Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and changes in soil gas diffusivity in a field experiment with biochar and lime

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from arable soil while maintaining productivity is a major challenge for agriculture. Biochar is known to reduce N₂O emissions from soil, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the impact of green waste biochar (20 Mg ha^?1) and lime (CaCO₃; 2 Mg ha^?1) application on soil gas transport properties and related changes in these to soil N₂O and CO₂ emissions measured using automated chambers in a field experiment cropped with maize. In situ soil water content monitoring was combined with laboratory measurements of relative soil gas diffusion coefficient (D_p/D₀) at different matric potentials, to determine changes in D_p/D₀ over time. Cumulative N₂O emissions were similar in the control and lime treatment, but much lower in the biochar treatment. Cumulative CO₂ emissions decreased in the order: lime treatment > biochar treatment > control soil. When N₂O emissions were not driven by excess N supply shortly after fertilisation, they were associated with D_p/D₀ changes, whereby decreases in D_p/D₀ corresponded to N₂O emissions peaks. No distinct pattern was observed between CO₂ emissions and D_p/D₀. Cumulative N₂O emissions were positively related to number of days with D_p/D₀ < 0.02, a critical limit for soil aeration. These results indicate that improved soil gas diffusivity, and hence improved soil aeration, may explain the effect of biochar in reducing N₂O emissions. They also suggest that knowledge of D_p/D₀ changes may be key to explaining N₂O emissions.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

Soil testing in the united states

Abstract

There has been a marked change in the soil testing procedures used in the United States by state soil testing laboratories since the early 1950's. In the Coastal Plain states of the south and east, the Double Acid extraction procedure is used for P, K, Ca, and Mg determinations. Bray P₁ is the most frequently used method for P extraction except for the alkaline soils of the west where the Olsen method is used. Neutral normal ammonium acetate is the most frequently used extractant for K, Ca, and Mg determinations. The Morgan extraction procedures for P, K, Ca, and Mg, commonly used in the 1950's, is used by only a few states in the northeast and west. Although similar extraction reagents are used in many sections of the United States, there is considerable variance among states regarding weighed versus volume sampling, soil to solution ratio, shaking speed and time, and extraction vessel size and shape. For soil water pH, there is little variance in method as most states are using a 1:1 soil to solution ratio. The only exception is in several western states where water pH's are read in a saturated soil paste.

Considerable efforts are underway to standardize the techniques used to test soils primarily for the extractable elements.     

Historical aspects of soil classification in Japan

Historical perspective of soil classification in Japan from Max Fesca's soil classification in 1882 to the “Unified Soil Classification System of Japan (2002)” was outlined, aiming at reviewing the progress in soil classification. The evolution can be divided into the following five aspects: 1) Max Fesca's soil texture survey and soil classification from the agro-geological point of view under the influence of the German school; 2) Introduction of the concept of pedology into the classification under the influence of the Russian school led by Dokchaev; 3) Brief history of the classification of Andosols which has exerted a considerable influence on soil classification worldwide; 4) Soil classifications developed through the implementation of national soil survey projects to independently evaluate land suitability for the cultivation of paddy rice, upland crops, and for forest establishment; 5) Attempts to develop a comprehensive soil classification system in order to unify soil classification systems for the above-mentioned land uses from 1963 to the present.     

低丘侵蚀红壤复垦后土壤微生物特征研究

侵蚀红壤复垦培肥后 ,随着地面覆盖度的增加 ,土壤结构、土壤通气性、土壤养分状况得到改善 ,各侵蚀观测小区的年径流量、侵蚀模数、土壤流失量急剧降低 ,土壤微生物量、土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶活性均有较大幅度的提高 ,并且其在各小区的分布趋势与土壤养分和土壤水稳性团聚体的分布趋势相一致 ,说明侵蚀红壤经耕作培肥后 ,土壤有机残体的分解强度和腐殖质的合成过程得到加强 ,土壤肥力处于不断的恢复和提高过程当中 ,从土壤微生物和土壤酶活性增强的幅度来看 ,林地要优于草地 ,在林地中阔叶林优于混交林优于针叶林 (杉木林 ) ,而且随着复垦年限增加 ,土壤培肥效果更加显著     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

渭北旱塬侵蚀退化土壤生产力的恢复与评价

土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,威胁农业生产,因此,对土壤生产力进行恢复和评价具有重要意义。通过人工剥离熟土层,模拟研究不同侵蚀程度下的土壤生产力,选取施肥和覆盖表土2种恢复措施,对其土壤生产力的恢复情况展开研究并进行评价。结果表明:1)土壤侵蚀能够使土壤的理化性状恶化,施肥和覆土均能很好地改善土壤密度和孔隙度等,并能够增加土壤有机质及其他养分的质量分数。2)土壤侵蚀会降低作物产量,在不施肥下,每侵蚀1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均下降1.27%,施肥下每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,玉米产量比对照平均增加0.87%;而每覆盖1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均增加0.91%,但并不能完全补偿侵蚀造成的产量损失。3)利用土壤生产力指数模型(PI模型)计算出了不同措施下的生产力指数,发现:无肥下侵蚀的生产力指数最低,平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数下降2.17%,施肥下平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数比无肥增加1.09%,而平均每覆盖1 cm熟土,生产力指数增加1.29%;表明覆土较施肥更易提高土壤生产力。4)对产量和生产力指数进行相关性分析,得出二者具有很好的正相关关系,说明用生产力指数来衡量土壤生产力的高低是可行的。     

间伐对杉木林土壤CO2通量的影响

Forest management is expected to influence soil CO₂ efflux (FCO₂) as a result of changes in microenvironmental conditions, soil microclimate, and root dynamics. Soil FCO₂ rate was measured during the growing season of 2006 in both thinning and non-thinning locations within stands ranging from 0 to 8 years after the most recent thinning in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations in Huitong Ecosystem Research Station, Hunan, China. Soil temperature and moisture were also measured to examine relationships between FCO₂ and soil properties. Forest thinning resulted in huge changes in FCO₂ that varied with time since cutting. Immediately following harvest (year 0) FCO₂ in thinning area increased by about 30%, declined to 20%-27% below pre-cutting levels during years 4-6, and recovered to pre-cutting levels at 8 years post-cutting. A similar temporal pattern, but with smaller changes, was found in non-thinning locations. The initial increase in FCO₂ could be attributed to a combination of root decay, soil disturbance, and increased soil temperature in gaps, while the subsequent decrease and recovery to the death and gradual regrowth of active roots. Strong effects of soil temperature and soil water content on FCO₂ were found. Forest thinning mainly influenced FCO₂ through changes in tree root respiration, and the net result was a decrease in integrated FCO₂ flux through the entire felling cycle.     

东北黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究现状

东北黑土区严重的水土流失破坏了宝贵的黑土资源,危及当地群众的生产生活条件,恶化了生态环境,制约了当地经济社会的可持续发展,对我国的粮食安全构成了严重威胁。当前黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究的领域主要集中在:现状研究、影响因素研究以及土壤侵蚀研究。在概述当前黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究概况的基础上,指出应该加强研究的领域在于综合性的水土流失研究,融雪侵蚀模拟,先进的土壤侵蚀预报模型应用等方面。     

Changes in profile distribution and chemical properties of natural nanoparticles in paddy soils as affected by long-term rice cultivation

Systematic studies on the genesis, properties, and distribution of natural nanoparticles(NNPs) in soil remain scarce. This study examined a soil chronosequence of continuous paddy field land use for periods ranging from 0 to 1 000 years to determine how NNPs in soil changed at the early stages of soil genesis in eastern China. Soil samples were collected from coastal reclaimed paddy fields that were cultivated for 0, 50, 100, 300, 700, and 1 000 years.Natural nanoparticles were isolated and characterized along with bulk soil samples( 2-mm fraction) for selected physical and chemical properties. The NNP content increased with increasing soil cultivation age at 60 g m-2 year-1, which was related to decreasing soil electrical conductivity(172–1 297 μS cm-1) and NNP zeta potentials(from-22 to-36 m V) with increasing soil cultivation age. Changes in several NNP properties, such as pedogenic iron oxide and total organic carbon contents, were consistent with those of the bulk soils across the soil chronosequence. Notably, changes in NNP iron oxide content were obvious and illustrated active chemical weathering, pedogenesis, and potential impacts on the microbial community. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the soil cultivation age was the most important factor affecting NNP properties, contributing 60.7% of the total variation. Cluster and principal component analysis(PCA) revealed splitting of NNP samples into age groups of 50–300 and 700–1 000 years, indicating rapid evolution of NNP properties, after an initial period of desalinization(approximately 50 years). Overall, this study provides new insights into NNP evolution in soil during pedogenesis and predicting their influences on agriculture and ecological risks over millennial-scale rice cultivation.     

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils in the U.S. soil classification system

ABSTRACT

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils are widespread across the globe and are concentrated near where people live and work. Although some of the HAHT soils are significant because they can be hazardous to human, animal, and plant health, most are not mapped or classified to the same extent as agricultural soils. The purpose of this article is to discuss the occurrence, types, and importance of HAHT soils and to document the historical and proposed classification of HAHT soils in Soil Taxonomy. There are two main forms of materials that define HAHT soils: human-altered soils formed in human-altered materials (HAM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more and human-transported soils formed in human-transported materials (HTM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more. The HAHT soils mainly occur in urban areas, transportation corridors, mined lands, landfills, filled shallow water, and agricultural areas on anthropogenic landforms. Hazards include danger from radioactivity, pollution, content of hazardous artifacts, or presence on unstable landforms that may fail during heavy rains or earthquakes. The HAHT soils are extensive, and their extent is growing. In the past, few HAHT soils were described or classified adequately because the U.S. Soil Taxonomy system was established for agricultural and other naturally occurring soils. However, HAHT soils are now being recognized and classified in many soil classification systems at very high levels. A new soil order is proposed for U.S. Soil Taxonomy that would include the most obvious profoundly and intentionally altered HAHT soils. A discussion and justification is given for an unofficial proposal. Input will be collected from international groups of scientists, and modifications of the unofficial proposal are expected. The long-term result of establishing a new soil order will be to enable proper classification, allocation, and mapping of HAHT soils worldwide.     

土壤结构改良剂对皖南旱地红壤水分特征的影响

[目的]研究土壤结构改良剂对皖南旱地红壤孔隙、容重及水分特征的影响,为皖南旱地红壤改良、提高土壤持水保水与抗旱保墒性能提供依据。[方法]采用硅藻土(通气性Si改良剂)、泡沫沙类改良剂(T20)和无机矿石类改良剂(G20)等3种土壤结构改良剂,设置1%,2%,5%与10%的4个添加比例,进行土壤物理性状与水分特征测试。[结果]硅藻土与T20均可显著降低土壤容重,而G20在添加5%与10%时才显著降低;硅藻土处理土壤毛管孔隙度由52.1%增加到91.3%,优于T20和G20;硅藻土与T20的吸湿系数与凋萎湿度随用量呈先增加而后下降,而G20则随添加量增加而增加;土壤的饱和持水量与田间持水量均随土壤结构改良剂添加量的增加而增加,以硅藻土增加最多,T20次之,G20最少。随改良剂用量增加,土壤有效水及难效水均呈增加趋势,其中,硅藻土处理的难效水增加量显著高于T20与G20处理。[结论]改良皖南旱地土壤水分需要根据改良剂材料的种类与用量来进行合理施加,必要时可以组合搭配使用,从而达到最优效果。     

中国东北黑土养分空间异质性

Patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and density in various soil types or locations are the foundation for examining the role of soil in the global carbon cycle. An assessment of SOC storage and density patterns in China based on soil types as defined by Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) and the recently compiled digital 11000 000 Soil Database of China was conducted to generate a rigorous database for the future study of SOC storage. First, SOC densities of 7292soil profiles were calculated and linked by soil type to polygons of a digital soil map using geographic information system resulting in a 11000 000 SOC density distribution map of China. Further results showed that soils in China covered 9 281 ×103 km2 with a total SOC storage of 89.14 Gt and a mean SOC density 96.0 t ha-1. Among the 14 CST orders, Cambosols and Argosols constituted high percentage of China's total SOC storage, while Andosols, Vertosols, and Spodsols had a low percentage. As for SOC density, Histosols were the highest, while Primosols were the lowest. Specific patterns of SOC storage of various soil types at the CST suborder, group, and subgroup levels were also described. Results obtained from the study of SOC storage and density of all CST soil types would be not only useful for international comparative research, but also for more accurately estimating and monitoring of changes of SOC storage in China.     

滇中不同植物群落土壤团聚体组成及养分特征

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对滇中富源县境内华山松-栓皮栎混交林、旱冬瓜林、杨梅灌丛、云南松林、撂荒地5类群落类型的团聚体粒径组成及养分特征进行研究。结果表明,团聚体含量随着粒径（〉5 mm,5～3 mm,3～1 mm,1～0.5 mm,0.5～0.25 mm,〈0.25 mm）的增大及土层（0-10 cm,10-20 cm）的加深而逐渐增多;团聚体的养分含量也呈现一定差异,有机碳、全氮、全钾和水解氮含量随粒径的减小而增多;速效钾含量则随着粒径的减小先增后减。分析团聚体养分的碳、氮比值（C/N）,得知撂荒地〉云南松林〉华山松-栓皮栎混交林〉杨梅灌丛〉旱冬瓜林,揭示C/N越小越有利于碳、氮等养分的循环与流动的规律。     

不同改良剂对宁夏地区盐碱土土壤结构的影响

采用玉米室内盆栽试验的方法,研究了宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市平罗县姚伏镇大兴墩村的盐碱土在施用硫磺、有机肥、石膏、PAM等不同土壤改良剂对土壤结构的影响.研究结果表明,4类改良剂均有效降低了土壤容重,土壤空隙度随之增加,土壤物理结构的改善与水分利用相互配合,共同促进了当地盐碱土的改良;硫磺的最佳用量确定为在30.45 g/盆,并需要注意土壤通气性,防止发生反硫化作用,对玉米根系产生毒害;综合而言,PAM改良效果最佳.其次是石膏和S3处理.     

东北黑土区土壤凋萎湿度研究

以第二次全国土壤普查资料为基础,调查了东北黑土区黑土类中23个土种的典型剖面,测定了土壤凋萎湿度及相关理化性质,在分析黑土土种凋萎湿度特征及其与土壤理化性质关系的基础上,建立了分别利用土壤理化性质和最大吸湿水计算土壤凋萎湿度的两种方法。研究区23个土种的土壤凋萎湿度变化为9.45%~22.67%,平均为14.90%,随厚度略有增加,但变化不大。3个黑土亚类中,黑土的凋萎湿度最大,白浆化黑土最小。土壤凋萎湿度与机械组成,土壤容重和有机质含量有显著的相关性,可分别利用粘粒含量一个指标,粘粒含量与砂粒含量两个指标,粘粒含量、砂粒含量和容重3个指标计算估算土壤凋萎湿度,且选取变量越多估算效果越好。也可利用土壤最大吸湿水估算土壤凋萎湿度:PWP=1.4742×MH 0.6292。对这些估算方法的检验结果表明,利用土壤理化性质和利用最大吸湿水估算的土壤凋萎湿度与实测结果没有差异,建议方法是可行的。     

大兴安岭林区落叶松林地不同发育阶段土壤肥力演变与评价

 以大兴安岭林区不同发育阶段兴安落叶松人工林和天然次生林为研究对象,采用野外调查和定量分析相结合的方法,对林地土壤有机质、土壤腐殖质组成、土壤酸度指标及其主要养分含量的变化进行测定和分析。利用主成分分析的方法,以各主成分特征贡献率为权重,加权计算各林地土壤肥力综合指标值。结果表明:随着林龄的增长,不同发育阶段落叶松人工林土壤酸度总体呈现升高的趋势,土壤有酸化的迹象;全磷和速效钾呈现降低的趋势;有机质、水解氮、胡敏酸和胡敏素含量在近熟林略有升高,但总体呈现降低的趋势。土壤肥力评价结果为:天然林>幼龄林>近熟林>中龄林>成熟林,即随着林龄的增长,土壤肥力迅速下降,其主要原因是林地凋落物分解缓慢。因此,建议通过适度提高林地抚育强度,调整群落结构,增加林地光照,诱导天然阔叶树种进入,形成针阔混交林的调控措施,调节落叶松人工纯林凋落物分解与积累的矛盾,以维持地力平衡和提高林地生产力。