河西灌漠土地区加工型甜椒配方施肥研究

采用3因素二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对加工型甜椒产量的影响,得到了相应的回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素影响加工型甜椒产量的顺序为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥。各因素间存在交互作用。经过计算机模拟,得到加工型甜椒产量达到最高值时,其相对应N、P、K肥用量分别为N600kg hm-2、P2O597kg hm-2、K2O273kghm-2。对试验结果进行的验证表明,模型选优所得氮肥、磷肥和钾肥配比的产量最高,施肥成本、施肥利润、肥料投资效率分别为0.34万元hm-2、0.65万元hm-2和1.91万元,栽培效果明显优于其它配比。证明构建的模型准确可靠。     

氮磷钾用量对宁南旱地马铃薯产量及水肥利用效率的影响

在宁南旱地上利用田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾各4个施肥水平对马铃薯(庄薯3号)产量及水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,增施氮、磷、钾肥马铃薯产量均呈抛物线型增长,其中氮肥增产幅度最高,其次为磷肥,钾肥最低且与对照无显著差异。施用氮对马铃薯产量构成有显著影响,钾肥有利于块茎膨大。马铃薯氮、磷、钾养分累积量随着施肥量的增加而增加,当季氮、磷肥利用率都随着施肥量的增加先升高后降低,钾肥利用率随施肥量增加而降低。氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力均随着施肥量增加而显著降低(P0.05)。施用氮、磷、钾肥显著提高马铃薯水分利用效率,当氮肥施用量大于240 kg/hm2、钾肥施用量大于135 kg/hm2时水分利用效率降低。不同氮、磷、钾肥水分利用效率增幅分别为19.6%~31.2%、11.2%~12.6%、1.3%~9.5%。本试验条件下,从经济施肥与水分高效利用角度宁南旱地马铃薯氮、磷、钾肥推荐量分别为174.0~189.7、92.2~94.6、113.0~113.7kg/hm2。     

保山市冬早大棚辣椒氮磷钾肥料优化施用

针对保山区域冬早大棚辣椒氮磷钾肥料效应缺乏系统研究,存在偏施氮肥、盲目施肥和过量施肥的现象,采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间小区试验,研究氮磷钾肥料效应模型,通过频率分析研究高产优化施肥组合方案。保山大棚辣椒氮磷钾肥料效应回归模型Y=38 180.4+19.865 7N+16.102 7P+16.150 1K+0.026 6NP+0.012 4NK-0.006 8PK-0.025 8N2-0.038 5P2-0.014 1K2,目标产量大于53 000 kg/hm2的优化施肥组合方案为N 568.9～631.9 kg/hm2,P2O5 242.7～321.3 kg/hm2,K2O 684.6～794.8 kg/hm2,氮磷钾比例为1∶0.47∶1.23,与当地施肥量水平相比,温暖区氮肥用量平均降低36.3%,温热区氮肥用量平均降低23.1%。氮磷钾肥配合施用能显著提高大棚辣椒产量,氮肥效应达极显著水平,磷肥和钾肥效应达显著水平,效应排序为氮肥＞钾肥＞磷肥;氮磷和氮钾的交互效应为显著正效应,N用量在175～425 kg/hm2时,辣椒产量随着P2O5用量的增加呈先增后降趋势,增幅随着磷肥用量的增加而减小,N用量在175～573.7 kg/hm2时,钾肥效应趋势与磷肥一致,在高氮情况下,辣椒产量随着磷肥（或钾肥）用量的增加而增加。     

施肥对湖北麦冬产量的影响

试验采用了正交区组二次回归设计 ,以氮、磷、钾配方施肥为研究对象 ,系统地进行了湖北麦冬产量的分析 ,建立的施肥与产量之间的回归模型表明 :氮肥、钾肥对产量有显著的影响 ,磷肥则不明显。氮肥与磷肥的互作效应对产量的影响呈互补关系 ,在较低磷肥时随施氮肥的增加而产量增加 ,反之则下降。高氮、高钾、低磷配方施用能达最高产量点 ,施用N 4 5 5 7～ 4 95 4kg/hm2 、P2 O52 5 9 5～ 312 2kg/hm2 、K2 O 6 95 1～ 75 7 3kg/hm2 ,产量为 75 0 0kg/hm2 以上的概率为 99%。     

优质稻肥料效应试验

为取得有关施肥参数,建立优质稻施肥模型,选择高、中、低肥力田块,应用3因素4水平设计方案对优质稻进行田间肥效试验。结果表明,在一定范围内氮、磷、钾肥的施用对优质稻的增产作用是氮肥大于磷肥,磷肥大于钾肥,建议梁河县优质稻高肥力田块氮、磷、钾施用量分别为N 73 kg/hm2、P2O535.6 kg/hm2、K2O87.8 kg/hm2,应施好氮、磷肥,增施钾肥。中肥力、低肥力田块氮、磷、钾施用量分别为N 87.48～103.7 kg/hm2、P2O559～63 kg/hm2、K2O 47.6～52 kg/hm2,应增施氮肥、磷肥,适量钾肥。     

平衡施肥对马铃薯产量和品质的影响试验初报

2012年,在重庆市彭水县进行了马铃薯平衡施肥试验。结果初步表明,最佳施肥(N300kg/hm2,P2O5120kg/hm2,K2O240kg/hm2)条件下,马铃薯单产为28766.7kg/hm2,达到当地的高产水平,每kg养分生产马铃薯18.4kg;在此基础上,继续增加氮肥或磷肥或钾肥的用量,其产量都没有继续增加。足量的磷肥和钾肥对于提高马铃薯的商品性具有重要作用。在供试土壤条件下,要获得马铃薯高产必须施用足够的肥料。     

内蒙古阴山丘陵地区马铃薯施肥现状与评价

为了解内蒙古马铃薯主产区阴山丘陵地区施肥状况,2008、2009年进行了农户抽样调查。结果表明:(1)内蒙古阴山丘陵地区马铃薯化肥投入总量为160.0～292.0 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾投入量分别为101.8～195.7kg/hm2、57.2～79.4 kg/hm2、5.9～6.9 kg/hm2。(2)水浇马铃薯地氮肥投入量偏高,旱地马铃薯氮肥投入量低。(3)有机肥是氮、磷肥的次要来源,是钾肥的主要来源,其为马铃薯提供的钾肥占全部钾肥的72.2%。     

温室茄子水肥耦合数学模型及其优化方案研究

采用3因素二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了灌水量、钾肥、磷肥的耦合效应对茄子的影响,得到茄子产量对3因素的回归数学模型.结果表明①在本试验条件下,3因素影响茄子产量的顺序为施钾量>灌水量>施磷量.②各因素间存在交互作用,水与钾、水与磷、钾与磷在低于1.132和2.312, 0.714和0.431,-4.289和4.092水平时对产量存在正相关关系,在分别高于以上水平时又会呈负相关关系.经过计算机模拟,得到茄子最高产量达 76 459.34 kg/hm2时,相对应的灌水量、施钾量、施磷量分别为2 904.6 m3/hm2、78.6 kg/hm2、15.5 kg/hm2.对试验结果进行的验证表明,构建的模型准确可靠.     

宁南山区施肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为探讨在宁南山区不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长发育和产量最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验,开展对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究.结果表明,在当地条件下,处理10收获期干物质积累总量平均比对照增加30.97%,各施肥处理收获期的干物质累积量比对照增加7.35%～73.31%.马铃薯生长发育最佳施肥方式是N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 200 kg/hm2、K2O 200 kg/hm2、M 17.5 t/hm2,(氮肥基施和追肥各一半,磷肥和钾肥以及有机肥全部基施),能增加马铃薯产量并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质.在宁南山区马铃薯生产中可以推广应用这种肥料组配方案.     

不同水肥组合对冬小麦产量的影响

试验于2007/2008年度在北京市昌平区进行,采用5因子4水平的田间试验方案研究不同氮磷钾、有机肥和灌水量的组合对小麦产量的影响。方差分析表明,各因素对产量的影响顺序为氮肥灌水钾肥有机肥磷肥,同时存在交互作用;水分和产量成较好的正相关,有机肥对产量的提高虽然不如氮肥、钾肥和灌水,但是对产量的影响也达到了极显著水平;在各种组合中,以施氮量为75kg.hm-2配合12000kg.hm-2的有机肥、75kg.hm-2的磷肥、150kg.hm-2的钾肥以及3000kg.hm-2灌水量处理的产量较高,为本年度最佳水肥组合。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.