Composition and Characteristics of Organo—Mineral Complexes of Red Soils in South China

The objective of the present study is to reveal the composition and characteristics of organo-mineral complexes in red soils (red soil,lateritic red soil and latosol) of south China in terms of chemical dissolution and fractional peptization methos.In the combined humus,most of the extractable humus could dissolve in 0.1 M NaOH extractant and belonged to active humus (H1),and there was only a small amount of humus which could be further dissolved in 0.1 M Na4P2O7 extractant at pH 13 and was stably combined humus (H2).The H1/H2 ratio ranged from 3.3 to 33.8 in red soils,and the proportions of both H1 and total extractable organic carbon (H1 H2) in total soil organic carbon and the ratios of H1 to H2 and H1 to (H1 H2) were all higher in lateritic red soil and latosol than in red soil.The differences of combined humus composition in various red soils were directly related to the content of Fe and Al oxides.In organo-mineral complexes,the ratio of Na-dispersed fraction (G1) to Na-ground-dispersed fraction (G2) was generally smaller than 1 for red soils,but there was a higher G1/G2 ratio in red soil than in lateritic red soil and latosol.G1 fraction had a higher content of fulvic acid (FA),but G2 fraction had a higher content of humic acid (HA).The ratios of H1 to H2 and HA to FA were higher in G2 than in G1.The differences in the composition and activity of humus between G1 and G2 fractions were related to the content of free Fe and Al oxides.The quantities of complex Fe and Al,the Fe/C and Al/C atomic ratios were higher in G2 than in G1,and the ratio of Al/C was much higher than that of Fe/C.It may be deduced that aluminum plays a more important role than iron in the formation process of organo-mineral complexes in red soils.     

土-水体系中Hg的垂直迁移

Hg vertical transference in soil-water system w as studied by analyzing Hg vertical distribution in soil column after adding Hg and one of the two leacheates, deionized water or acid rain, into soil column. The results indicated that Hg was hardly transferable in purple soil. About 86% ~ 88% of the total soil Hg was distributed in the top layer (0~2 cm) and no Hg was detected in the leakage when the purple soil column was leached by deionized water and simulated acid rain. But Hg was more movable in yellow soil with only about 20%~22% of the total soil Hg distributed in the top layer (0~2 cm), and about 17%~25% washed out from the soil column by deionized water and simulated acid rain. Increment in soil bulk density could reduce Hg leaching, thus the more the Hg kept in soil, the less the Hg leached into underground water. Deionized water and acid rain almost played the same role in leaching Hg. Bentonite was most efficient in preventing Hg from vertical transferring in the soil column.     

Composition and Structural Features of Calcium—Bound and Iron—and Aluminium—Bound Humus in Soils

Calcium-bound and iron-and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods.Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by ^13 C NMR,visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis.Results showed that the contents of carbon,hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron-and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher .The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron-and aluminiumbound humus.The calcium-bound humic acid(HA1) showed higher E4/E6 ratios than iron-and aluminumboud,humic acid(HA2)while iron-and aluminum-bound fulvic acid(FA2) showed higher E4/E6 ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid(FA1).An inverse relationship between E4/E6 ratios and aromaticity as determined by 13C NMR spectra was observerd for HA and FA from black soil.The 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1.On the other ,FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2.     

14C标记秸秆碳素在老成土和变性土中的转化

Hg vertial transference in soil-water system was studied by analyzing Hg vertical ditribution in soil column after adding Hg and one of the two leacheates,deionzied water or acid rain,into soil column.The results indicated that Hg was hardly transferable in puple soil.About 86%-88% of the total soil Hg was distributed in the top layer (0-2cm) and to Hg was detected in the leakage when the purple soil column was leached by deionized water and simulated acid rain.But Hg was more movalbe in yellow soil with only about 20%-22% of the total soil Hg distributed in the top layer (0-2cm),and about 17%-25% washed out from the soil column by deionized water and simulted acid rain,Incremant in soil bulk density colud reduce Hg leaching,thus the more the Hg kept in soil,the less the Hg leached into underground water,Deionized water and acid rain almost played the same role in leaching Hg.Bentioint was most effecient in preventing Hg from vertcal transferring in the soil coulumn.     

日本常规耕作和有机耕作(翻耕与免耕)农田的动物区系(螨和线蚓)比较

Nitrogen forms of humic substances from a subalpine meadow soil,a lateritic red soil and a weathered cola and the effect of acid hydrolysis on N structures of soil humic substances were studied by using ^15N cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance(CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy,Of the detectable ^15N-signal intensity in the spectra of soil humic substances 71%-79% may be attributed to amide groups ,10%-18% to aromatic/aliphatic amines and 6%-11% to indole-and pyrrole-like N.Whereas in the spectrum of the fulvic acid from weathered coal 46%,at least,of the total ^15N-signal intensity might be assigned to pyrrole-like N,14% to aromatic/aliphatic amines,and the reamining intensities could not be assigned with certainty,Data on nonhydrolyzable reside of protein-sugar mixture and a ^15N-labelled soil fulvic acid confirm the formation of nonhydrolyzable heterocyclic N during acid hydrolysis.     

Effects of Water Regime and Reaction of Soil on Properties of Newly—Formed Humic Substances

The effects of soil water regime and soil reaction on nitrogen distribution and fractional composition of newly-formed humus (decayed products) and the structural characteristics of the newly-formed humic acids(HAs) were studied in an incubation experiment,with the following results obtained: 1.The humus newly formed under submerged conditions was higher in the relative content of α-amino acid-N and the humic acid/fulvic acid (HA/FA) ratio than that under upland conditions.The HAs extracted from the former were also higher in C/O ratio,aromaticity and the contents of methoxyl groups and lignin-like components,but lower in the content of carboxyl groups than the HAs from the latter. 2.Under upland conditions,the C/ organic N ratio and the relative content of mobile HA of newly-formed humus were lower,but the HA/FA ratio was higher in the CaCO2-amended treatment than in non-amended treatment.The presence of CaCO3 also resulted in a decrease of C/N ratio of HA and a slight increase of its carboxyl group content.On the other hand,there was no significant change in the composition and properties of the newly-formed humus with the addition of CaCO3 under submerged conditions. 3.Compared with soil HAs,the newly-formed HAs contained more carbohydrates,polypeptides and lignin-like components,and were in lower degrees of oxidation and humification.     

Preventing Hg Transference from Soil to Terrestrial Food Chain

Hg in acid soil could be activited by liming and become available to plant,if excessive or insufficient amount of line was applied.The changes of Hg activity in acid soil with different rates of CaCO3 amendment were studied by a pot experiment.To predict the adequate amount of lime application,a simple method using the pH(EDTA) as an indicator was suggested.The suitable range of lime application was the amount of lime addition when the pH of soil-EDTA system was raised to 4.0-4.3.     

土壤中钙结合和铁铝结合腐殖质的组成及结构特征

Calcium-bound and iron- and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by ¹³C NMR, visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Results showed that the contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron- and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher. The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron- and aluminium-bound humus. The calcium-bound humic acid (HA1) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than iron- and aluminum-bound humic acid (HA2) while iron- and aluminum-bound fulvic acid (FA2) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid (FA1). An inverse relationship between E₄/E₆ ratios and aromaticity as determined by ¹³C NMR spectra was observed for HA and FA from black soil. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1. On the other hand, FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2.     

电位计滴定法对Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+与胡敏酸和富里酸形成复合物时的结合常数的确定

The formation constants of Co^2 ,Ni^2 ,Cu^2 and Zn^2 complexes with humic acid(HA) and fulvic acid(FA) in red soil wrer determined by the potentiometric titration method.The constants as a function of composition of the complexation solutions were obtained by two graphical approaches respetively,The formation constants decreased with increasing concentration of metal in the solution,The results provide unambiguous evidence for the heterogeneity of the function groups of humic substances,the formation constants of FA were much smaller than those of HA,and the formation constants of Cu^2 were much greater than those of Co^2 ,Ni^2 and Zn^2 ,The potentiometric titration methon for determining formation constants are also discussed in the article.     

铅对两个红壤中酶活性的影响

Enzyme activities have the potential to indicate biological functioning of soils. In this study, soil urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and invertase activities and fluorescein diacetate（FDA） hydrolysis were measured in two red soils spiked with Pb^2＋ ranging from 0 to 2 400 mg kg^-1 to relate the enzyme activity values to both plant growth and the levels of available and total Pb^2＋ concentrations in soils, and to examine the potential use of soil enzymes to assess the degrees of Pb contamination. Soil samples were taken for enzyme activities assaying during 3 month’s incubation and then after planting of celery（Apium graveolens L.） and Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis L.）. Enzyme activities in the red soil derived from arenaceous rock（RAR） were generally lower than those in the red soil developed on Quaternary red earths（REQ）. At high Pb^2＋ loadings, in both incubation and greenhouse studies, urease activity and FDA hydrolysis were significantly inhibited. But there were no significant relationships between soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase or invertase activity and soil Pb^2＋ loadings in both RAR and REQ soils. The growth of celery and Chinese cabbage increased soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis, but had minimal effect on dehydrogenase and invertase activities. There were positive correlations between celery biomass and soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that urease activity and FDA hydrolysis are more sensitive to Pb^2＋ than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase activities in the RAR and REQ soils.     

Effect of Humus on Activity of Mineral-Bound Hg: III.Effect on Leachability and Transfer of Mineral-Bound Hg Under Acid Leaching Condition

Effects of humus fractions (fulvic acid, brown humic acid and grey humic acid) on the leachability and transferring activity of five types of mineral-bound Hg were investigated. Under the acid leaching condition; fulvic acid could promote leachability and vertical transference of all the mineral-bound Hg. Brown humic acid could retard the leaching and transferring processes of CaCO3-Hg, Fe2O3-Hg, MnO2-Hg and kaolinite Hg but not bentonite-Hg. Grey humic acid could greatly enhance residing ability of the mineral-bound Hg in the soil column and restrain them from vertical transferring. The effect of humus on leachability and transferring activity on the mineral-bound Hg was closely related to its ability to convert the mineral-bound Hg into organic-bound form and the transferability of the latter in the soil column. The characteristics of the mineral-bound Hg in speciation were the internal factors that determined the extent and rate of the influence of the humus.     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响──Ⅰ.腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性的影响

挥发试验结果表明,试验条件下,富里酸能极显著地促进Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ｈｇ,ＭｎＯ２－Ｈｇ与高岭土结合汞的挥发,对膨润土结合汞和碳酸钙结合汞的挥发则表现抑制作用。棕色胡敏酸参促进各矿物结合汞的挥发。灰色胡敏酸影响最为微弱。腐殖酸对矿物结合态汞挥发性的影响与其对汞的络合容量与络合稳定性,矿物对汞的吸持特性的以及矿物与腐殖酸的作用特性密切相关。     

腐殖酸对汞的络合稳定特性及其环境学意义

对3种腐殖酸与Hg的络合稳定特性研究结果表明,腐殖酸与Hg的结合存在松结态与紧结态2种形态,其中富里酸主要以松结态为主,灰色胡敏酸与棕色胡敏酸则以紧结态占绝对优势。3种腐殖酸中富里酸对Hg的络合容量最高,但络合强度最低,其络合汞的环境活性将较高;灰色胡敏酸对Hg的络合容量最低,但络合稳定性最高,故所结合Hg的环境活性最弱。但受容量因素制约,灰色胡敏酸对Hg的络合稳定性将因Hg/灰色胡敏酸相对比例的升高而急剧下降。棕色胡敏酸对Hg络合特性介于富里酸与灰色胡敏酸之间。     

生物炭对紫色土中腐植酸淋溶的影响

为了减少紫色土腐植酸的流失,提高龙川江流域紫色土肥力,采用土柱室内模拟方法,通过模拟降雨淋溶,研究了不同生物炭处理下(CK、1%、3%、5%和10%)对紫色土淋溶液p H值、电导率、体积以及胡敏酸和富里酸的影响。结果表明:在29 d试验过程中,淋溶液的p H值和电导率随着生物炭比例增加而增加;与CK相比,在1%、3%、5%和10%的生物炭处理条件下紫色土水分损失分别减少了6.33%、10.13%、16.46%和25.32%;胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量随着生物炭比例增加而减小;除了1%和3%之外,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量也随着生物炭比例增加而减小;生物炭比例为10%的处理条件下对紫色土淋溶液中胡敏酸和富里酸浓度及累积淋失量最小,胡敏酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为1.46 mg/L、0.12 mg,富里酸浓度和累积淋失量分别为149.64 mg/L、29.60 mg,该处理有利于更大程度吸附胡敏酸和富里酸,减少其流失。     

作物秸秆碳在土壤中分解和转化规律的研究

采用14C标记秸秆,在大田和实验室的研究结果表明,秸秆的分解速率主要取决于C/N比。施入土壤后,土壤微生物迅速增加,尤其是细菌。秸秆降解首先形成非结构物质,其中大部分转化为富里酸,进而转化为胡敏酸。分解产物对土壤腐殖质的更新,从腐殖质表面官能团或分子断片开始,逐步进行。非结构物质可与腐殖酸的单个分子产生交联作用,在一定条件下,交联的复合分子可进入腐殖质分子核心的成分中。腐殖酸单个组分在土壤中的转化和重新分配,仅仅与腐殖质表面官能团的反交换过程密切相关。粘土矿物选择性吸附胡敏酸,而且优先吸附胡敏酸中低分子成分。     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响

以潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土为研究对象 ,探讨了长期施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响。结果表明 ,长期施用 NPK化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质、腐殖质和活性腐殖质含量 ,其中胡敏酸、富里酸也相应地增加 ,但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施还能提高土壤腐殖质的胡 /富比值。施肥对土壤有机质的影响不仅局限于土壤耕层 (0～ 2 0 m) ,而且影响耕层以下层次 ,但以 0～ 6 0 cm土层的效果显著 ,且以潮土的效果明显     

蜉金龟堆肥施入后土壤腐殖质表征及特性研究

采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析对土壤施用蜉金龟堆肥后腐殖质结构特征的变化进行表征。元素分析结果表明,与对照处理相比,土壤施用蜉金龟堆肥后焦磷酸钠浸提胡敏酸(NaHA)、氢氧化钠浸提胡敏酸(PAHA)、焦磷酸钠浸提富里酸(NaFA)及氢氧化钠浸提富里酸(PAFA)的碳含量增加,H/C减小,表明施肥后土壤腐植酸(胡敏酸和富里酸)的芳香性增加。差热分析结果表明,与NaHA相比,对照处理和施蜉金龟堆肥PAHA的高温放热峰消失,说明PAHA的热稳定性低于NaHA;而NaFA在两种处理中的中温反应热也均高于PAFA,进一步说明了氢氧化钠浸提腐植酸的热稳定性高于焦磷酸钠浸提的腐植酸。红外光谱结果表明,两种提取剂提取的土壤腐植酸均含有大量的芳香化合物和碳水化合物。综上,两种提取剂对土壤腐植酸在热性质及官能团的组成上存在着差异性。     

水稻土的腐殖质组成

土壤的有机质状况与成土条件之间有着紧密的联系。借助于腐殖质形成分析法,ТюРин确定了腐殖质形成过程的地带性规律。他指出,不同发生学土类,其腐殖质形成有着明显的不同^[1]。Кононова把土壤腐殖质看作为一个高分子物质体系,她证明成土条件对腐殖质的影响,不仅表现在分祖形成方面,而且也表现在胡敏酸的本性方面^[2]。另一方面,一些工作表明,有机厦状况的不同又将对土壤形成过程和土壤性质产生不同的影响^[3]。因此,研究土壤的腐殖质状况,不仅有助于对土壤性质的了解,而且可为成土过程,从而为土壤分类提供有益的资料。     

新疆典型草原土壤腐殖酸组分的变化规律

以新疆典型草原黑钙土、栗钙土和棕漠土为对象,研究了3种土壤不同土层腐殖质矿物复合体组分及其垂直分布规律。结果表明:13种典型草原土壤腐殖质总碳量的顺序为黑钙土(35、46g/kg)、栗钙土(31.30g/kg)和棕漠土(0.68g/kg);23种草原土壤都是以胡敏素(HM)含量最高,黑钙土、栗钙土和棕漠土的含量分别为68.17%、65.47%和42.81%;3按照腐殖酸类型分析,黑钙土和栗钙土是以胡敏酸(HA)为主的富啡酸(FA)-胡敏酸(HA)型,CH/CF＞1;而棕漠土则相反,是胡敏酸-富啡酸型,CH/CF＜1;4黑钙土、栗钙土和棕漠土腐殖质组分中游离R₂O₃结合的胡敏酸分别为6.85%、5.65%和1.65%,而富啡酸分别为0.53%、0.84%和4.91%;5在3种草原土壤中,游离腐殖酸从0~20cm到40~60cm的垂直变化规律分别为:黑钙土中游离胡敏酸和富啡酸分别从5.74和2.33g/kg降到2.70和0.89g/kg;栗钙土中游离胡敏酸和富啡酸分别从1.88和1.03g/kg降到0.59和0.75g/kg;棕漠土中游离胡敏酸和富啡酸分别由2.10和2.90g/kg降到1.92和0.67g/kg。