塔里木河上游典型绿洲连作棉田土壤酶活性与其理化性质的相关性分析

以新疆塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区连作棉田为典型样区,采集了0—20cm表层的不同年限连作棉田的土样,分析了5种土壤酶活性和7种土壤理化性质,并结合通径分析讨论了各因子之间的关系。结果表明,不同耕作年限棉田土壤酶活性和理化性质差异性显著。通径分析显示全氮是影响该地区土壤酶活性的直接主导因子,pH值对土壤酶活性存在极显著负效应。土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾以及土壤水分间接作用于土壤酶活性。土壤容重可能不是影响该地区土壤酶活性的主要因素。     

东北农田黑土土壤酶活性与理化性质的关系研究

黑土是保证我国粮食安全的最重要的土壤资源之一,主要分布在我国的东北地区。为了调查我国黑土区土壤理化性状、土壤酶活性及两者间相互关系,我们从黑土区不同纬度农田采集了26个土壤样品,分析其土壤酶活性与微生物量碳（SMBC）及其它土壤理化性状的关系。结果发现,黑龙江北安黑土土壤全碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、SMBC、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及转化酶活性最大;简单相关分析发现,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶及转化酶均与土壤全氮、全碳及SMBC呈极显著正相关;通径分析表明,全氮是影响该土壤区土壤酶活性的主导因子,pH值是通过直接作用或间接作用影响过氧化氢酶活性的另一主导理化因子,全氮是脲酶活性的主导因子,碱解氮、全碳、全氮是磷酸酶活性的主导因子,全氮和pH值是影响转化酶的两大主导理化因子。     

塔里木河上游连作棉田土壤脲酶动力学特征与环境因子的相关分析

研究土壤酶学特征的变化对于探讨人类活动对土壤生态系统的影响具有重要的意义。以阿拉尔垦区4个不同连作年限棉田为研究对象,分析了各连作年限棉田不同土层深度土壤脲酶活性、动力学以及土壤理化因子特征,研究了土壤酶动力学特征及其与理化因子的对应关系。结果表明:阿拉尔垦区不同连作年限棉田脲酶活性随土层深度逐渐减弱,随着连作年限增加,0—20cm土层土壤脲酶活性呈先降低后升高趋势,20—50cm和50—80cm为先升高后降低再升高的变化规律;4个不同年限棉田土壤脲酶活性依次为:20a棉田15a棉田10a棉田5a棉田;各连作年限棉田脲酶酶促反应总趋势为随底物浓度增高反应初速度逐渐增大。5a,10a,15a,20a棉田V_9_(_(max)),V_(max)/Km值表现出明显的随年限增加而呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而K_m值则显现出随连作年限增大脲酶与底物结合度越低的规律;相关性分析结果表明,V_(max)与速效磷、土壤含水量正相关,与电导率负相关,K_m与各土壤理化因子相关性不大,V_(max)/Km与速效磷、土壤含水量、pH值均呈正相关关系。总之,土壤酶动力学特征受速效磷、土壤含水量、pH值和电导率的影响较大。     

陕北黄土高原植被恢复区土壤酶活性研究

为了解陕北黄土高原不同植被恢复类型对土壤酶活性的影响,采用完全随机区组设计田间试验的方法,以陕北黄土高原恢复19年的杏树林、沙棘林、刺槐林和草地为研究对象,以农田土壤为对照,研究不同植被恢复类型、土层和季节对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶以及过氧化氢酶活性的影响,并对酶活性与土壤理化性质关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性差异在不同人工林草地间均达到显著水平。杏树林蔗糖酶活性最高(71.15 mg g-124 h-1),沙棘林脲酶活性最高(52.29mg g-124 h-1),刺槐林过氧化氢酶活性最高(3.33 ml g-1h-1)。随着土层加深,人工林草地土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均显著降低。过氧化氢酶活性则表现为0～10 cm最低,10～20 cm土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高。蔗糖酶、脲酶以及过氧化氢酶活性表现出显著的季节性差异,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性夏季最高,脲酶冬季最高。土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾是影响酶活性的主要因素,其他各因子的影响相对较弱;蔗糖酶、脲酶与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等呈正相关关系,过氧化氢酶与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等呈负相关关系。土壤酶活性是表征植被恢复区土壤生物特性的重要指标之一。     

宁南山区土壤酶活性特征及其与肥力因子的关系

分析了黄土丘陵区土壤酶活性与土壤肥力因子之间的关系。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机质与全N、速效磷、速效钾等密切相关,同时与土壤几种酶活性有较好的相关性。土壤酶活性依赖于有机质,当有机质含量增加时,酶积极参与其转化分解过程,活性提高。脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤N、P、K含量关系最大,土壤速效钾与蔗糖酶活性关系最大。通径分析结果表明:土壤肥力因子对脲酶活性的直接作用顺序为有机质>速效钾>速效氮>阳离子交换量>全N>速效磷>物理性黏粒>土壤pH。有机质是影响土壤脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素,速效钾是影响蔗糖酶活性的最主要因素。     

长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用

为探讨长期施肥条件下土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系,对褐潮土肥料定位试验田第12年的土壤酶以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤有机质含量,全氮、全磷及速效氮、磷、钾含量,增强土壤转化酶、磷酸酶和脲酶的活性。玉米秸秆有利于提高土壤转化酶活性,而有机肥则主要提高土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性;采用轮作方式比连作能更好地培肥土壤。土壤酶活性与土壤肥力之间具有很好的相关性,其中,磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶活性与有机质、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;磷酸酶与碱解氮、速效钾,脲酶与速效钾,转化酶与碱解氮均呈显著相关。长期施肥不能增强土壤中过氧化氢酶活性,过氧化氢酶与土壤养分之间无明显相关。     

长期不同施肥棕壤玉米地的酶活性之时空变化

为揭示长期不同施肥对棕壤玉米地酶活性时空变化的影响,利用31年长期肥料定位试验研究了玉米生育期内3种主要土壤酶活性的时空变化及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,棕壤上各种酶随玉米生育期推进而有规律地变化。土壤脲酶、转化酶活性高峰出现在玉米拔节期,酸性磷酸酶活性高峰出现在玉米大喇叭口期;玉米收获后,土壤转化酶、脲酶均高于播前或与播前相当,而酸性磷酸酶活性则低于播前。在同样化肥水平上增施有机肥能增加脲酶、转化酶活性,而降低酸性磷酸酶活性;3种酶活性的空间分布规律均遵循随土层深度加深而不断减小的规律,长期培肥对深层土壤酶活性亦有影响。相关分析结果显示,土壤脲酶同转化酶呈极显著正相关（r=0.636**）;脲酶、转化酶同土壤有机碳、pH、含水量、碱解氮、速效磷基本呈极显著正相关;酸性磷酸酶同各因子无显著关系。土壤酶与土壤肥力因素关系密切,可作为衡量土壤肥力的敏感指标。     

陇东黄土丘陵沟壑区山坡地人工沙棘林地土壤酶活性的季节性变化规律

陇东黄土区丘陵沟壑区沙棘人工林分的年生长,土壤养分,土壤酶活性三者之间相互关系,相互影响,并均存在着季节性变化规律。研究结果表明：沙棘的年生长过程与脲酶,磷酸酶等转化土壤速效养分的酶活性变化规律相同,都为“夏高型”;转化酶,脱氢酶,过氧化氢酶,多酚氧化酶等与土壤有机质形成有关酶的活性变化规律为“秋高型”。土壤速效养分的季节变化规律为“夏低型”,夏季沙棘人工林分的年生长高峰造成了此时土壤速效养分较低     

微生物菌剂酶制剂化肥不同配比对秸秆还田后土壤酶活性的影响

为研究微生物菌剂、酶制剂、化肥不同配比对秸秆还田后土壤酶活性的影响,在陕西眉县横渠镇农场进行了田间试验,测定和分析了土壤酶活性以及土壤养分因子.结果表明:在玉米灌浆期,土壤蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均出现峰值,分别为58.30mg,3.85mg,是播种前CK处理的4.7倍、1.5倍;在玉米成熟期,土壤思酶和多酚氧化酶活性均呈现峰值,分别为4.85mg,1.46mg,是播种前CK处理的3.2倍、8.1倍.微生物菌剂、酶制剂与化肥配施可明显的提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶活性,其中秸秆还田+常规施肥+增施氮肥+酶制剂十腐解菌剂(SFN+E+D)处理效果尤为显著.除多酚氧化酶外,土壤蔗酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性之间呈极显著正相关;除速效钾外,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤各养分因子均呈显著或极显著相关,蔗糖酶与速效钾呈显著负相关,多酚氧化酶活性与各养分因子相关性均不显著.     

纳板河自然保护区土壤酶对不同海拔、坡向的响应

在纳板河自然保护区内分海拔和坡向采集土样,测定分析了尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种主要土壤酶活性和主要养分指标的变化。结果表明:土壤有机质、水解氮含量随海拔升高显著增加;阳坡全氮含量随海拔升高呈现由中间向两端减小的趋势,阴坡全氮含量随海拔升高波动增加;土壤速效磷含量随海拔呈现由中间向两端减小趋势;蛋白酶活性高海拔 > 低海拔,海拔对表层过氧化氢酶活性影响较小,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随海拔呈现波动。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量阳坡 > 阴坡;土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性阴坡 > 阳坡,各土层土壤脲酶活性阳坡 > 阴坡。各养分含量及酶活性表层 > 中下层。土壤酶活性与各肥力因子间相关关系显著,各土壤酶活性间相关性显著。有机质、全氮、全磷是影响蛋白酶活性的主导因子,速效磷和水解氮为次要因子;全磷、速效磷、水解氮为影响脲酶活性的主要因子,有机质、全磷、速效钾为次要因子。主成分分析结果表明蛋白酶和脲酶活性作为保护区土壤肥力指标具有可行性。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。