杨木炭胶合成型速燃炭的制备与燃烧性能

为了研究了胶黏剂的类型、胶炭比、引燃剂的种类和添加量、成型压力、成型时间等因素对速燃炭燃烧性能的影响,该文利用杨木屑经炭化后得到杨木炭,以杨木炭为主要原料,添加适量不同种类的胶黏剂和引燃剂制备速燃炭。结果表明：将胶黏剂A和杨木炭以质量比为0.6︰1的胶炭比混合,并添加占杨木炭质量分数为5%的硝酸钾,在25 MPa的成型压力下保持2 min,制备出的速燃炭有较好的速燃效果。不仅具有一定强度,燃烧时无毒、无烟、无味,并能在 5 s内快速点燃速燃炭。速燃炭的抗压系数达8.60 N/mm2,燃烧剩余物的质量分数为6.33%,燃烧时间可持续11.20 min/g,热值达到35 762.76 J/g。该研究可为粉末燃料的成型胶黏剂研制提供依据。     

Relationship between total organic carbon and oxidizable carbon in calcareous soils

Abstract

The oxidable carbon content of 46 calcareous soils from the South‐East of Spain was determined by the Walkley and Black method and compared with the total organic carbon (C) content obtained by an automatic microanalysis method. The results were fitted to linear, curvilinear, and exponential equations which permit the conversion of the oxidable C values into those of total organic C when no direct means of analysis of the latter is available. A conversion factor of 1.26 is recommended.     

河北省北部森林植被碳储量和固碳速率研究

为了了解河北省北部森林植被固碳能力,本文以该区域阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林和灌丛为研究对象,基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐采用的加拿大林业碳收支模型(CBM-CFS3),利用第7次全国森林资源连续清查数据和野外森林植被调查样地数据,拟合出研究区的蓄积-生物量转换参数和林木器官生物量比例参数,建立研究区内不同森林植被类型的蓄积生长方程、蓄积-干材生物量转换方程、生物量组分比例方程,采用这些方程评估了2010年河北省北部森林生态系统植被碳储量、碳密度和固碳速率。结果表明:拟合的不同森林植被蓄积生长方程的决定系数均大于0.7,蓄积-干材生物量转换方程的决定系数均大于0.8,生物量组分比例方程拟合效果较好,可用于评估该区域森林植被碳汇功能和潜力。2010年河北省北部森林植被碳储量为59.66 Tg(C),平均森林植被碳密度为25.05 Mg(C)×hm~(-2),森林植被固碳速率为0.07~1.87Mg(C)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1);其中阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林碳储量和碳密度分别为30.97 Tg(C)、12.36 Tg(C)、15.73Tg(C)、0.60 Tg(C)和26.09 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、26.14 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、24.50 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、7.53 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)。河北省北部森林植被碳密度与固碳速率均从西北到东南呈升高趋势。造林后森林面积增加6 400 km2,森林植被碳储量增加19.54 Tg(C)(不包括灌丛);林龄结构以中幼龄林为主,未来森林固碳潜力巨大。说明造林在增加森林植被碳储量和提高森林的固碳速率中起到了重要作用。     

不同地表覆盖栽培对旱地土壤有机碳、无机碳和轻质有机碳的影响

通过田间长期定位试验,分层采集冬小麦-休闲种植体系0—40 cm土层的土样,研究了常规、地表覆膜和覆草栽培对土壤有机碳、无机碳和轻质有机碳的影响。结果表明,覆膜或覆草可以显著增加地上部小麦生物量和子粒产量。不同地表覆盖对0—40 cm土层的无机碳含量和分布无显著影响,但与常规栽培相比,地表覆膜使0—5 cm土层的有机碳含量显著降低,0—40 cm各土层轻质有机碳表现出明显降低趋势,平均降低 C 6.1~74.5 mg/kg;地表覆草却表现出明显增加土壤轻质有机碳的趋势,0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土层的轻质有机碳含量分别增加C 235.2、190.0和144.9 mg/kg,相当于常规的38.7%,32.9%和34.5%。同时,覆草栽培还表现出降低0—10 cm土层轻质有机质含碳量的趋势,并使0—20 cm土层轻质有机碳占有机碳的比例显著高于常规栽培和地表覆膜处理。可见,地表长期覆膜不利于旱地土壤有机碳累积,覆草不仅可以增加表层土壤的轻质有机碳累积,还可改善土壤碳氮组成。     

施肥对土壤有机碳含量及碳库管理指数的影响

在华北夏玉米生产体系中,采用田间试验,研究了不同施肥措施下（不施肥、单施有机肥、推荐施肥、习惯施肥和单施化肥）,土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数的变化。结果表明:与不施肥相比,单施有机肥土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别增加 11.68%,21.71%。推荐施肥和习惯施肥土壤有机碳含量分别增加 6.57%,7.58%,活性有机碳含量分别增加 8.53%,4.26%。单施化肥土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量均没有显著增加;施有机肥和推荐施肥土壤碳库管理指数比不施肥分别高 31.79,13.01。单施化肥土壤碳库管理指数没有显著变化;土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、碳库管理指数、玉米子粒产量均存在极显著相关关系。碳库管理指数与玉米子粒产量极显著相关,能够指示土壤生产力的变化。可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,施有机肥或有机无机适当配施能提高土壤有机碳含量和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力。     

不同农业废弃物还田对土壤碳排放及碳固定的影响

在玉米生长季,采用静态箱法,在氮磷钾等养分量(N 240kg/hm~2,P2O5100kg/hm~2,K2O 120kg/hm~2)的条件下,研究秸秆、牛粪、鸡粪与化肥配施还田,对土壤CO_2排放及碳固定的影响。研究结果表明:施肥促进土壤CO_2排放,其中100%秸秆粉碎还田配施化肥(S1)对土壤CO_2排放的促进作用最为明显,平均排放通量达389.0mg/(m~2·h);其次为单施化肥(S4)。S1、S2、S3和S4处理在6,7,8三个月份CO_2平均排放通量表现为S4S1S3S2,分别占整个生长季排放总量的80.1%,78.9%,78.8%和83.7%,表明单施化肥处理(S4)在玉米生长旺季CO_2排放通量最高达624.9mg/(m~2·h)。各施肥处理在玉米生长季出现2个CO_2排放高峰阶段,与2次氮肥(尿素)追施密切相关,2次追施氮肥后CO_2排放通量平均值均表现为S4S1S3S2,表明用农业废弃物中的氮部分代替化肥氮,可减少CO_2排放量。50%牛粪有机氮还田配施50%化肥氮(S2),能明显提高土壤有机碳含量。50%鸡粪有机氮还田配施50%化肥氮(S3)可明显提高玉米各器官及植株含碳量,其中S3处理植株含碳量最高为9.59t/hm~2,促进玉米碳固定;而100%秸秆粉碎还田配施化肥氮(S1),并不能提高玉米各器官及植株含碳量,甚至低于单施化肥(S4)。     

长期施肥对土壤有机碳和无机碳的影响

利用18年长期定位试验,研究了在不同施肥条件下,土壤有机碳和无机碳在0~50 cm土层分布特征。结果表明,施肥对土壤有机碳的影响随着土层深度的增加而下降,0~7.5 cm土层的土壤有机碳比7.5~15 cm、15~30 cm、30~50 cm分别增加了4.6%、22.0%、63.1%,而无机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而增加,与有机碳的变化规律正好相反。不同种类的肥料对土壤有机碳的影响也不相同,化肥、有机肥长期配合施用和长期施用有机肥可以在0~30 cm土层增加土壤有机碳含量,降低土壤中的无机碳含量,而长期单施化肥对土壤的有机碳和无机碳含量无明显差异。     

Stability of soil organic carbon and potential carbon sequestration at eroding and deposition sites

Purpose

This study aims to explore the dynamics of the factors influencing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and stability at erosion and deposition sites.

Materials and methods

Thermal properties and dissolved aromatic carbon concentration along with Al, Fe concentration and soil specific surface area (SSA) were studied to 1 meter depth at two contrasting sites.

Results and discussion

Fe, Al concentrations and SSA size increased with depth and were negatively correlated with SOC concentration at the erosion site (P?<?0.05), while at the deposition site, these values decreased with increasing depth and were positively correlated with SOC concentration (P?<?0.05). TG mass loss showed that SOC components in the two contrasting sites were similar, but the soils in deposition site contained a larger proportion of labile organic carbon and smaller quantities of stable organic carbon compared to the erosion site. SOC stability increased with soil depth at the erosion site. However, it was slightly variable in the depositional zone. Changes in SUVA₂₅₄ spectroscopy values indicated that aromatic moieties of DOC at the erosion site were more concentrated in the superficial soil layer (0–20 cm), but at the deposition site they changed little with depth and the SUVA₂₅₄ values less than those at the erosion site.

Conclusions

Though large amounts of SOC accumulated in the deposition site, SOC may be vulnerable to severe losses if environmental conditions become more favorable for mineralization in the future due to accretion of more labile carbon. Deep soil layers at the erosion site (>30 cm deep) had a large carbon sink potential.

     

Deforestation impacts soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools and carbon lability under Mediterranean climates

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Deforestation is one of the ecosystem disservices associated with accelerated loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (TN). The objective of our study was to...     

Drought and ecosystem carbon cycling

Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes.     

Soil erosion and carbon dynamics

Accelerated erosion involves preferential removal of soil organic carbon (SOC) because it is concentrated in vicinity of the soil surface and has lower density than the mineral fraction. The SOC transported by water runoff is redistributed over the landscape and deposited in depressional sites where it is buried along with the sediments. However, the fate of the SOC transported, redistributed and deposited by erosional processes is a subject of intense debate. Sedimentologists argue that SOC buried with sediments is physically protected, and that depleted in the eroded soil is replaced through biomass production. Thus, they argue that the erosion–sedimentation process leads to globally net SOC sequestration of 0.6–1.5 Gt C/year. In contrast, soil scientists argue that: (i) a large portion of the SOC transported by water runoff comprises labile fraction, (ii) breakdown of aggregation by raindrop impact and shearing force of runoff accentuates mineralization of the previously protected organic matter, and (iii) the SOC within the plow zone at the depositional sites may be subject to rapid mineralization, along with methanogenesis and denitrification under anaerobic environment. Whereas, tillage erosion may also cause burial of some SOC, increase in soil erosion and emission of CO₂ from fossil fuel combustion are net sources of atmospheric CO₂. Soil scientists argue that soil erosion may be a net source of atmospheric CO₂ with emission of 1 Gt C/year. It is thus important to understand the fate of eroded SOC by measuring and monitoring SOC pool in eroded landscape as influenced by intensity and frequency of tillage operations and cropping systems.     

长期施肥对黑土有机碳矿化和团聚体碳分布的影响

采用我国东北地区的连续施肥28 a的典型黑土,通过颗粒分组的方法,研究了长期不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体形成和有机碳在各级团聚体中的分布规律,以及各粒级团聚体对养分的贡献能力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥促进了土壤中大颗粒团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成,尤其以2~1 mm粒级增加的比例最大;而当化肥和有机肥配合施用后,主要促进土壤中<1 mm团聚体形成,尤其对0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体形成的促进作用最大。施肥(无论是有机肥还是化肥)能增加土壤有机碳含量,而且,化肥有机肥配合施用较单施化肥和单施有机肥的效果更好。随着团聚体粒级的降低,团聚体中有机碳的分配出现两个峰值,分别在2~1 mm和0.25~0.053 mm两个粒级中出现。单施化肥处理及化肥有机肥配施处理与无肥处理相比均增加了0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率;单施有机肥的处理与无肥处理相比增加了1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率。然而,对于东北的典型黑土,2~1 mm和0.25~0.053 mm两个粒级对土壤有机碳的保护作用最大,表明团聚体对有机碳的保护作用是碳分配和矿化分解作用的综合结果,通过调控施肥种类可以达到有效保护土壤质量和肥力的效果。     

土壤有机碳储量与外源碳输入量关系的建立与验证

  【目的】  土壤有机碳是土壤肥力的核心，外源碳的输入量是影响土壤有机碳的主要因素之一。建立外源碳输入量与土壤有机碳储量的内在联系，对深入了解土壤有机碳的形成和土壤肥力的定量提升具有重要意义。  【方法】  利用我国南方红壤典型农田长期 (25年) 和短期 (8年) 定位试验平台，选择25年长期施肥试验中CK (不施肥)、NP (氮磷化肥配施)、NPK (氮磷钾化肥配施)、NPKM₁ (NPK与有机肥配施)；1.5NPKM₁ (1.5倍NPKM₁) 和M₂ (单施有机肥) 6个处理的数据，建立外源碳输入量与土壤有机碳储量的变化量及土壤有机碳储量的关系；选择8年短期施肥试验中T₀ (氮磷钾配施)、T₁ (NPK与15 t/hm2有机肥配施)、T₂ (NPK与30 t/hm2有机肥配施) 和T₃ (NPK与45 t/hm2有机肥配施) 4个处理的数据，对长期试验建立的关系进行验证。  【结果】  与CK相比，长期施用化肥 (NP和NPK) 处理下年均根茬碳输入量显著增加了0.45～0.75 t/hm2；长期单施有机肥 (M₂) 及有机肥配施化肥 (NPKM₁和1.5NPKM₁) 处理下年均根茬碳输入量为1.59～9.36 t/hm2，显著高于CK、NP和NPK处理 (P < 0.05)；而短期化肥 (T₀) 和有机肥配施化肥 (T₁、T₂和T₃) 处理间年均根茬碳输入量没有显著差异。长期NP、NPK、NPKM₁、1.5NPKM₁和M₂处理下，土壤有机碳储量均能达到稳定值 (即有机碳储量不再随试验年限的增加而变化)，分别为24.01、25.16、48.44、48.46和49.83 t/hm2。长期不同施肥处理下土壤有机碳储量的矿化量平均为4.69 t/hm2，维持初始土壤有机碳储量需要累积外源碳输入的量为8.52 t/hm2；通过长期土壤有机碳储量的变化量与外源碳输入量的关系来预测土壤有机碳储量时存在17%的误差，并低估了土壤有机碳储量的增加量；在考虑初始土壤有机碳储量存在差异的情况下，通过土壤有机碳储量与外源碳输入量的关系来预测土壤有机碳储量时仅存在3%的误差；根据土壤有机碳储量与外源碳输入量的关系，维持初始有机碳储量 (SOC_a) 所需外源碳的量为54.35 × [34.62/(48.71 ? SOC_a) ? 1]，提升土壤有机碳储量到SOC_b时所需外源碳的量为1881.60 × (SOC_b ? SOC_a) / [(48.71 ? SOC_b) × (48.71 ? SOC_a)]。  【结论】  根据初始土壤肥力状况，通过土壤有机碳储量与外源碳输入量的关系，可以准确量化土壤有机碳提升所需外源碳输入量。     

不同氮水平下小麦植株的碳氮代谢及碳代谢与赤霉病的关系

为明确不同施氮量下小麦植株的碳氮代谢特性及碳代谢与小麦赤霉病的关系,本文采用田间小区试验,以小麦多穗型品种‘豫麦49-198’和大穗型品种‘周麦16’为供试材料,在0 kg(N)·hm-2 、120 kg(N)·hm-2 、180 kg(N)·hm-2 、240 kg(N)·hm-2 、360 kg(N)·hm-2 5个氮肥水平下,探讨了不同施氮水平对小麦植株可溶性糖含量、C/N以及小麦赤霉病发病率和病情指数的影响。结果表明:两个品种小麦植株内的可溶性糖含量和C/N由越冬到开花期呈"V"形变化,拔节期最低,分别为80~200 mg·g-1和3~10。开花期各处理间差异达到最大,且施氮处理植株的可溶性糖含量和C/N比不施氮处理分别低15.4%~47.7%和24.5%~63.1%。植株全氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,各处理在小麦拔节期和开花期差异最大。两个品种小麦植株的可溶性糖和氮素的累积吸收量在小麦生育期内均呈增加趋势。相关分析表明,植株全氮含量与小麦的可溶性糖含量在小麦拔节期和开花期显著负相关;小麦拔节期和开花期的可溶性糖含量、C/N与小麦赤霉病的发病率和病情指数呈线性关系。说明小麦拔节期到开花期的碳氮代谢对赤霉病的发生影响较大。     

关中平原地区果园和农田土壤有机碳组分及碳库特征

由于果树经济效益高,关中平原地区广泛推广农田转为果园。为明确关中平原地区农田转变为果园后土壤有机碳(SOC)组分含量及土壤碳库指数的差异,采用了野外调查和室内分析的方法,探究了关中平原地区农田生态系统中果园和农田的土壤碳组分及碳库管理指数的变化。结果表明,在0～20、20～60、60～100 cm土层中,果园土壤活性有机碳(LOC)含量较农田分别增加了33.91%、49.95%和35.37%;与农田相比,果园显著增加了20～60和60～100 cm土层LOC/SOC值,提高了深层土壤碳库活性,促进了土壤有机碳的利用;在0～100 cm土层的垂直梯度上果园和农田LOC含量均随土层深度增加而减少,土壤总有机碳含量无显著差异;果园的碳库指数(CPI)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均大于农田,增幅分别达6.12%和72.72%。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳组分、碳库活度、碳库管理指数与土壤主要肥力因子如有效磷、速效钾相关性密切,可以作为该地区农田生态系统土壤肥力的主要监测因子。研究表明,关中平原土地利用方式从农田转变为果园,将有效活化深层土壤的固有碳库,促进有机碳的分解与利用,土壤性能向良性发展。     

高寒草原土壤有机碳与腐殖质碳变化及其微生物效应

基于多区域重复采样,研究了藏北高原不同状态(正常、轻度和严重退化)高寒草原表层(0～10 cm)、亚表层(10～20 cm)土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、腐殖质碳(Humus carbon,HC)、胡敏酸碳(Humic acid carbon,HAC)和富里酸碳(Fulvic acid carbon,FAC)的变化,以及土壤微生物群落、微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、纤维素分解酶活性(Cellulolytic enzyme activity,CEA)对其产生的影响与作用。结果表明:高原寒旱环境中土壤的HC/SOC比例过低,但PQ值(HAC/HC)很高。随土层加深,不同状态草地SOC、HC、HAC含量、HC/SOC比例在总体上趋于不同程度的下降,PQ值则均呈一定程度的提高。相对于正常草地,随草地退化加剧,表层SOC、HC(HAC、FAC)增幅分别表现出略呈下降、大幅提高,亚表层降幅则均呈大幅下降。反映到0～20 cm土层,SOC、HC、HAC含量均表现出正常草地严重退化草地轻度退化草地,HC/SOC比例、PQ值则分别呈严重退化草地正常草地轻度退化草地、正常草地轻度退化草地严重退化草地,说明草地退化在促进表层SOC、HC(HAC、FAC)形成与积累的同时,更"激发"了亚表层的矿化,尤其是严重退化草地有机残体的分解过程,但腐殖质品质并未随土壤腐殖化程度的提高而得到相应改善。MBC、CEA与SOC、HC及组分高度一致的土体分布格局影响并决定了上述过程,草地退化有利于真菌、放线菌对土壤、尤其是亚表层土壤有机残体的分解与转化。     

The effect of some carbon substrates on denitrification rates and carbon utilization in soil

Summary Soil was amended with a variety of carbon sources, including four soluble compounds (glucose, sucrose, glycerol and mannitol) and two plant residues (straw and alfalfa).. Potential denitrification rates, measured both as N₂O accumulation and NO₃ ^– disappearance, were compared, and the predicted values of available C, measured as CO₂ production and water-extractable C, were assessed.The two measures of denitrification agreed well although N₂O accumulation was, found to be most sensitive. Soil treated with the four soluble C compounds resulted in the same rate of denitrification although glycerol was not as rapidly oxidized. Alfalfa-amended soil produced a significantly higher rate of denitrification than the same amount of added straw. CO₂ evolution was found to be a good predictor of denitrification over the first 2 days of sampling, but neither measure of available substrate C correlated well with denitrification rate beyond 4 days, when NO₃ ^– was depleted in most treatments. The data with alfalfa-amended soil suggested that denitrifiers used water-extractable C. materials produced by other organisms under anaerobic conditions.     

Variable carbon recovery of Walkley-Black analysis and implications for national soil organic carbon accounting

There is considerable interest in the computation of national and regional soil carbon stocks, largely as the result of the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. Such stocks are often calculated and compared without proper reference to the uncertainties induced by different analytical methodologies. We illustrate the nature and magnitude of these uncertainties with the present soil organic carbon (SOC) study in Belgium. The SOC recovery of the Walkley‐Black method was investigated based on a database of 475 samples of silt loam and sandy soils, which cover different soil depths and vegetation types in northern Belgium. The organic carbon content of the soil samples was measured by the original Walkley‐Black method and by a total organic carbon analyser. The recovery was computed as the ratio of these two results per soil sample. Land use, texture and soil sampling depth had a significant influence on the recovery as well as their three‐way interaction term (land use × texture × sampling depth). The impact of a land use, texture and sampling depth dependent Walkley‐Black correction on the year 2000 SOC inventory of Belgium was determined by regression analysis. Based on new correction factors, the national SOC stocks increased by 22% for the whole country, ranging from 18% for cropland to 31% for mixed forest relative to the standard corrected SOC inventory. The new recovery values influenced therefore not only C stocks in the year 2000, but also the expected SOC change following land use change. Adequate correction of Walkley‐Black measurements is therefore crucial for the absolute and comparative SOC assessments that are required for Kyoto reporting and must be computed to take into account the regional status of soil and land use. ‘Universal’ corrections are probably an unrealistic expectation.     

干湿交替对土壤碳库和有机碳矿化的影响

水分是影响土壤活性碳库和惰性碳库周转过程的主导因子,而土壤有机碳的周转速率会对气候变化造成潜在的重要影响。以农田水稻土为供试土壤,通过培育试验研究了干湿交替过程对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,并利用两库叠加模型对土壤不同碳库及其降解动力学进行初步评估。结果表明:干湿交替激发了土壤呼吸,增加了土壤微生物代谢活性。三次湿润过程对土壤呼吸的激发量分别为119.3%、159.5%和87.3%,激发效应随干湿交替频率的增加先升高后降低。多次干湿交替后,土壤累积CO2释放量低于恒湿土壤,湿润所引起的激发的矿化量不足以弥补干旱期降低的矿化量。在湿润的数小时内,土壤溶解性有机碳含量先升高后降低。干湿交替提升了土壤活性碳库的降解速率,降低了惰性碳库的降解速率,湿润后土壤活性碳库显著增加。多次干湿交替降低了土壤真菌/细菌比,使土壤微生物群落结构发生变化,细菌成为优势种群。