潜在生态风险评价,并运用相关分析与主成分分析法对土壤重金属来源与污染程度进行深入分析。[结果](1)研究区表层土壤As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr和Cu平均含量分别为6.48,16.60,0.10,0.08,84.71,2.47,32.23mg/kg,其中As,Pb,Hg和Cd高于新疆土壤背景值,Zn,Cr和Cu低于新疆土壤背景值。(2)人类活动扰动强由强至弱4个样地,7种重金属含量不同,且同一重金属在4个样地间具有一定差异性。(3)人类活动扰动强样地、人类活动扰动较强样地和人类活动扰动轻微样地3个样地中Hg为重度污染(PLI值分别为5.70,4.36,4.64),Zn,Cr,Cu为轻度污染。全部金属RI均小于150,研究区仅存在轻微生态危害,但研究区Hg污染需关注。(4)7种重金属间大多存在关系,Pb与Hg,Cd和Zn呈显著相关(p≤0.01)。Cd和Hg来源相同可能性较大,As,Zn和Cu来源可能一致。[结论]喀纳斯景区受旅游活动干扰土壤中重金属有不同程度的积累,土壤重金属污染愈加严重。     

上海宝山不同功能区表土磁化率特征及对重金属污染的指示作用

以上海宝山区为例,开展表土磁化率与其重金属含量相关性研究。根据研究区域土地功能特征,选取工业区表土、公路边表土、居民区表土和农田表土(0~5 cm)作为研究对象,共采集80个样品,进行磁化率和重金属元素(Fe、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Cu、Pb和Cd)含量分析。结果表明,宝山各功能区表土多数重金属含量和磁化率,均不同程度地超出上海土壤背景值。其中,工业区表土重金属Zn、Cr、Pb元素含量以及公路边表土Zn、Pb、Cd元素含量均超出上海土壤背景值的4倍以上,且空间分异性较大。工业区和公路边表土磁性增强显著,且空间变异性大。工业区表土磁化率与Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);公路边表土磁化率与Zn、Cr、Mn、Cu、Fe2O_3含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。表明受工业和交通影响的表土,其磁化率对重金属污染有很好的指标作用。居民区和农田表土的磁化率,只与个别重金属元素呈显著相关,表明以土壤磁化率来指示重金属污染会受到土地利用方式及周边环境等因素的限制。     

博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤重金属的污染风险评价

对新疆博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)地球化学特征进行分析。采用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对农田土壤重金属污染与环境风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,As、Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,Cu轻微污染,Mn无污染。土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量处于轻微风险水平。Cd是污染程度与生态风险等级最高的重金属元素;(2)湿地边缘带农田土壤PLI平均值为1.43,呈现轻度污染,RI平均值为20.62,呈现轻微生态风险状态,IER的平均值为–4.53,呈现无警态势。湿地边缘带PLI、RI与IER空间分布格局基本一致;(3)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb与Zn来源主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn与Ni来源主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制,As与Cd受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。     

芜湖市不同功能区土壤重金属污染状况与环境质量评价

通过对芜湖市工业区、商业区、休闲区和居住区土壤重金属污染现状的调查与分析,分别以本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值和国家土壤环境质量标准作为评价标准,计算出各功能区土壤单因子污染指数,并采用主成分分析法确定权重,对各功能区的土壤环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:芜湖市各功能区土壤Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn含量均超过本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值。其中工业区土壤中Cd、Hg和Cu,商业区土壤中Cd和Hg,休闲区和居住区土壤中Cd均超过国家土壤环境质量标准。Cu、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd污染均表现为工业区最大,商业区次之,Zn在各功能区含量差异不大。土壤中重金属含量上层高于下层,且在商业区和居住区差异明显。土壤环境质量居民区尚清洁,休闲区和商业区中度污染,工业区重度污染。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Development of hydromorphism in soils of agrolandscapes in the depressions of Western Ciscaucasia

The current state and rate of hydromorphism development in the soils of flat bottomed depressions in Western Ciscaucasia are assessed. The dynamics of the soil cover pattern on a plain with numerous mesoand microdepressions and on a watershed with weakly pronounced erosion relief were revealed. The relationship between the expansion of the waterlogged areas and the pattern of the soil cover of the agrolandscapes in the depressions was revealed. The dependence of the areas of excessively moistened sites on the changes in the topography was shown. The direction and parameters of the changes in the morphology, chemical composition, and hydrological properties of the degraded hydromorphic soils were investigated. The relationships between the density of the soils and the humus content and the composition of the exchangeable bases were studied. Methods for the assessment of the rates of the degradation processes based on the comparison of aerial photographs and soil maps for typical sites in the territory investigated are proposed. The specific features of decoding the aerial photographs of the soils in the depressions were revealed. The relations between the differences in the photos’ tone and the degree of the hydromorphic degradation of the soils were found. Promising methods for interpretation of aerial photographs with the help of image analysis programs can be recommended.