1988-2018年哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及其驱动力

[目的] 对近30 a来哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力进行分析，为该地区绿洲持续健康发展提供理论借鉴。[方法] 以1988，1998，2008及2018年4期影像为基础数据，利用像元二分模型计算了基于AFRI_SWIR2指数提取的植被覆盖度，利用动态度指数与植被覆盖度转移矩阵分析哈密绿洲植被覆盖度动态变化；再通过地理探测器对8个影响因子进行探测，探寻哈密绿洲植被覆盖度的驱动因子。[结果] 近30 a来哈密绿洲面积从1988年的214 km²增长到2018年的632.1 km²，增幅达195%，但绿洲内植被覆盖度等级却较低，同时哈密绿洲面积主要扩展的区域在西北部和东南部区域；哈密绿洲的发展阶段可分为3个阶段：1988-1998年为低强度稳定期，1998-2008年为极度扩张期，2008-2018年为高强度稳定期。[结论] 土地利用类型变化是造成哈密绿洲植被覆盖度变化的直接原因，同时在近30 a内，人为因素对哈密绿洲植被覆盖状况的影响远高于自然因素。     

1999-2018年黄河源区水土流失动态变化

[目的] 研究1999—2018年黄河源区土壤侵蚀强度等级变化及空间分布情况，为该区生态环境建设和水土流失治理提供数据支撑。[方法] 利用1999，2011，2018年水土流失动态监测成果，开展黄河源区水土流失动态变化分析。[结果] 黄河源区水土流失面积表现为先增加后减少，与1999年相比，2011年水土流失面积增加1.89×10⁴ km²，增幅126%，2018年水土流失面积增加1.01×10⁴ km²，增幅67.33%。从空间数据来看，与1999年相比，77.97%的区域土壤侵蚀强度等级未发生变化，19.33%的区域土壤侵蚀强度等级降低，2.7%的区域土壤侵蚀强度等级增加。[结论] 水土流失面积增加主要与区域暖干化和人类活动引起的草场退化有关。应实施一批重大生态保护修复和建设工作，提升草场质量，改善区域生态环境。     

1990-2015年乌苏里江流域土地覆被变化

[目的] 分析1990—2015年乌苏里江流域内中国和俄罗斯两国区域土地覆被变化特征和差异，为该流域内人地关系研究和土地资源管理提供科学参考。[方法] 以Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源，采用基于面向对象的遥感分类方法，提取乌苏里江流域1990年和2015年的土地覆被信息，分析乌苏里江流域土地覆被变化的主要特征。[结果] 1990—2015年的26 a间，乌苏里江流域内农田、湿地面积变化较为明显。农田呈扩张趋势，面积增加6 089.69 km²，增长率18.4%。其中，5 416.7 km²农田由湿地转化而来，农田扩张主要发生在中国境内区域。湿地、林地面积分别减少了5 683.51和844.09 km²，减少率分别为56.4%和3.51%。俄罗斯境内土地覆被变化作用强度较弱，各土地覆被类型间变化率均不超过2%。[结论] 气候、地形、农业宏观政策和农业生产方式等是推动乌苏里江流域土地覆被变化的影响因素；其中，农业生产方式的转变和规模的扩大是该流域土地覆被变化的最主要驱动力。     

基于生态足迹的广西壮族自治区水资源生态特征时空变化规律及其驱动因素分析

[目的] 分析近10 a来广西壮族自治区水资源生态特征的时空变化规律，探讨水资源生态足迹变化的驱动因素，为该区或同类区域的水资源合理开发与利用管理提供参考依据。[方法] 基于生态足迹模型中的水资源生态足迹、水资源生态承载力及水资源生态容量指标分析2008-2017年广西壮族自治区水资源生态特征的时空变化规律，并采用LMDI模型分析生态足迹变化的驱动因素及各地级市在关键驱动因素上的贡献比例。[结果] ①广西壮族自治区人均水资源生态足迹整体呈下降趋势，平均下降速率为-0.017 4 hm²/（人·a），人均水资源生态承载力和生态容量整体呈波动上升趋势，平均上升速率分别为0.324 6 hm²/（人·a），0.342 1 hm²/（人·a），三者在空间上均呈一定的差异性和不均衡性；②经济效应、人口效应是拉动该区水资源生态足迹增长的第一、第二因素，贡献效率分别为191.8%，25.38%，技术效应、结构效应是抑制水资源生态足迹增长的第一、第二因素，贡献效率分别为-238.0%，-79.18%；③南宁市、桂林市在结构效应和技术效应上对减少水资源生态足迹的空间贡献比例最大。[结论] 广西壮族自治区水资源生态容量处于生态盈余状态，该区的水资源利用效率逐渐提高，水资源开发局势整体向好。但城市发展与规划存在较大差异，需因地制宜地采取对策。     

1987-2017年莱州湾沿岸土地利用变化及其对海岸线变化的影响

[目的]阐释莱州湾沿岸土地利用变化及其对海岸线的影响,为政府以及相关部门在进行海岸线规划提供土地利用方面的数据支撑。[方法]提取莱州湾近岸1987-2017年的土地利用变化信息以及海岸线空间分布,计算土地利用程度指数,随后利用DSAS计算相邻时相海岸线各段的变化速率,通过ArcGIS软件的叠加分析工具,得到影响各个时相海岸线变化速率和海岸线长度的信息。[结果]①1987-2017年,水产养殖用地、盐场用地以及建设用地面积逐渐增加;内陆水体面积总体呈增加趋势;裸地呈减少趋势;草地和耕地则先增加后减少;林地变化不明显。②土地利用程度逐渐变强,土地利用程度强等级由零散点分布变为集中面状分布。③土地利用以围填海的形式影响海岸线的变化速率。莱州湾内部的围海和人工填海使得岸线向海推进。黄河泥沙淤积填海使得黄河三角洲处的岸线向海推进,而该处岸线的背海移动则主要受到海水影响。[结论]莱州湾沿岸土地利用变化明显,土地利用程度逐年变强。土地利用以围填海的形式影响海岸线的变化速率,使得海岸线既有向海推进又有背海移动。裸地和水产养殖用地为1987-2005年影响海岸线长度的主导因素,建设用地和裸地为2005-2017年影响海岸线长度的主导因素。     

宁夏土地利用碳排放强度时空变化与效应

[目的] 土地利用变化是影响碳排放和环境质量的重要驱动力之一。研究土地利用碳排放时空格局变化与效应,为制定低碳发展策略提供理论依据。[方法] 基于灰色理论和生态承载系数,利用1980—2020年宁夏回族自治区22个县区土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析了土地利用变化与碳排放强度变化及效应。[结果] ①碳排放变化量与土地利用变化之间具有密切的关联性。其中,建设用地与碳排放的关联度最大,为0.95。②1980—2020年宁夏土地利用类型碳排放量净增加了5.24×10⁷ t,增幅625.43%。建设用地面积以年均4.42%的速率增长,碳排放量增幅达2 385.85%;草地面积减少了2.95×10⁵ hm²,碳汇量减少了5.80×10⁴ t;林地对碳汇的贡献超过75%,且随林地面积的不断增大而增加。③1980—2020年宁夏土地利用碳排放强度以年均0.25 t/hm²的速率增大,中度及以上等级覆盖面积逐渐增大,在空间上形成沿黄城市碳排放强度高于中、南部的分布格局。④宁夏各县区碳排放生态承载系数空间差异明显,碳生态容量表现出北弱南强的分布格局。[结论] 1980—2020年宁夏土地利用碳排放强度逐渐增大,北部沿黄河各县区碳生态容量逐渐减小,中南部县区碳生态容量增大,但减排压力较大。建议优化建设用地空间格局,增加混交林面积,增强森林碳汇能力。     

1990—2020年淮河生态经济带耕地资源分布变化特征与驱动机制

探索淮河生态经济带耕地资源分布变化特征，可为保护耕地、保障国家粮食安全提供规划和决策依据。基于1990—2020年遥感影像数据，利用空间探索、统计分析等方法，揭示该区域耕地资源在过去30年的时空分布变化及其驱动机制，并进一步对2030年土地利用进行情景预测。结果表明：1）淮河生态经济带土地利用结构以耕地为主，平均占比为68.70%；近30年来研究区耕地面积剧烈缩减8.63×10⁵ hm²，年均减少2.88×10⁴ hm²，其中旱地减少占耕地总减少量的82%；耕地的流失主要在于建设用地的侵占。2）耕地资源具有明显的集聚特征，以淮河为分界线集聚分布，呈现“东南水田、西北旱地”的典型分布特征。3）耕地资源分布变化的主导驱动因子包括农业机械化水平、粮食产量、人口等社会驱动力；生态驱动力各要素对耕地资源变化的驱动力则相对较为稳定。4）自然发展情景下，2030年耕地面积持续减少1.10×10⁵ hm²，在积极的耕地保护情景下，耕地面积将显著增加5.29×10⁵ hm²；采取耕地保护情景，鲁中南低山丘陵区以及桐柏—伏牛山通过开垦部分疏林地和低覆盖草地将其整治为耕地，东部沿海可将沿海水域合理建设为建设用地，中部区域可通过减少建设用地的碎片化，较大程度上使耕地资源的连片化，从而在一定程度上提高耕地的利用效率。研究对于优化淮河生态经济带耕地资源结构以及空间优化配置具有重要意义。     

浙江省灵江流域地表水化学特征及灌溉适宜性

[目的] 灵江是浙南诸河流域重要河流,在浙南一带具有典型性和代表性。分析灵江流域地表水体的水化学特征和演化机理及其灌溉适宜性,为该区域生态保护和高质量发展提供科学依据。[方法] 综合利用数理统计、Piper三线图、主成分分析和离子比等方法对流域地表水体进行水化学统计分析及成因判别;通过绘制Wilcox图和USSL图评估流域内地表水体灌溉适宜性。[结果] ① 灵江流域地表水的化学类型在空间上具有分带性。从中上游(Ⅰ区)-下游温黄平原河网区(Ⅱ区)-台州湾入海口(Ⅲ区)水化学类型从HCO₃-Ca型向Cl-Na型过渡。②Ⅰ区地表水的化学特征主要受到岩石风化作用中的硅酸盐岩溶解影响,少量受碳酸盐岩溶解影响;Ⅱ区地表水的水化学特征主要受硅酸盐岩溶解影响,Ⅲ区地表水的化学特征主要受蒸发盐岩溶解影响。③Ⅰ,Ⅱ区地表水的K⁺,Na⁺主要来源于硅酸盐矿物溶解,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,HCO^-₃,SO^-2₄主要受硅酸盐岩溶解,少量来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解。NO^-₃则主要来源于人类活动。④Ⅰ,Ⅱ区地表水适用于农业灌溉,Ⅲ区地表水灌溉适宜性较差,易引起盐碱害。[结论] 灵江流域地表水体的水化学组分受天然溶解及人类活动共同影响,中上游和下游温黄平原河网区地表水适宜农业灌溉,台州湾入海口地表水易引起盐碱害,在制定农业灌溉及生态保护和高质量发展规划时应予以重视。     

北京市通州区果园土壤盐碱化特征

[目的] 探究京郊土地利用方式改变后土壤含盐量、盐分分布及碱化特征，为该区及类似地区土壤盐渍化改良利用和果树经济效益的提升提供科学依据。 [方法] 以北京市通州区原农田调整为果园(梨、樱桃、葡萄、苹果、桃)土壤为研究对象，测定土壤0-20 cm和20-40 cm深处全盐量、主要离子组成、pH值、电导率、碱化度等指标，利用描述性统计、相关性分析方法进行数据分析。 [结果] ①研究区土壤阳离子以Na⁺为主，阴离子以HCO^-₃为主，全盐含量0.83~5.39 g/kg，pH值 7.45~8.23，碱化度1.52%~12.77%，电导率0.1~2.37 mS/cm。 ②水平方向主要为中等强度变异，垂直方向无显著差异。 ③全盐量与电导率呈极显著的线性正相关关系(R²=0.864)。 [结论] 北京市通州区果园土壤盐分离子呈表聚积累，总体呈碱性，应及时采取相应措施提升土壤肥力，形成生态良性循环。     

基于InVEST模型的广西茅尾海土地利用变化与碳储量评估

[目的] 评估广西壮族自治区茅尾海土地利用与碳储量的时空变化特征,为促进增碳汇与可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 使用监督分类的方法对茅尾海2009,2015和2021年的3期遥感影像数据进行解译提取,基于ArcGIS软件和InVEST模型对茅尾海土地利用变化与碳储量演化进行研究。[结果] ①茅尾海土地类型主要呈现"大聚居,小杂居"的分布特点,2009-2021年耕地、浅海水域和渔业养殖区面积减少,红树林湿地、建筑用地、林草地、淤泥质滩涂面积增加; ②茅尾海碳储量呈先下降后上升趋势,2009-2015,2015-2021,2009-2021年区域碳储量变化量分别为-1.10×10⁵,3.77×10⁴,-7.29×10⁴ t;碳固定净现值分别为-1.37×10⁸,4.66×10⁷,-9.01×10⁷元; ③2009-2021年,茅尾海主要为渔业养殖区、林草地等高固碳土地利用类型向建筑用地等低固碳类型的转变,转为建筑用地造成的碳储量损失最大,达2.85×10⁵ t;转为渔业养殖区增加的碳储量达1.81×10⁵ t。[结论] 加快推动茅尾海养殖方式转型升级,加强红树林在宜林区域的增殖及加快森林城市建设,有利于研究区域固碳与可持续发展。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.