我国不同时期小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成比较

用SDS-PAGE方法测定了我国10个小麦主产省份171份小麦品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成。鉴定出18种HMW-GS,40种HMW-GS组成形式,其中20种亚基其组成形式只在一个品种(系)中出现。Glu-A1位点亚基1和Null出现最多,Glu-B1位点7 8和7 9亚基对占绝对优势,Glu-D1位点2 12亚基对出现频率最高。Null、7 9、2 12、Null,7 8,2 12,1、7 8,2 12,1、7 9、2 12等亚基组成形成出现频率最高,占分析品种的49.71%。与前人研究相比,新育成品种HMW-GS亚基组成发生了明显变化,面包优质亚基(对)1、5 10出现的频率显著升高,亚基多态性增加,组成形式明显改善,这些对于品质改良和品种选育是非常有利的,新育成品种Glu-1品质评分已超过7。尽管个别品种亚基组成好,品质优良,但总体上看,我国小麦品种与其它国家相比品质还存在一定差距,提高5 10、17 18等优质亚基的频率是改善我国小麦面包品质的重要措施。     

HMW-GS对春小麦品质的影响及不同亚基评分比较

为了明确高分子麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)对春小麦品质的影响,以及不同亚基评分方法的准确性,对22份春小麦的亚基组成和数目与小麦品质的关系进行研究,并对不同亚基的评分方法进行对比。结果表明,Glu-A1位点Null的小麦品质明显低于2*亚基和1亚基。Glu-B1位点17+18和7+8及7+9亚基的差异对小麦品质影响不大,仅在面筋指数上17+18亚基优于7+8亚基,在延伸度(L)上17+18亚基显著优于7+9亚基。Glu-D1位点等位基因的变异对小麦品质的影响较大,5+10亚基明显优于2+12亚基,在面筋指数、颗粒度、灰分、P、W、IE、PRMAX、WA上差异显著或极显著。综合评价,Glu-1位点对小麦品质的贡献大小顺序依次为Glu-D1Glu-A1Glu-B1。在4种亚基评分方法中Payne评分方法与春小麦的品质相关性最好。本研究结果为春小麦品质的育种早代选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

(英文)

用SDS-PAGE方法测定了我国10个小麦主产省份171份小麦品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成。鉴定出18种HMW-GS，40种HMW-GS组成形式，其中20种亚基其组成形式只在一个品种（系）中出现。Glu-A1位点亚基1和Null出现最多，Glu-B1位点7＋8和7＋9亚基对占绝对优势，Glu-D1位点2＋12亚基对出现频率最高。Null、7＋9、2＋12、Null，7＋8，2＋12，1、7＋8，2＋12，1、7＋9、2＋12等亚基组成形成出现频率最高，占分析品种的49.71％。与前人研究相比，新育成品种HMW-GS亚基组成发生了明显变化，面包优质亚基（对）1、5＋10出现的频率显著升高，亚基多态性增加，组成形式明显改善，这些对于品质改良和品种选育是非常有利的，新育成品种Glu-1品质评分已超过7。尽管个别品种亚基组成好，品质优良，但总体上看，我国小麦品种与其它国家相比品质还存在一定差距，提高5＋10、17＋18等优质亚基的频率是改善我国小麦面包品质的重要措施。     

新疆小麦地方品种资源HMW-GS的遗传多样性组成分析

为了明确新疆小麦地方品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的遗传多样性,并为小麦品质改良提供基础材料,利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 技术,分析了源自新疆地区的282份小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成。结果表明,在Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上的等位变异分别为3、6和 5种,三个位点上的优势亚基依次为null、7+8和2+12,其频率分别是75.5%、90.8%和72.0%。在Glu-1位点共检测到20种亚基组合,其中(null, 7+8, 2+12)组合的频率最高,为52.8%, 其次是(null, 7+8, 2.6+12)和(2*, 7+8, 2+12)组合,其频率分别为14.1%和11.0%,其它亚基组合的频率均低于10%。另外,在Glu-D1位点上还检测到一个新的亚基2.6+12。在供试的282份新疆地方品种中发现了两份具有优质亚基组合的材料,它们的亚基组成为(2*, 7+9, 5+10)和(1, 7+9, 5+10),这些地方品种可作为改良小麦品质性状的重要遗传资源。     

新疆小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成及主效亚基分析

为探索新疆强筋小麦的主效亚基,本文采用SDS-PAGE方法对新疆主栽的21种中筋小麦和17种强筋小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基进行了分析。结果表明:供试材料中共出现12种类型的亚基和12种亚基组合。中筋小麦Glu-A1位点亚基主要为N,Glu-B1位点亚基主要为7+8,Glu-D1位点亚基主要为2+12。强筋小麦Glu-A1位点亚基主要为1和N,Glu-B1位点亚基主要为7+8和7+9,Glu-D1位点亚基主要为5+10。聚类分析结果显示:在相似系数为0.43时可将供试小麦分为2类:第1类包括28个品种,均含有2+12亚基,其中既有强筋小麦也有中筋小麦;第2类包括12个品种,均含有5+10亚基,全部为强筋小麦。5+10亚基对小麦品质贡献明显大于其他亚基,是新疆强筋小麦的主效亚基。本研究可为提高新疆小麦面筋强度的分子育种提供理论依据。     

小麦面粉蛋白品质与其加工特性的关系

文中收集了我国2010年收获的83个小麦品种用以研究小麦面粉中蛋白质数量及质量对面粉加工特性的影响。结果表明,面粉的蛋白质含量与SDS沉降值、粉质及拉伸参数大部分指标间存在显著或极显著相关性。湿面筋含量与SDS沉降值、形成时间、延伸度呈极显著正相关,与其它各指标间相关性不显著。单个亚基对小麦加工品质的影响在Glu-A1位点上2*> 1>Null;在Glu-B1 位点上13+16>17+18>14+15> 7+9>7+8>6+8;在Glu-D1 位点上5+10>4+12>2+12。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基突变体的筛选与鉴定

本研究对小麦品种白硬冬2号航天搭载SP2代单株籽粒的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成进行了SDS-PAGE电泳分析,在92株材料中发现了2个突变体mut1和mut2,突变频率为2.17%,并利用醇溶蛋白电泳验证了航天诱变引发HMW-GS变异的真实性。在突变体mut1中发现了4种HMW-GS组成突变类型,突变发生在Glu-1B和 Glu-1D位点。突变亚基是由航天诱变引发相关编码基因突变形成的,它们的电泳迁移率发生了明显变化,为新的亚基类型。本文的研究表明,航天诱变能够诱导产生新的HMW-GS,是丰富HMW-GS基因资源的有效途径。     

引进美国小麦种质资源抗病性及品质性状鉴定

为了挖掘新的种质资源，本研究对引自美国的442份小麦材料对白粉病和条锈病的抗病性、蛋白含量以及高分子量麦谷蛋白(HMW-GS)亚基组成进行了鉴定分析。抗病性鉴定结果显示，153份材料抗白粉病，27份抗条锈病，6份兼抗两种病害。蛋白质含量达到GB/T 17892-1999《优质小麦强筋小麦》一等(粗蛋白质含量≥15.0%)的样品有143份。高分子量麦谷蛋白检测发现，供试材料共含18种HMW-GS亚基和100种不同亚基组合类型，其中N,7+9,5+10出现次数最多，优质亚基1、2*、7^oe、17+18、5+10的材料分别占总材料数的25.6%、5.2%、27.8%、7.7%和25.6%，含7^oe,5+10亚基的有36份，含2*,5+10亚基的有1份，含2*,7^oe亚基的有7份。综合抗病性及品质分析结果显示，PI 17738等11份材料至少抗1种病害，且蛋白含量≥15.0%，湿面筋含量≥35.0%，同时含有稀有优质亚基。以上11份材料可作为我国优质、抗病小麦培育亲本，为我国小麦抗病和品质遗传改良提供优异基因源。     

小麦Glu-B1x7沉默基因序列分析及对加工品质的影响

小麦籽粒高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)Glu-B1x7与加工品质密切相关。本研究创制了以宁麦9号为背景的Glu-B1x7亚基缺失系,克隆并分析Glu-B1x基因,评价该基因对弱筋小麦加工品质的影响。结果表明,该基因编码区第514位发生了C/G到T/A转换,相应的第514、第515和第516位碱基组成的三联密码子由CAA替换为终止密码子TAA。与野生型宁麦9号相比,具有Glu-B1x7亚基缺失的品系籽粒硬度和蛋白质含量无显著变化,水溶剂保持力和乳酸溶剂保持力均降低,部分品系降低幅度达显著水平。HMW-GS总量和高分子量谷蛋白/低分子量谷蛋白比显著降低,和面仪和面时间显著降低,糖酥饼干直径显著增加。Glu-B1x7基因沉默在宁麦9号背景下可提高弱筋小麦加工品质,该等位变异可用于优质弱筋小麦培育。     

卫星搭载小麦SP3代高分子麦谷蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析

利用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）技术对返回式卫星搭载小麦两个品种SP3代籽粒的高分子麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）进行了分析,并按照相关评分方法计算了高分子量麦谷蛋白Glu-1位点的品质得分。结果表明,经卫星搭载可产生较高频率的HMW-GS基因变异,陕253和西农1043 两个品种SP3代HMW-GS组成的变异频率分别为27.08%和27.45%。陕253和西农1043 SP3代的小麦品质得分分别为7分和6分,陕253 SP3代变异株为优质小麦。     

Genetic diversity of HMW glutenin subunit in Chinese common wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) landraces from Hubei province

The high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition of 111 common landraces of bread wheat collected from Hubei province, China has been determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Ninety six of the accessions were homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunit composition and 15 were heterogeneous. For the Glu-1 loci, 16 alleles were detected, 3 at the Glu-A1locus, 9 at the Glu-B1and 4 at the Glu-D1. Three novel alleles were identified, two at the Glu-B1 and one at the Glu-D1locus. Combination of these 16 alleles resulted in 14 different HMW subunit patterns. The distribution of HMW glutenin subunit alleles in a subset of 105 of the 111 accessions representing six populations was assessed both at the individual population and whole population levels. The results demonstrated that the distribution of allelic patterns varied among populations. Taken together, 62.5% of the alleles detected were considered to be rare alleles while the Glu-A1c (null), Glu-B1b (1Bx7 + 1By8) and Glu-D1a (1Dx2 + 1Dy12) alleles were found most frequently in the six populations. The subset exhibited relatively high genetic diversity (A = 5.33, P = 1.00, Ae = 1.352 and He = 0.238) with 81.5% of the diversity being within populations and 18.5% between populations.     

Assessment of genetic variability in hexaploid wheat landraces of Pakistan based on polymorphism for HMW glutenin subunits

Summary Sixty hexaploid wheat landraces collected from five regions of Pakistan were assessed for genetic variability in terms of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The germplasm appeared to be diverse and unique on the basis of HMW glutenin subunit compositions. Out of 24 alleles detected at all the Glu-1 loci, four belonged to Glu-A1, 12 to Glu-B1 and eight to Glu-D1 locus. The number of novel HMW glutenin subunits detected were 1, 4 and 6 at the three loci (Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1), respectively. The frequency distribution patterns of 24 allelic variants detected at the three Glu-1 loci in 1080 samples analysed for 60 accessions were determined both on the basis of individual accessions and on the basis of regions (accessions pooled across the regions). One allele (null) at the Glu-A1 locus, three alleles (17+18, 7+8, 14) at the Glu-B1 locus and, two alleles (2+12 and 2^**+12) at the Glu-D1 locus were found most frequently distributed in the 60 populations. Maximum variation was observed in the Baluchistan and Gilgit regions of Pakistan in terms of distribution of novel Glu-1 alleles. A higher gene diversity was observed between the populations as compared to the gene diversity within the populations while, a reverse pattern of gene diversity was observed when populations were pooled across the regions (higher within the regions than between the regions). A data base has been generated in this study which could be expanded and usefully exploited for cultivar development or management of gene bank accessions.     

Protein Heterogeneity in European Wheat Landraces and Obsolete Cultivars: Additional Information II

The endosperm storage protein of 46 European wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces and obsolete cultivars have been fractionated by SDS-PAGE to determine the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) composition. It has been discovered that about 46% of the wheats were heterogeneous, comprising 2–11 different glutenin profiles. Eighteen of them were observed to be homogeneous. A total of 13 HMW-GS alleles, including 3 at the Glu-A1, 8 at the Glu-B1, and 3 at the Glu-D1 loci were revealed. HMW-GS null controlled by locus Glu-A1, subunits 7 + 8 by Glu-B1, and 2 + 12 by Glu-D1 predominated. However low frequented alleles such as 17 + 18, 20, 6, and 7 were observed. Furthermore, other new alleles encoding HMW-GS at the locus Glu-B1 have been found in one of France cultivar (Saumur d’Automne). The glutenin-based quality score ranged from 4 to 10.     

Protein heterogeneity in European wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars: Additional information

The objective of this study was to determine the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of landraces and obsolete cultivars. Altogether glutenin profiles of 67 European wheats were analyzed by sodiumdodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nineteen of them were observed to be homogeneous, whereas 48 (71%) were heterogeneous in glutenin profiles. Heterogeneous accessions possessed from 2 to 9 different glutenin phenotypes. Seventeen high molecular weight (HMW)-glutenin subunits have been found, three belonged to Glu-1A, 11 to Glu-1B, and three to Glu-1D locus. The most frequented HMW-GS at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 complex loci were 0, 7+9, and 2+12, respectively. However, allele low frequented in wheat such as 13+16, 20, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were observed also. Furthermore, other new alleles encoding HMW-GS at the locus Glu-1B with relative molecular weight 120 and 104 kDa have been found in one of the line of the Swedish cultivar Kotte. TheGlu-1 quality score in the examined accessions varied broadly with some lines reaching the maximum value of 10.     

Genetic diversity of HMW glutenin subunits in diploid,tetraploid and hexaploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis> species

The genetic variations of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits in 1051 accessions of 13 Triticum subspecies were investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. A total of 37 alleles were detected, resulting in 117 different allele combinations, among which 20, 68 and 29 combinations were observed in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, respectively. Abundance and frequency of allele and combinations in tetraploid wheats were higher than these in hexaploid wheats. Allele Glu-A1c was the most frequent subunit at Glu-A1 locus in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Consequently, the results also suggested that the higher variations occurred at Glu-B1 locus compared to Glu-A1 and Glu-D1. Therefore, carthlicum wheat possessing the allele 1Ay could be presumed a special evolutional approach distinguished from other tetraploid species. Furthermore, this provides a convenient approach of induction of the 1Ay to common wheat through direct cross with carthlicum wheat. Alleles Glu-B1c and Glu-B1i generally absent in tetraploid wheats were also found in tetraploid wheats. Our results implied that tetraploid and hexaploid wheats were distinguished in dendrogram, whereas carthlicum and spelta wheats and however displayed the unique performance. In addition, founder effect, no-randomness of diploidization, mutation and artificial selection could cause allele distribution of HMW-GS in Triticum. All alleles of HMW-GS in Triticum could be further utilized through hybrid in the quality improvement of common wheat.     

Genetic variability in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) of Pakistan based on polymorphism for high molecular weight glutenin subunits

Variation in bread wheat including pre and post green revolutions varieties of Pakistan along with landraces was investigated for high molecular weight Glutenin subunits (HMW Gs) encoded at three genes (Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1) with SDS-PAGE. The germplasm was diverse and unique on the basis of HMW Gs compositions and out of 14 alleles detected at all the Glu-1 loci, three belonged to Glu-A1, nine to Glu-B1 and two to Glu-D1 locus. High variation was observed in the landraces and higher gene diversity was observed between the populations as compared to the gene diversity within populations, whereas a reverse pattern of gene diversity was observed when populations were pooled across the region (higher within the regions than between the regions). A lack of relationship between the HMW Gs diversity and the altitude of collection site was observed. A data base has been generated in this study which could be expanded/exploited for cultivar development or management of gene bank.     

Polymorphism and Genetic Diversity for the Seed Storage Proteins in Spanish Cultivated Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum)

The seed storage protein composition of one collection of cultivated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) of Spanish origin has been analysed by SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE. Three allelic variants were detected for the Glu-A1^m, whereas up to six alleles were detected for the Glu-A3^m. For the gliadins, 7 and 14 alleles for the Gli-A1^m and Gli-A2^m were found between the evaluated accessions. Internal variability was detected in some of these materials, which could be related to the landrace nature of them. Up to 48 different genotypes based on the origin and seed storage protein composition have been identified. Further researches on these materials must be carried out for determining the variability degree in morphological traits that could complement the evaluation for their safeguard.     

Geographical comparison of genetic diversity in Asian landrace wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm based on high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits

Glutenin largely determines wheat bread baking quality. As high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), related to Glu-1 loci, determines wheat flour elasticity, it correlates strongly with bread-making quality. This study was aimed at clarifying genetic variations in bread-making characteristics between East and West Asian wheat landrace germplasms, by investigating HMW-GS allelic composition of 1068 wheat accessions. Herein, the accession number having reported HMW-GS pattern in previous studies was 855. However, the accession number with newly detected HMW-GS patterns was 114. These new HMW-GS patterns were classified into 4 types based on similarity. Eight Korean accessions with these four types were identified. Concerning landrace germplasm nature, 99 accessions showed heterogeneous patterns caused by seed mixture. The Glu-1 loci allelic variation analysis, revealed that the percentages of Glu-A1c (73.6%), Glu-B1b (60.2%), and Glu-D1a (68.5%) were highest at Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci, respectively. The incidence of preferable alleles for bread baking was high in Chinese accessions. In bread-making quality evaluation using Glu-1 score, 24 among 35 accessions with full score were from China. The polymorphic information content index of each origin based on HMW glutenin subunit combination showed that West Asian and neighboring-regional landraces, excluding Afghanistan ones, were more diverse than East Asian landraces excluding Chinese ones. Cluster analysis based on Glu-1 allelic combination showed that many Korean, Japanese, and Afghan accessions were in the same group. However, many Chinese and other West Asian accessions were in the other group despite geographical distance.     

Protein heterogeneity in European wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars

Identity and present degree of genetic homogeneity and heterogeneity, respectively of 52 European wheat accessions, maintained in the collection of wheat genetic resources, have been characterized using analyses of glutenins by sodiumdodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Six of the analyzed wheat accessions were observed to be homogeneous, while 46 (88.5%) of them were heterogeneous in protein profiles. Heterogeneous accessions possessed 2 to 13 different protein lanes. Together, 17 high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) alleles have been found. The most frequent HMW-GS alleles at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 complex loci were 1, 7+9, and 2+12, respectively. However, also low frequented HMW-GS alleles or allelic combinations, such as 7+15, 13+16, 20, 6, 7, and 9 were observed. Furthermore, another new allele encoding HMW glutenin subunit with relative molecular weight 98.6 kDa has been found in one of the lines of the cultivar Eritrospermum 917. The Glu-score in the examined accessions varied in broad range, some of the lines reached the maximum value 10.