14C标记秸秆碳素在老成土和变性土中的转化

Hg vertial transference in soil-water system was studied by analyzing Hg vertical ditribution in soil column after adding Hg and one of the two leacheates,deionzied water or acid rain,into soil column.The results indicated that Hg was hardly transferable in puple soil.About 86%-88% of the total soil Hg was distributed in the top layer (0-2cm) and to Hg was detected in the leakage when the purple soil column was leached by deionized water and simulated acid rain.But Hg was more movalbe in yellow soil with only about 20%-22% of the total soil Hg distributed in the top layer (0-2cm),and about 17%-25% washed out from the soil column by deionized water and simulted acid rain,Incremant in soil bulk density colud reduce Hg leaching,thus the more the Hg kept in soil,the less the Hg leached into underground water,Deionized water and acid rain almost played the same role in leaching Hg.Bentioint was most effecient in preventing Hg from vertcal transferring in the soil coulumn.     

土壤硼的电化学特征及解吸动力学

Effects of humus fractions (fulvic acid,brown humic acid and grey humic acid) on the leachability and transferring activity of five types of mineral-bound Hg were investigated.Under the acid leaching condition;fulvic acid could promote leachability and vertical transference of all the mineral-bound Hg.Brown humicacid could retard the leaching and trasferring processes of CaCO30-Hg,Fe2O3-Hg,MnO2-Hg and kaolinite Hg but not bentonite-Hg.Grey humic acid could greatly enhance residing ability of the mineral-bound Hg in the soil colum and restrain them from vertical transferring.The effect of humus on leachability and transferring activity on the mineral-bound Hg was closely related to its ability to convert the mineral-bound Hg into orgainc-bound form and the transferbility of the latter in the soil column.The characteristics of the mineral-bound Hg in speciation were the internal factors that determined the extent and rate of the influence of the humus.     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: Ⅰ. Salt-Water Dynamics in Unsaturated Soils Under Stable Evaporation Condition

A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.     

Application of Ground Phosphate Rock to Dimmish the Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil Properties

The effects of simulated acid rain retained in soil on the properties of acid soil and its diminishing by application of ground phosphate rock were investigated by using the sorption method.Results show as follows:(1)For yellow brown soil,the effect of simulated acid rain on the properties of soil with a pH value of 5.9 was relatively small,except a great quantity of acid rain deposited on it.(2) for red soil,the effect of simulated acid rain on the properties of soil was significant.With the increase of the amount of acid deposition,the pH value of soil was declined,but the contents of exchangeable H^ ,Al^3 and Mn^2 and the amount of SO4^1- retention were increased.(3) Many properties of acid soils could be improved by applying ground phosphate rock.For example,pH value of soils and the amounts of available P and exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 were increased,and the amounts of exchangeable H^ and Al^3 and SO4^2- retained was reduced.The application of ground posphate rock could effctively diminish the pollution of acid rain to soil.     

我国东南部地区红壤表土养分的淋溶及再分布

The leaching and redistribution of nutrients in the surface layer of 4 types of red soils in Southeast China were studied with a lysimeter experiment under field conditions. Results showed that the leaching concentrated in the rainy season (from April to June). Generally, the leaching of soil nutrients from the surface layer of red soils was in the order of Ca > Mg > K > NO₃-N. In fertilization treatment, the total amount of soil nutrients leached out of the surface layer in a red soil derived from granite was the highest in all soils. The uptake by grass decreased the leaching of fertilizer ions in surface layer, particularly for NO₃-N. Soil total N and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg in the surface layer decreased with leaching and grass uptake during the 2 years without new fertilization of urea, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, KCl, CaCO₃ and MgCO₃. Ca moved from the application layer (0~5 cm) of fertilizer and accumulated in the 10~30 cm depth in the soils studied except that derived from Quaternary red clay. The deficiency of soil exchangeable K will become a serious degradation process facing the Southeast China.     

种植作物条件下非饱和土壤中水盐的动态实验和数值模拟研究

A laboratory salt-water dynamics experiment using unsaturated soils in packed silt loam and clay soil columns with different soil texture profiles and groundwater levels under crops were conducted to study the changes of salt-water dynamics induced by water uptake of crops and to propose the theoretical basis for the regulation and control of salt-water dynamics as well as to predict salinity levels. The HYDRUS 1D model was applied to simulate the one-dimensional movement of water and salt transport in the soil columns. The results showed that the salts mainly accumulated in the plow layer in the soil columns under crops. Soil water and salt both moved towards the plow layer due to soil water absorption by the crop root system. The salt contents in the column with lower groundwater were mostly greater than those with high groundwater. The water contents in the soil columns increased from top to the bottom due to plant root water uptake. The changes in groundwater level had little influence on water content of the root zone in the soil columns with crop planting. Comparison between the simulated and the determined values showed that model simulation results were ideal, so it is practicable to do numerical simulation of soil salt and water transport by the HYDRUS 1D model. Furthermore, if the actual movement of salt and water in fields is to be described in detail, much work needs to be done. The most important thing is to refine the parameters and select precise boundary conditions.     

伴随阴离子对马铃薯种植冲击土中钾素固持与淋溶的影响

A column study was carried out to assess the influence of accompanying anions on potassium (K) leaching at potato growing sites with different soil textures (sandy loam and clay loam) in northwestern India. Potassium was applied in the top 15 cm layer of soil column at 30 and 60 mg K kg^-1 through different sources having different accompanying anions (Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and H₂PO₄^-). Maximum K was retained in the top 0--15 cm layer with a sharp decrease in K content occurring in 15--30 cm layer of the soil column. The trend was similar for both levels of applied K as well as frequency of leaching and soil type. The decrease of K content in soil column after four leaching events was maximum in case of Khanaura sandy loam, while only minor decrease was observed in Hundowal clay loam when K was applied at 60 mg K kg^-1, indicating higher potential of clay rich soil to adsorb K. In general, the K leaching in presence of the accompanying anions followed the order of SO₄^2- ≤ H₂PO₄^2- < NO₃^- = Cl^-. Highest 1 mol L^-1 CH3COONH4-extractable K was retained when K was applied along with SO42- and H2PO4- anions, and the least was retained when accompanying anion was Cl^-1. The influence of anions was more pronounced in the light textured soil and at high amounts of K application. Higher levels of K application resulted in higher losses of K, especially in sandy loam soil as observed from the leachate concentration. Among the different K sources, the maximum amount of K leaching was noticed in the soil column amended with KCl. After four leachings, the maximum amount of K leached out was 6.40 mg L^-1 in Hundowal clay loam and 9.29 mg L^-1 in Khanaura sandy loam at 60 mg K kg^-1 of soil application through KCl. These concentrations were lower than the recommended guideline of the World Health Organisation (12.00 mg L^-1).     

Salt—Water Dynamics in Soils：Ⅲ.Effect of Crop Planting

Through a simulation test conducted with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter) in field condition,effect of crop planting upon the regulation of salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by monitoring of salt-water dynamics in situ,using soil salinity sensors and tensiometers.The results indicated that the amount of water absorbed by crops from the soil was generally larger than the decrement of water consumption from soil surface evaporation reduced by the crop covering the soil surface and improving the soil structure,therefore,under the conditions of crop growing and non-irrigation,water content in soil profile was less than that without crop growing,and the gradient of negative pressure of soil water in soil profile especially in the root zone was enlarged,thus causing the water flowing from subsoils into root zone and increasing the groundwater moving upwards into soil layer via capillary rise,so that the groundwater evaporation increased.Consequently,under the condition of crop growing,the salt was mainly accumulated towards the root zone rather than to the top soil.the accumulating rate of salt in groundwater via capillary rise of soil water to subsoils was increased thereby.     

可变电荷与恒电荷稻田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮淋失规律

A variable-charge (VC) and a permanent-charge paddy soil (PC) were selected to study nitrate (NO3--N) and ammonium (NH4+-N) leaching with N isotopes for one consecutive year. An irrigation and intermittent drainage pattern was adopted to mimic natural occurrence of rainfall during the upland crop season and drainage management during the flooded rice season. Treatments to each soil type were no-N controls (CK), 15N-labeled (NH4)2SO4 (NS) and milk vetch (NV) applied at a rate equivalent to 238 kg N ha–1 to unplanted lysimeters, totaling six treatments replicated in triplicates. Results indicated that the soil type dominated N leaching characteristics. In the case of PC, NO3--N accounted for 78% of the total leached inorganic N; NS was prone to leach three times more than the NV, being 8.2% and 2.4% of added 15N respectively; and > 85% of leached NO3--N came from native N in the soil. In the case of VC, NH4+-N made up to 92% of the total inorganic N in leachate. Moreover, NH4+-N leaching was detected throughout the whole incubation, and was particularly high during the flooded season. NO3--N leaching in VC occurred later at a lower rate compared to that in PC. The findings of this study indicate that NO3--N leaching during the drained season in permanent-charge paddy soils and NH4+-N leaching in variable-charge soils deserve more attention for regional environmental control.     

草覆盖影响了沙地土壤的水文物理学参数和水流的异质性

Vegetation cover has a major effect on water flow in soils.Two sites,separated by distance of about 50 m,were selected to quantify the influence of grass cover on hydrophysical parameters and heterogeneity of water flow in a sandy soil emerging during a heavy rain following a long hot,dry period.A control soil(pure sand)with limited impact of vegetation or organic matter was obtained by sampling at 50 cm depth beneath a glade area,and a grassland soil was covered in a 10 cm thick humic layer and colonised by grasses.The persistence of water repellency was measured using the water drop penetration time test,sorptivity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using a mini disk infiltrometer, and saturated hydraulic conductivity using a double-ring infiltrometer.Dye tracer experiments were used to assess the heterogeneity of water flow,and both the modified method for estimating effective cross section and an original method for assessing the degree of preferential flow were used to quantify this heterogeneity from the images of dyed soil profiles.Most hydrophysical parameters were substantially different between the two surfaces.The grassland soil had an index of water repellency about 10 times that of pure sand and the persistence of water repellency almost 350 times that of pure sand. Water and ethanol sorptivities in the grassland soil were 7% and 43%,respectively,of those of the pure sand.Hydraulic conductivity and saturated hydraulic conductivities in the grassland soil were 5% and 16%of those of the pure sand, respectively.Dye tracer experiments revealed a stable flow with"air-draining"condition in pure sand and well-developed preferential flow in grassland soil,corresponding to individual grass tussocks and small micro-depressions.The grassland soil was substantially more water repellent and had 3 times the degree of preferential flow compared to pure sand.The results of this study reinforce our view that the consequences of any change in climate,which will ultimately influence hydrology,will be markedly different between grasslands and bare soils.     

模拟酸雨和几种低分子量有机酸淋溶对土壤交换性盐基的影响

采用原状土柱进行模拟淋溶实验,比较研究了模拟酸雨和几种低分子量有机酸对红壤交换性盐基的影响。结果表明:与去离子水对照相比,pH 3．5和pH 4．5模拟酸雨淋洗后,0-20 cm土层土壤交换性K 、Na 、 Ca2 和Mg2 含量增加了5．19％-14．65％,而这种增加主要发生在10-20 cm土层。100 μmol／L和10 mmol／L的柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸淋洗后,0-20 cm土层土壤交换性K 、Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 含量与模拟酸雨淋洗后的结果相差不大,有的层次甚至还要稍低;而在20-50 cm土层则增加了10．42％-96.41％。有机酸淋洗后,土壤交换性盐基的增加受矿物溶解和盐基迁移两方面的影响,而下层的增加可能主要是盐基迁移的影响,由此可见有机酸或许加快了盐基离子向下迁移的速度和土壤酸化过程。     

Water and Atrazine Movement in a Calcareous Compost Applied Soil During Simulated Multiple Storms Events

The retention and movement of water and atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) was investigated in a calcareous soil (Krome) amended with three types of compost: (1) Clean organic waste (COW)- municipal solid waste cleaned of plastic materials and metal containers, (2) Biosolids (BSD)- sludge from municipal waste and (3) Bedminster (BDM)—a mixture containing 75% COW and 25% BSD. The research was conducted in two phases; a column-leaching study (dynamic) and a batch-equilibrium method (static). The column study demonstrated that while applying simulated rain, atrazine, leached out at a slower rate by 41, 24, and 18% from soil amended with BDM, BSD, and COW composts, respectively, during the first simulated storm event. BDM application resulted in lowest water movement and atrazine-leaching rate compared to the other composts tested. This study suggests that adding 134 t ha^?1 of compost to the calcareous soil increased soil water holding capacity, reduced water movement and increased atrazine detention and reduced leaching potential of atrazine thereby reducing the potential for groundwater pollution. This study further demonstrates that soil amendment (particularly BDM) is effective in reducing the leaching potential of atrazine at the low rainfall amounts (corresponding to 0.5 pore volume). However, such amendment may not be effective in preventing leaching under more intense rain conditions or multiple rainfall events (corresponding to 3 or more pore volumes).     

紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失通量的实测与模拟

氮淋失是氮素循环研究中最重要的环节之一,获得准确的氮淋失通量是当今农田氮循环研究中必不可少而又较为困难的工作之一。紫色土土层薄,土壤氮素难以蓄存,加之降水丰富,下伏透水性较弱的母岩,淋溶水达到母岩后难以垂直下渗而沿土壤岩石界面出流、汇流形成壤中流,紫色土氮素淋失主要表现为氮素随壤中流迁移流失。DNDC模型是基于过程的一种土壤碳氮循环模型,常用于农田温室气体排放模拟,但其应用于氮素淋溶的验证与测试不足。本文利用大型坡地排水采集器(lysimeter),测定紫色土坡耕地淋溶水量(壤中流流量)和氮素淋失通量,并利用观测数据对DNDC模型进行验证。结果表明,紫色土坡耕地小麦玉米季累积淋溶水通量为323.6 mm,径流系数33.3%,氮素淋失量为36.93 kg.hm 2,占全年氮素施用量的13.2%。壤中流流量与氮素淋失量实测值和模拟值的Pearson相关系数分别为0.944(P<0.05)和0.972(P<0.05),Theil不等系数分别为0.07和0.1,降雨量、土壤孔隙率和施氮水平是氮流失模拟的高敏感性参数。DNDC模型应用于紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失通量的模拟具有较高的可靠性,同时DNDC基于过程模型的优势可以描述持续降雨条件下的氮淋失过程,未来可通过进一步的验证,测试DNDC模型应用于氮淋失过程及区域氮淋失评估的可行性。     

陕西三种类型土壤剖面硝酸盐累积、分布与土壤质地的关系

研究了陕北黄绵土,关中土与陕南水稻土土壤剖面中硝酸盐的分布与累积,分析了硝酸盐淋移与土壤剖面粘粒含量的关系。结果表明,黄绵土由于粘粒含量少,土壤疏松,氮肥施入土壤后硝化作用速度快,氮素多以硝态氮存在于土壤中,遇到过量的灌溉或降水,容易引起硝酸盐淋失。在米脂的川道地,施肥2个月后,硝酸盐峰值在50cm左右,4个多月后,峰值下移至100cm左右,6个月后,该峰值下降到130cm左右,一年内,硝酸盐的峰值已经消失,分布在130至350cm之间。因此,在黄绵土地区可以灌溉的川道地,氮素损失的主要途径是硝酸盐淋失。关中土,粘粒含量相对较高,硝化作用速度快,但由于在80120cm有一粘化层,阻碍了水分与硝酸盐的向下淋移,使得大部分硝酸盐累积在0100cm土层,其累积量占到0400cm总累积量的64%～74%,而200400cm仅占到7%～13%。而且淋移到100cm以下的硝酸盐,也通过反硝化损失了。陕南水稻土,由于深层土壤水饱和,硝酸盐难以向下淋移,氮素主要累积在土壤表层。由于下层土壤长期处于厌气条件,即使淋移到下层的硝酸盐也通过反硝化作用而损失掉了。     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区水稻土铜吸附—解吸的影响

以太湖地区三种典型的水稻土（黄泥土、白土、乌泥土）为例，利用模拟-培养试验，着重研究模拟酸雨对土壤的铜吸附解吸能力的影响，研究结果表明：与未淋溶土壤相比，经模拟酸雨淋溶的三种土壤对铜的吸附量有所增加，随着淋溶液pH的降低，增幅减小：易解吸态铜的解吸量则随淋溶液pH的降低而增大，模拟酸雨降低了土壤对重金融污染的缓冲能力；虽然黄泥土、乌泥土对铜的吸附量远大于白土，但模拟酸雨对乌泥土的吸附-解吸能力的影响速度也大于白土。     

Chemical properties of acid soil treated with coal combustion by‐products and leached

Abstract

Application of coal combustion by‐products (CCBs) to acid soils can have beneficial or detrimental effects. A column study was conducted to determine the effects of CCBs on mitigating acid soil properties after leaching with 138 cm deionized water. Columns containing 105 cm acidic Lily soil (Typic Hapludult) had mixed in the top 15 cm the following treatments (g/kg soil): no CCB or limestone (check); dolomitic limestone (lime) at 3.98; high‐calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by‐product (BP) at 15.88; combination of lime+FGD at rates given; high‐CaSO₄ FGD BP enriched with Mg (FGD+Mg) at 15.88; and fluidized bed combustion (FBC) BP at 6.45. After being leached for 39 days, the columns of acid soil treated with high‐CaSO₄ by‐products showed higher subsurface pH, calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) and lower aluminum (AI) and manganese (Mn). In contrast, the lime alone treatment had little effect on subsurface soil properties. Use of dolomitic limestone to supply magnesium (Mg) in conjunction with the CaSO₄ treatments was more effective than supplementation with Mg(OH)₂, where97% of the added Mg leached from the top layer. Substances leached from the CCBs studied were effective in reducing problems associated with subsurface soil acidity.     

模拟酸雨对施肥条件下赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响

通过土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究了施用等量有机复合肥条件下,不同酸度模拟酸雨对赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响。结果表明,铵态氮、硝态氮、无机氮和总氮淋失量均随酸雨pH值增大而下降;pH 2.0模拟酸雨和对照(pH 6.5)的无机氮和总氮淋失量差异不显著,但均显著高于pH 3.0、pH 4.0和pH 5.0酸雨;pH 5.0模拟酸雨无机氮和总氮淋失量均最低,表明强酸性酸雨和中性淋洗液均促进氮淋失,而酸度与土壤接近的酸雨减少氮淋失。与对照相比,模拟酸雨对DP淋失无显著影响,但显著降低PP和TP淋失;不同模拟酸雨各形态磷淋失量均无显著差异,表明酸雨对赤红壤磷淋失影响有限。酸雨对淋滤液氮磷浓度动态变化和氮磷累计淋失量动态变化等均无显著影响。     

Effect of leaching events on the fate of polyhalite nutrient minerals used for crop fertilization

Abstract

Polyhalite is a natural mineral containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and is proposed as a fertilizer source for these essential nutrients. Application of polyhalite is expected to be most relevant in soils where the availability of these nutrients is low: in sandy soils, in highly leached soils, or in areas where crops are irrigated by water with low content of these nutrients or are rain-fed. A controlled lysimeter experiment investigated the efficacy of surface applied polyhalite as a fertilizer supplying K, Ca, Mg and S compared to soluble sulfate salts in two soils (sandy and loamy) with or without simulated rain leaching events through two cycles of cropping. In the first cycle, carrot response and nutrient uptake, transport, and loss through leaching were studied, while in the second cycle the residual effect of the fertilizer was considered on maize without additional fertilizer application or leaching. Polyhalite plus rain led to increased carrot yield due to augmented Ca uptake in sandy soil. In both soils, polyhalite behaved as a prolonged availability fertilizer with more nutrients retained in the top soil layer and not leached below the root zone. The treatments did not affect maize growth or nutrient uptake except for lower K and S uptake in soils where rain had been simulated for the previous crop. We conclude that polyhalite shows potential as a commercial fertilizer to supply K, Ca, Mg, and S nutrients under conditions of dryland agriculture where occasionally leaching by rainfall occurs.     

酸雨对黄土磷的淋溶效应

采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,分析了陕西省杨凌区3种土壤在5个酸雨梯度的侵蚀作用下,土壤磷的释放和迁移规律.结果表明,酸雨会使土壤受到一定程度的酸化,而土壤的酸化程度与酸雨的pH值、土壤的类型、土壤的pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量有关.土壤对酸雨的缓冲能力由大到小的顺序为:腐殖质层＞母质层＞黏化层.随着酸雨累积淋溶量的增加,土壤磷的释放总量呈增加趋势,但淋失率会下降.酸雨的pH值为5时土壤磷的累积淋失量最大,土壤磷的累积淋失量和淋失率顺序为:腐殖质层＞黏化层＞母质层.酸雨对腐殖质层的磷具有最强侵蚀效应.母质层和黏化层的酸化主要发生在土壤表层,而腐殖质层酸化主要发生在土壤底层,酸雨侵蚀后腐殖质层酸化最严重.长期的酸雨侵蚀会导致土壤磷流失,造成土壤养分贫瘠化.