不同覆膜种植对土壤水热和冬小麦产量的影响

为探索不同地膜颜色和种植方式对土壤水热及冬小麦产量的影响,设置黑、白两种地膜颜色及平作和垄作两种种植方式。通过使用TRIME-TDR及地温计对不同覆膜处理整个生育期内土壤水分和温度的监测,探究不同覆膜种植对农田土壤水热动态变化和冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:（1）在作物越冬期—返青期,覆膜处理增温效果最为显著,较对照该时期增加了1.3℃,在作物拔节期—灌浆期,覆膜受植株茂密遮阳影响,增温效果不显著;无论是平作还是垄作,黑膜处理其表层5 cm土壤温度均高于白色覆膜和对照不覆膜处理;一天内,黑、白覆膜处理表层5 cm土壤温度最高值较对照分别增加4.9℃和5.7℃。（2）整个生育期,0—20 cm耕层内土壤含水率变化波动最显著,起垄覆膜处理耕层土壤含水率平均较平作覆膜处理和对照处理分别提高5.04%和14.82%。在起垄覆黑膜处理作物生育期内,抽穗期0—100 cm土层蓄水量处理提高最为显著,较对照增加45.2 mm。（3）起垄覆黑膜增产节水效果最显著,产量较对照处理增加658.7 kg/hm²;水分利用效率较对照提高16.3%。在丰水型年,由于降水充沛,不同种植方式间土壤水分利用效率差异不显著。该结果对于覆膜种植技术的改进有一定的指导意义。     

农田覆膜对冬小麦土壤水热的影响

针对以往在不同覆膜栽培方式下冬小麦土壤水热效应规律的研究不足,探究了不同覆膜方式冬小麦土壤水分效应和温度变化规律。试验共设计宽窄行垄膜(WLR)、宽窄行平膜(WPR)、等行距垄膜(DLR)、等行距平膜(DPR)、等行距平作裸地(CK)、全膜平作(PM)6个处理,采用TRIME-TDR和ECH2O水分传感器进行分别测定0—200cm土壤含水率以及5cm,10cm,15cm,20cm,25cm的土层地温的动态监测,以探索不同覆膜方式对土壤水热的影响。结果表明:(1)冬小麦全生育期内,0—200cm土层,PM,WLR处理的平均土壤贮水量分别比CK增加了8.52%,6.81%,其他处理差异不显著;在冬小麦生长阶段4月和5月降雨充沛时期,所有覆膜处理土壤含水率较对照处理分别减少2%~12%。(2)降雨对覆膜条件下的土壤水热影响较大,雨后覆膜处理的土壤含水量较不覆膜低,土壤表层温度急剧下降,25cm以下深层土壤温度下降相对缓慢。(3)土壤温度日变化随土层深度呈"锥形",5—25cm土层深度每增加5cm,土壤温度随气温的变化滞后0.8h左右。在干旱少雨时,宽行起垄覆膜能显著增加土壤贮水量,调节膜下土壤温度。     

覆膜耕作方式对河套灌区土壤水热效应及玉米产量的影响

通过设置垄作全膜、垄作半膜、平作全膜以及平作半膜4个覆膜耕作处理,探究不同覆膜耕作方式对河套灌区土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响。结果表明:1)2个生长季内垄作全膜处理各阶段土壤含水率和温度均最高,保水保温效果明显。2)耕层土壤温度的变化规律和含水率的变化规律相反,随着土壤温度升高,土壤含水率逐渐降低。3)玉米生育期内随着温度升高和作物耗水量增大,全膜覆盖和垄作耕作方式的蓄水保墒效果愈加明显;干旱条件下,耕作措施较覆膜方式对地温的影响更为明显;而在水量充沛条件下,覆膜方式则表现出对地温更显著的影响。田间起垄耕作结合全膜覆盖的种植方式,可以获得较高的穗行数和穗粒数,有利于干物质的积累,促进滴灌条件下玉米产量的形成,同时提高水分利用效率,为河套灌区农业节水和玉米高产提供了技术依据。     

寒地水稻垄作双深耕作栽培模式技术效果的评价

为评价垄作双深耕作栽培模式对土壤部分理化指标和水稻产量及肥料利用效率的影响,在3个试验地点,对垄作双深耕作栽培(简称垄作)和常规平作耕作栽培(简称平作)的产量、干物质生产、根部性状、肥料利用率及土壤容重、团聚体和温度进行了比较研究。结果表明:采用该技术模式,土壤容重下降,土壤温度和团聚体升高是普遍现象。垄作0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层的容重分别下降10.40%,10.26%,0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层团聚体分别增加27.85%,14.18%,6月上旬—9月上旬距地表5,10,15 cm位置旬平均温度分别升高2.35,0.58,1.12℃。垄作齐穗期干物重和叶面积指数、灌浆期干物重和叶面积指数、各时期根干重方面表现出显著优势。垄作平均增产7.85%,增产幅度为7.92%～9.86%,穗数或穗粒数增加是其增产的主要原因。垄作氮肥贡献率、土壤氮素依存率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别较平作提高13.85%,15.46%,20.86%,6.97%。因此,垄作双深耕作栽培模式改善了土壤理化性质,促进根系生长发育,从而使水稻地上部分表现出生长优势,提高了肥料利用率和产量。     

全覆膜垄作种植对旱作马铃薯生长和土壤特性的影响

针对内蒙古长城沿线丘陵区土壤保水保肥性差,春旱严重及马铃薯产量和降雨利用率低的问题,采用地膜覆盖和垄作种植相结合的技术手段,通过连续2年的田间试验,研究了露地平作(CK)、全膜垄作(全膜双垄垄上播(A1)、全膜单垄垄上播(A2)、全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3))和全覆膜平作(A4)5种栽培方式对旱作农田土壤酶活性与相应土层土壤含水量、温度、pH及马铃薯生长的影响。结果表明:整个生育期内,全覆膜和垄作提高了土壤增温保墒能力,A1、A2、A3和A4处理,与CK相比,土壤含水量分别提高了32.76%,23.60%,42.92%,17.58%,土壤温度分别提高11.51%,9.41%,6.87%,4.83%,同时显著降低0—20cm土层土壤pH,提高了相应土层土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,进而增加芽鲜重、根鲜重和芽粗,提高了根系活力,降低了丙二醛含量。与CK相比,产量分别提高48.62%,34.22%,52.85%,21.70%,显著增加了降雨利用率和肥料偏生产力。可见,全膜垄作种植可改善土壤质量,提高作物产量和降雨利用率,且以A1和A3效果最优,更适合作为内蒙古长城沿线丘陵区节水高产栽培模式。     

垄作覆膜种植对夏玉米生长和土壤水分动态的影响

旨在探索垄作覆膜对夏玉米动态生长过程、作物产量和水分利用效率及土壤水分运移规律的影响。试验设置垄作覆膜(RM)和平作不覆膜(NM)处理,在试验数据分析的基础上,采用Logistic方程及其修正方程分别拟合株高和叶面积指数生长动态,结合数值模型HYDRUS-2D模拟典型降雨过程的土壤水分动态。结果表明:Logistic方程拟合下,垄作覆膜与平作未覆膜处理夏玉米株高最大增长速率及其出现时间分别为5.1,5.2cm/d和播种后39,41天(3年均值),同时垄作覆膜夏玉米叶面积指数最大增长率较平作未覆膜提高了14.6%,增长速率最大值出现时间提前了2天;垄作覆膜夏玉米穗长、穗粒数、百粒重、产量及水分利用效率较平作未覆膜分别增加了7.8%,15.4%,1.3%,6.0%和3.1%(3年均值)。HYDRUS-2D模型对典型降雨后土壤剖面水分变化的模拟结果表明,垄作覆膜能增加降雨入渗,增大0—20cm土层和0—200cm剖面平均含水量。垄作覆膜种植具有增产保墒效应,但其增产效应与生育期气象条件有关,生育季降雨过多或过少都会影响其增产效应。     

东北黑土区覆膜滴灌下田间微气候和作物生长特征

为探讨东北黑土区滴灌种植作物光热水资源利用率和节水增产内在机理,设置覆膜滴灌和未覆膜滴灌2个处理,研究了东北黑土区覆膜滴灌条件下田间微气候和作物生长特征。结果表明,薄膜覆盖可增加近地层的土壤温度和空气温度,降低空气湿度,覆盖处理在0—25cm土层的土壤温度明显高于未覆膜处理,日均地温最大可高5.33℃;覆膜处理的空气温度比未覆膜最大可高0.34℃,相对湿度比未覆膜最低可低2.35%。与未覆膜处理相比,覆膜处理的垄上(滴灌带正下方)和垄边缘土壤蒸发量分别减少52.89,54.16mm,减小幅度分别为46.26%,49.06%。覆膜具有明显的保墒作用,覆膜处理0—50cm土层的平均土壤含水率大于未覆膜处理,最大增幅达46.65%。覆膜处理对LAI、株高、干物质均有一定的有益影响;在施肥量为330kg/hm~2的条件下,覆膜对玉米的增产效果不明显;但增加了玉米粒的氮素含量,提高了粗蛋白含量,玉米粒的氮素含量比未覆膜高8.45%,其粗蛋白含量高8.45%。     

春玉米覆膜垄作沟灌条件下土壤水热效应及对产量的影响

为探究河套灌区玉米覆膜垄作沟灌种植模式下土壤温度与含水率的变化规律、两者响应关系及对玉米产量的影响,以灌区玉米常规覆膜宽度(70cm)及当地常见农用宽膜(110cm)进行对比研究。结果表明:土壤温度变化主要受外界因素和含水率的影响,两种覆膜条件下土壤温度具有相同的日变化规律,且深层较表层土壤具有明显的滞后效应;玉米生育前期宽膜具有更好的保温效果,且表层5,10cm处地温变化具有显著或极显著性差异;全生育期内110cm较70cm膜具有明显的保墒效果,5—25cm土壤平均含水率高5.06%,6.83%,3.89%,5.28%和3.44%;各时刻不同土层与温度可以拟合为对数函数,但早晚相关性较差,说明此时段地温变化的机制更为复杂;玉米生育后期5cm处土壤平均含水率与土壤温度呈现反比关系,20cm处呈现正比关系,且低水分条件下土壤温度变幅更大;生育期内玉米生长性状及产量指标也达到显著性水平,且110cm较70cm膜平均产量高14.86%;研究成果可为灌区玉米覆膜垄作沟灌模式下适宜地膜宽度的选择提供科学依据。     

河套灌区不同覆膜方式膜下滴灌土壤盐分运移研究

随着灌溉面积的增加和引黄水量的减少,河套灌区土壤盐渍化和水资源紧缺的问题日益突出,为保持农田水土环境的良性发展,以内蒙古河套灌区曙光试验站为研究对象,开展不同覆膜方式膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律研究。试验设置全膜覆盖(PQ)和半膜覆盖(PB)2个处理,采用5TE土壤水盐监测探头测定剖面土壤含水率和电导率。结果表明:膜下滴灌过程中剖面土壤盐分发生再分布,滴头下方30cm附近形成主要脱盐区,盐分逐渐向湿润区外缘积聚。半膜覆盖处理土壤盐分在膜间表层聚集,全膜覆盖处理保水抑蒸效果明显,起到了较好的压盐效果。表层土壤电导率值具有距滴头水平位移50cm20cm0cm的特点,膜间电导率值波动较大。不同水平位置处土壤电导率曲线变化规律相同,随土层深度增加振幅变小。全生育期内0—70cm深度土层不同覆盖方式均起到了一定的脱盐效果,半膜覆盖2个生长季内盐分变化(SA)分别为4.71mg/hm~2和9.24mg/hm~2,全膜覆盖处理SA分别为12.22mg/hm~2和21.55mg/hm~2。全膜覆盖处理可以有效抑制土壤水分蒸发,减弱盐分随水向上运动趋势,创造适宜作物生长的淡盐环境。可为河套灌区膜下滴灌种植模式下田间水盐管理提供理论依据。     

不同种植方式麦田生态效应研究

试验研究2个小麦品种“烟农19”和“95(6)161”不同种植方式麦田生态效应结果表明,垄作栽培可显著降低耕作层土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,更适宜小麦根系生长。土壤呼吸强度垄作栽培20~40cm土层>平作栽培20~40cm土层>垄作栽培0~20cm土层和平作栽培0~20cm土层。相同灌水量垄作栽培渗入深层土壤中的水分显著高于平作,2个小麦品种垄作栽培水分利用效率分别为1·62kg/m3和1·56kg/m3,较传统平作栽培分别提高21·8%和16·4%。垄作栽培小麦群体内空气湿度较平作栽培降低3·5%~15·5%,同一品种不同种植方式群体透光率均为垄作栽培>平作栽培。且小麦籽粒光能利用率提高10·0%~13·2%,总干物质产量光能利用率提高10·3%~10·8%。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。