挤压蒸煮大米啤酒辅料的糖化过程分析

为了合理地确定挤压蒸煮大米啤酒辅料的糖化工艺参数，通过挤压蒸煮大米不同糖化工艺的效果及传统蒸煮大米啤酒辅料糖化工艺的比较，分析了糖化过程。研究表明，两种大米啤酒辅料的糊化本质是相同的。不同的是，传统蒸煮大米啤酒辅料的双醪糖化工艺中的大米糊化过程中，包括了大米淀粉的糊化和液化过程；挤压蒸煮大米啤酒辅料仅完成了大米的糊化过程，其液化过程是在单醪糖化过程中完成。为此应调整挤压蒸煮大米的糖化工艺，充分发挥麦芽中的β-淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶及添加的耐高温α-淀粉酶的作用，使挤压蒸煮大米啤酒辅料的单醪糖化过程顺利进行，解决其糖化、过滤困难问题。     

基于量纲分析的函数理论建立挤压脱胚玉米生产淀粉糖浆的糖化液过滤问题的经验公式

该文应用基于量纲分析的函数理论和蒋亦元修正的G.Murphy定理，扩大试验范围，减少试验次数，研究脱胚玉米挤压系统参数，对挤压脱胚玉米生产淀粉糖浆的糖化液滤速、DE值的影响规律。解决用脱胚玉米挤压膨化物生产淀粉糖浆难于糖化过滤的问题，为在实际生产中使用挤压膨化脱胚玉米生产淀粉糖浆提供参考。     

低温挤出-多酶协同降解脱胚玉米中淀粉的机理

为了改变目前挤出酶解谷物淀粉仅添加一种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶),只能降解淀粉的α-1,4糖苷键,不能降解支链淀粉的α-1,6糖苷键,限制淀粉转化成葡萄糖的收率进一步提高的现状,该文应用低温(≤80℃)挤出-多酶(α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶)协同降解技术,制备挤出过程中物料的石蜡显微制片,观察脱胚玉米经低温挤出-多酶协同降解处理后,细胞壁、细胞中的淀粉颗粒和蛋白质颗粒的分布状况以及淀粉含量、糊化度、可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:在挤出过程中,淀粉发生糊化和降解,表观淀粉质量分数减少,从81.50%减少到74.40%,可溶性糖质量分数增加,从1.07%增加到2.26%,挤出过程中加入酶制剂后这种变化更加明显。添加单一α-淀粉酶表观淀粉质量分数从79.72%减少到69.16%,可溶性糖质量分数从6.54%增加到7.90%。添加α-淀粉酶和糖化酶表观淀粉质量分数从81.42%减少到72.45%,可溶性糖质量分数从11.65%增加到14.71%。添加α-淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶表观淀粉质量分数从81.31%减少到70.31%,可溶性糖质量分数从6.74%增加到8.29%。添加α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶3种酶时淀粉质量分数从81.06%减少到69.05%,可溶性糖质量分数从11.25%增加到16.35%。因此,3种酶(α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶)协同作用对淀粉降解以及可溶性糖含量的增加作用效果最好。显微切片的分析结果表明:添加3种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶+糖化酶+普鲁兰酶)的切片,细胞结构中淀粉颗粒被降解破坏的程度大于添加1种(耐高温α-淀粉酶)、2种(α-淀粉酶+糖化酶,或者α-淀粉酶+普鲁兰酶)酶制剂的细胞结构中淀粉颗粒被降解破坏的程度。低温挤出-多酶协同降解后,脱胚玉米挤出物的总淀粉含量降低、可溶性糖含量增加,糊化度增加。试验表明:添加3种酶制剂协同降解脱胚玉米中淀粉的作用效果优于添加1种酶制剂或2种酶制剂的淀粉降解效果,为进一步提高淀粉转化成葡萄糖的收率提供科学依据。     

两种淀粉酶的酶学性质及应用研究

研究了两种耐高温α-淀粉酶和两种真菌α-淀粉酶的酶学性质，确定了最佳酶反应条件。将其应用于淀粉糖生产中，以30%的玉米淀粉为原料，用进口耐高温α-淀粉酶水解至还原糖含量为16.5%，再用日本真菌α-淀粉酶在最佳条件下反应21 h，可得到含纯麦芽糖31.1%、葡萄糖1.7%、糊精2.7%的高麦芽糖浆。     

两种淀粉酶的酶学性质及应用研究

研究了两种耐高温α-淀粉酶和两种真菌α-淀粉酶的酶学性质,确定了最佳酶反应条件.将其应用于淀粉糖生产中,以30%的玉米淀粉为原料,用进口耐高温α-淀粉酶水解至还原糖含量为16.5%,再用日本真菌α-淀粉酶在最佳条件下反应21 h,可得到含纯麦芽糖31.1%、葡萄糖1.7%、糊精2.7%的高麦芽糖浆.     

脱胚玉米啤酒辅料的挤压蒸煮系统参数对其糖化过程的影响

该文通过实验室试验,研究了作啤酒辅料的脱胚玉米挤压蒸煮系统诸参数(模孔孔径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速和模板内表面至螺杆末端端面的距离)，对醪液的主要考察指标（麦汁的过滤速度、碘值、浸出物收得率）的影响规律. 研究表明，挤压蒸煮脱胚玉米可以作啤酒辅料，其醪液的淀粉在糖化过程中被降解得彻底，淀粉的利用率较高。     

以黄姜为原料发酵酒精的液化糖化条件的初步研究

利用黄姜根茎富含淀粉的特点,在温和的条件下研究其液化糖化性能,用来发酵酒精。黄姜粉加水调浆后,升至一定温度,加入适量α-淀粉酶进行液化处理,保温一段时间,然后降温至60℃,调pH值,加糖化酶糖化,保温处理使其中的淀粉转化完全。单因素试验结果表明：60目以上黄姜粉,料水质量比1∶5,α-淀粉酶10 U/g,在90℃时,30 min即可达到很好的液化;然后降温到60℃,调pH值4.0～4.5,加糖化酶60 U/g,90 min内基本完全糖化。利用酶解的方法转化黄姜中的淀粉是可行的,并且效果显著。     

减少玉米粗淀粉挤出物中抗性淀粉的工艺参数优化

为减少玉米粗淀粉经过挤压蒸煮后,在室温下冷却而产生的抗性淀粉Ⅲ,以降低其对挤出物制备糖化液葡萄糖当量值的影响,需要对挤压参数进行优化选择。该文以玉米粗淀粉为原料,采用五因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究挤压参数对挤出物中抗性淀粉Ⅲ质量分数的影响,得出产生抗性淀粉Ⅲ质量分数最小的挤压条件为：套筒温度60.0℃,原料含水率27.0%,模孔直径11.0 mm,螺杆转速200.0 r/min,轴头间隙10.0 mm,抗性淀粉Ⅲ质量分数可降低到1.48%。     

玉米挤压淀粉酶法改性制膜的工艺优化

为了提高可降解性玉米淀粉膜的力学性能,并获得玉米挤压淀粉酶法改性制膜的最适工艺参数,该研究以普鲁兰酶为酶制剂来改善玉米挤压淀粉膜,以酶作用温度、pH值、酶添加量、酶解时间及玉米挤压淀粉浓度为试验因子,膜的抗拉强度为响应值,采用中心旋转组合试验设计进行试验。结果表明：5个因素对酶改性挤压淀粉膜抗拉强度的影响大小依次为玉米挤压淀粉浓度＞酶添加量＞酶解时间＞pH值＞酶作用温度;最佳酶解制膜工艺条件为：酶作用温度46.57℃,pH值4.44,酶添加量6.63 u/g,酶解时间9.31 h,玉米挤压淀粉浓度7.00%,在此条件下,膜抗拉强度的预测值为24.3654 MPa,验证试验所得膜抗拉强度为24.2539 MPa,比未改性膜的抗拉强度提高了338.01%。回归方程的预测值和试验值差异不显著,所得回归模型拟合情况良好,达到设计要求。膜的抗拉强度与酶解挤压淀粉中直链淀粉含量之间存在极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.863。     

细微玉米粉的低温酶解

为了开发玉米粉低温酶解新工艺，采用双酶法对粒度不同的市售玉米粉(中位粒径273.6 μm)和细微玉米粉(中位粒径17.1 μm)进行液化、糖化处理，调查了30～70℃范围内的液化温度对液化速度和葡萄糖收率的影响。试验结果表明，市售玉米粉在40～70℃的温度范围内，细微玉米粉在30～70℃的温度范围内，液化速率常数与温度的关系可用Arrhenius方程式表示。细微粉碎使液化反应活化能从市售玉米粉的4.63×10⁴ J/mol降低到2.15×10⁴ J/mol。40℃时，细微玉米粉的液化速度大约是市售玉米粉的2.5倍。液化温度对细微玉米粉的葡萄糖收率没有显著影响。细微玉米粉的葡萄糖收率可达95.4%，大大高于市售玉米粉的79.2%。由此可见，通过细微粉碎可以降低玉米粉的液化温度，同时提高液化速度和葡萄糖收率。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.