鲁中南山区小流域雨水资源化潜力的定量评价研究

为了探讨我国北方土石山区小流域雨水资源潜力及其水资源供需态势，为高效开发利用流域雨水资源和大规模开展生态环境建设工程提供理论依据。以代表该地区典型区域的鲁中南山区小流域为研究区域，在确定了小流域雨水资源理论潜力和现实潜力计算方法的基础上，对典型小流域雨水资源潜力及水资源供需平衡进行了定量分析。结果表明：该地区小流域总需水量中生态需水的比重最大，占总需水量的68．11％，农业生产需水量其次，占31．37％，人畜生活需水量最少，仅为0．52％。以小流域降水资源作为水资源的评估基础，当降雨设计频率分别为50％，75％和95％时，典型小流域的需水量占可供水量比重分别达到63．1％．75．2％和101．7％，研究区域典型小流域基本上都处于用水高度紧张状态，同时，提出了该地区未来小流域水资源开发利用的方向。     

土石山区生态清洁型小流域治理技术体系研究

随着人类生活水平的不断提高,人们对社会环境的要求也越来越高.由向环境索取资源转变为保护与改善环境.选取土石山区具有典型代表性的白马小流域作为研究对象,针对该流域生态环境现状,以小流域为单元,在建立生态清洁型治理模式基础上,对该区域进行综合治理过程中的技术体系进行研究和探讨.     

小流域综合治理决策支持系统的开发及应用

本项研究以计算机作为小流域综合治理规划设计、运行监测、验收评价的辅助工具,建立了小流域资源数据库;研制了土地适宜性评价、投入产出关联平衡分析、治理方案系统动力学仿真、资源分派0—1规划、径流树状网络分析、治理信息熵评价、经济分析评价等模型构成的模型库;开发了包含决策意图、环境参数输入、输出方式等内容的人机对话系统,综合组成小流域决策支持系统,并提出了运行本系统的数据采集方法。按SW/DSS所给决策方案实施能实现治理措施的优化定性、定量、定位、定序,从而建立该流域科学的治理模式。     

基于模糊数学理论的川南地区典型小流域生态清洁度综合评价

[目的]评价川南地区典型生态清洁小流域清溪谷小流域的生态清洁程度,以期有效指导山区各级生态清洁小流域建设工程实施方案的制定,同时为类似区域生态清洁小流域建设及其效果评价提供科学理论与数据支持。[方法]依据科学性、代表性、可操作性、适用性等原则,结合清溪谷小流域的自然、社会和经济特征,采用模糊数学法和层次分析法构建川南地区清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度的综合评价指标体系框架。[结果]清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度的综合评价指标体系包含生态区、生产区、生活区3个子系统,初选沟道水文形态、农业用地比例、生活污水处理率等24项作为评价指标。流域水系整治及水土流失综合治理的生态指标所占权重为0.247,生态农业发展指标所占权重为0.373,人居环境整治所占权重为0.380。清溪谷典型小流域生态清洁度综合评价指数分值为0.772,达到"清洁"等级。清溪谷生态清洁小流域系统处于良性、协调、稳定的发展状态。[结论]通过生态清洁小流域建设,改善了当地农业生产条件,完善了产业结构调整,有效控制了面源污染,提供了洁净的水源、优美的生态和人居环境,促进了流域水土资源、生态环境和经济社会的可持续发展。     

招贤小流域综合治理模式及成效分析

小流域综合治理是山丘区开展水土保持工作的有效途径。以陕西省招贤小流域为例,介绍了该流域"一个争取,四个结合"的治理模式,并分析了3年来取得的生态、经济、社会效益,提出了贫困地区开展小流域综合治理资金是关键,必须统筹考虑人口、资源、环境、经济、发展等多要素,与广大群众做好沟通,以取得支持和参与。     

招贤小流域综合治理模式及成效分析

小流域综合治理是山丘区开展水土保持工作的有效途径。以陕西省招贤小流域为例,介绍了该流域"一个争取,四个结合"的治理模式,并分析了3年来取得的生态、经济、社会效益,提出了贫困地区开展小流域综合治理资金是关键,必须统筹考虑人口、资源、环境、经济、发展等多要素,与广大群众做好沟通,以取得支持和参与。     

小流域植被覆盖与工程措施因子遥感监测研究

[目的]通过对长江委丹江治理工程重点项目区西河小流域植被覆盖与工程措施因子(CP)进行遥感监测研究,为丹江流域以及长江上游地区水土流失定量检测、土壤侵蚀综合防治和评价提供科学的决策依据。[方法]利用2010年丹江流域商南县西河小流域环境小卫星遥感数据,采用Erdas软件对遥感数据进行处理,得到影像中各类地物植被覆盖度。利用卜兆宏等水土流失定量遥感监测模型(QRSM模型)植被因子与植被覆盖度关系式算法,即用土壤流失量遥感监测植被因子算式开展计算和分析。[结果]西河小流域北部治理区和南部山区植被覆盖和工程措施因子值相当低;在河道两岸有局部区域出现了植被覆盖与工程措施因子高值区,主要是由于该区域居民房屋建筑和道路建设破坏了植被;中部人口集中的区域,治理程度较低,仅有较少区域出现植被覆盖集中连片高值区。[结论]影响水土流失众多客观自然因素中植被覆盖因子的影响最大,另一方面,人类过度开发利用土地资源引起陆地生态系统发生变化,因此研究水土流失应综合考虑地理、自然和经济发展,因地制宜,合理规划,确保经济持续稳定发展和生态安全。     

小流域综合治理模式刍议

小流域具体情况不同,其治理模式也存在很大差异,但目标都是通过水土流失治理,合理调整土地利用结构,恢复生态平衡,促进社会、经济可持续发展。对小流域综合治理应遵循原则及主要措施比例、布局的分析表明,小流域综合治理模式可为生态型、经济型、综合型三大类。     

三峡库区小流域模型侵蚀产沙空间分布试验研究

小流域是水土保持研究的基本单元,对其不同地貌部位泥沙来源及侵蚀过程的了解是预测和防治流域水土流失的重点。通过建立三峡库区小流域模型,实施降雨强度分别为60,90,120 mm/h的三场人工模拟降雨,并结合REE示踪技术,对小流域模型侵蚀产沙空间分布进行了定量研究。结果表明:三场降雨径流量及侵蚀量均随雨强增加,但径流量的增加幅度远大于侵蚀量。小流域内侵蚀量及相对贡献率空间分布规律一致,均是主沟沟道Ⅴ、Ⅵ区最大,靠近主沟的Ⅱ、Ⅳ及Ⅷ次之,位于小流域边缘的Ⅰ、Ⅲ及Ⅶ三区侵蚀量相对较小。总体来看,沟道系统的侵蚀贡献率均大于坡面系统,呈现沟道系统的泥沙贡献率逐渐减小,坡面系统泥沙贡献率则逐渐增大的趋势。本研究为REE示踪技术在三峡库区小流域的应用提供了技术参考,并为该地区水土保持的开展提供理论依据。     

石漠化地区小流域生态系统健康定量评价

以石漠化地区竹林河小流域为例,从资源环境、社会经济人文和生态综合功能3方面,选择15个因素作为评价指标因子,建立该流域的生态系统评价指标体系.以精度较高的标准差系数法确定指标权重,运用灰色关联度分析方法建立流域生态系统综合评价模型,对其生态系统健康状况进行定量评价.结果表明,该环境系统健康状况相对稳定,健康指数呈逐年上...     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.