太行山前平原农田生态系统氮素循环与平衡研究

在中国科学院栾城生态农业试验站1公顷小麦玉米轮作农田,运用乙炔抑制原状土柱培育法、微气象学法和陶土头多孔杯水量平衡法分别定量测定了氮素硝化反硝化损失、氨挥发、NO3--N淋溶损失等氮素循环转化途径。研究结果表明,每年因氨挥发而造成的肥料氮损失量为N.60.kg/hm2,占施入肥料氮的15%;NO3--N淋溶损失量为N.68～4.kg/hm2,占肥料施用量的1.4%2～0.3%;每年因硝化反硝化过程造成的肥料损失量为N.2.021～0.49.kg/hm2,占肥料施入量的0.51%1～.37%。氨挥发、NO3--N淋溶和硝化反硝化损失主要发生在施肥灌溉/降雨之后,玉米季肥料损失明显高于小麦生长季节。氨挥发和NO3--N淋溶损失是本区域农田氮素损失的主要途径,是氮肥利用率低的重要原因。在当地农民所采用的常规农业管理措施下,小麦玉米轮作农田氮素平衡处于盈余状态,小麦季盈余N+115.5～+124.5.kg/hm2,明显高于玉米季;由于玉米季氮素损失严重,氮素盈余较少,甚至出现亏缺,玉米季氮素平衡状况为-54.6～+14.3.kg/hm2。     

川中丘陵区典型小流域农田生态系统氮素收支探析

对川中丘陵区典型小流域农田生态系统N素收支分析表明,紫色土丘陵区农田N肥施用量较大,旱地、水田N肥年施用量分别为363.5kg/hm2和161.8kg/hm2,化肥N占小流域农田N素投入的76.65%。除作物收获外,小流域农田生态系统N素年损失量为129.67kg/hm2,且以气态损失为主,旱地农田通过径流、淋洗和泥沙等途径损失的N素年均44.34kg/hm2。小流域农田生态系统N素年均盈余66.8kg/hm2,农田N素盈余加剧了N素损失,并已造成小流域农业非点源N污染。     

河北省果园氮素投入特点及其土壤氮素负荷分析

以河北省果园土壤地力调查、农户调查和统计数据为基础,采用氮盈余法从果树种类和区域角度分析了果园生产体系中的氮素输入输出特点及氮养分盈余状况。结果表明,河北果园平均化肥氮投入量为438.0 kg/hm2,主要品种为尿素和复合肥,有机肥氮为181.6 kg/hm2,以畜禽粪为主,其中禽粪占25.5%。京津东部区和冀中、南平原区的果园氮素投入、盈余量较高;葡萄园和桃园的氮素投入水平较高;果园氮素施用与养分盈余量之间存在极显著的正相关,过量施用氮肥是氮盈余量很高的主要原因。随着氮盈余量增加,果园土壤全氮呈增加趋势,而土壤C/N均呈下降趋势,氮素盈余对土壤全氮的影响大于对土壤有机质的影响。     

3种蔬菜种植模式下土壤氮素平衡的比较研究

氮素利用效率用于反映当季作物从肥料中同化的氮量,这在农业生产实践中至关重要。不合理的氮肥施用将导致土壤板结、地下水污染以及作物品质下降等一系列问题,因此近年来备受关注。本文以中国农业大学曲周试验站日光温室有机蔬菜生产长期定位试验为基础,借鉴前人对于氮素平衡的研究方法,即氮盈余=氮输入(肥料氮+移栽苗带入氮+灌水带入氮)氮输出(收获物带出氮),研究2011年春季有机、无公害和常规3种温室茄子种植模式下土壤氮素表观平衡的盈余变化。结果表明:有机、无公害、常规3种种植模式下,土壤耕层0~20 cm土壤全氮含量差异极显著,其中有机生产模式最高,为2.6 g·kg 1,无公害生产模式为1.7 g·kg 1,常规生产模式最低,为1.3 g·kg 1;3种种植模式下氮素的总输入分别为1 150 kg·hm 2、1 182 kg·hm 2、1 433kg·hm 2,总输出分别为178 kg·hm 2、135 kg·hm 2、116 kg·hm 2,茄子单季产量分别为93 458 kg·hm 2、93 320kg·hm 2、90 209 kg·hm 2,最终氮素盈余量分别为971 kg·hm 2、1 046 kg·hm 2、1 317 kg·hm 2。有机种植模式与无公害和常规种植模式相比,茄子单季产量分别提高0.1%和3.6%,氮素盈余分别降低7.2%、26.3%。综上,有机种植模式对耕层土壤的氮素累积贡献最大,且较无公害和常规种植模式相对高产。有机模式土壤氮盈余较少,表现出较高的氮素利用效率。本研究结果可为选择高产、健康的种植模式提供参考依据。     

三峡重庆库区柑橘园氮素平衡状况研究

以三峡重庆库区柑橘种植农户调研资料和土壤测试分析数据为基础,从区域角度出发,分析了柑橘园生产体系中的氮肥施用特征和氮素平衡状况。结果表明: 果园氮肥投入量为409.7 kg/hm2,主要来源于复合肥和尿素; 其中通过有机肥投入的氮素水平为 76.51 kg/hm2,主要来源于畜禽粪尿; 柑橘园的总体氮盈余量为 363.9 kg/hm2,盈余量以奉节、江津和永川区较高; 果园氮素投入与氮养分盈余量之间存在极显著的正相关关系。说明过量施用氮肥是氮盈余量高的主要原因。随着氮盈余量增加,果园土壤全氮呈增加趋势,而土壤C/N呈下降趋势, 氮素盈余对土壤全氮的影响大于土壤有机质的影响。     

海南岛芒果主产区果园氮素盈余状况研究

海南岛是我国重要的芒果生产基地。为了探明芒果园氮素盈余状况,以海南岛芒果主产区昌江县、东方市、乐东县、三亚市、陵水县的芒果种植农户调研资料和测试分析数据为基础,分析了71个芒果园氮肥施用量和氮素盈余状况。结果表明:芒果主产区氮素平均盈余量陵水县最高,为299.73 kg hm~(-2),氮素污染风险最高,其次为乐东县、昌江县和三亚市,分别为256.95 kg hm~(-2)、198.46 kg hm~(-2)、145.12 kg hm~(-2),东方市平均氮素盈余最低,为106.37 kg hm~(-2)。大部分芒果园盈余量未达到平均水平,少数氮素盈余远远高于平均值。氮素盈余量分布规律为昌江县和东方市芒果园氮素盈余量较集中,乐东县、三亚市、陵水县氮素盈余状况较为分散。芒果园氮素盈余的主要决定因素是氮素投入,其次是氮素输出,其中,化肥为氮素投入的贡献高达90%以上,有机肥贡献较小。海南省芒果园存在氮素盈余状况,有氮素污染风险,应该重施有机肥调整施肥管理方式。     

传统和优化施氮对春玉米产量、氨挥发及氮平衡的影响

【目的】本文通过在陕西省长武县(CW)和吉林省梨树县(LS)的春玉米田间试验,研究了传统和优化施氮对春玉米产量、土壤氨挥发及氮平衡的影响,以探讨春玉米氮肥优化的潜力及其对农田氨减排的效果。【方法】试验设对照、传统施氮(长武N 250 kg/hm2,梨树N 300 kg/hm2)及优化施氮(N 200 kg/hm2)3个处理,分别以N0、Ncon、Nopt表示。氨挥发采用德尔格氨管法(简称DTM法)进行原位测定,通过田间气象因素的校正计算氨挥发累积量。【结果】长武和梨树点不同施氮处理下春玉米的产量结果表明,除对照(长武7.9 t/hm2、梨树3.8 t/hm2)外,传统和优化施氮处理间均无显著差异(长武10.6 10.8 t/hm2,梨树9.5 9.6 t/hm2)。玉米氮肥利用率表现为优化施氮(44.3%44.5%)显著高于传统施氮(33.6%36.4%),其中长武点氮肥利用率提高了8.1个百分点,梨树点氮肥利用率增加了10.7个百分点。氨挥发田间监测结果显示,基肥翻耕入土后,伴随降雨的产生,长武和梨树点均未产生氨挥发。喇叭口追肥期表施氮肥后,长武和梨树点均产生大量氨挥发(占追施尿素氮量的16%22%),减少追肥用量N 30 kg/hm2(长武点)和N 100 kg/hm2(梨树点)能显著减少氨挥发损失N 8和15 kg/hm2。土壤-春玉米系统氮平衡估算的结果显示,与长武点氮素表观矿化N 97 kg/hm2相比,梨树点仅为N 16 kg/hm2。优化施氮比传统施氮处理显著降低表观氮素盈余N 48 88 kg/hm2。长武点各施氮处理的表观氮素盈余中,约46%的氮素残留在0—1 m的土壤中,54%损失到环境中,氨挥发占总损失的15%30%;梨树点表观氮素盈余中,35%损失到环境中,其中氨挥发占总损失的54%75%,约有65%残留在0—1m的土壤中。梨树点传统施氮处理0—1 m土层的氮素残留达N 140 kg/hm2,部分残留在土壤中的氮素也将面临淋洗、硝化和反硝化等损失的风险。与优化施氮相比传统施氮氮素表观损失增加了约N 30 40 kg/hm2,除氨挥发损失外,淋洗和硝化/反硝化等也是土壤-春玉米系统中不可忽视的氮素损失途径。【结论】我国春玉米主产区农民传统的氮肥用量偏高,增产效应不明显,氮肥损失风险加剧,尤其是氨挥发损失较大,氮肥的优化潜力高达20%33%,相当于可减少施氮N 50 100kg/hm2。     

中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标的时空变化特征

奶业是关乎国民健康和食品安全的战略性农业产业,本文从社会发展、经济效益、产品生产、资源投入和生态环境5个方面选取28项指标,发展和完善了中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标体系和分级标准。基于该指标体系,利用NUFER-animal模型,定量分析了1990—2017年中国奶业绿色发展指标的时空分布特征,剖析了产业绿色发展的限制因素,阐明了优化途径。结果表明:中国人均奶制品消费量稳步提高,从2.0kg?cap.?1?a?1增加到12.5kg?cap.?1?a?1;奶牛单产水平不断提高,从2.4t?head?1?a?1增加到7.0t?head?1?a?1,种养系统氮素利用效率由8.4%提升至14.4%;单位牛奶的资源投入和环境代价均呈下降趋势,生产单位牛奶的蓝水足迹由0.5 m3?kg?1降低到0.2 m3·kg?1,耕地资源投入量由18.5 m2?kg?1降低到3.3 m2?kg?1;养殖系统氨挥发量指标由21.9 g(N)?kg?1降低到7.0 g(N)?kg?1,但仍远远高于欧美国家水平;牛奶生产和加工成本逐年增加,利润却低于欧美等先进国家的水平。空间特征分析表明:农牧交错带和东部沿海地区产品生产、资源投入和生态环境绿色发展水平相对较高,北方地区牛奶及奶制品的生产、消费水平均高于南方地区。发展种养一体化产业链融合绿色发展技术与模式、构建产销一体化产业链融合绿色发展利益共享机制和形成全产业链质量追踪服务体系与国民消费信任机制是促进中国奶业振兴和绿色发展的有效途径。     

我国设施菜地表观氮平衡分析及其空间分布特征

为定量评估区域设施菜地土壤氮素的输入输出平衡状况,探明土壤中氮素的基本去向和氮素潜在污染,从CNKI中文数据库和Web of Science等英文数据库中检索筛选出针对设施菜地氮循环研究的可用数据648组,对我国设施菜地表观氮素平衡进行了分析,并根据《全国设施蔬菜重点区域发展规划(2015—2020年)》中的蔬菜分区,探索了不同区域的氮平衡分布特征。结果表明,我国设施菜地每一生长季总体上表观氮平衡为正值,盈余量为49～1154 kg N·hm~(-2),均值为324 kg N·hm~(-2),氮肥利用率平均为18.6%。从氮素的输入途径来看,每季氮素总投入约为863 kg N·hm~(-2),以化肥和有机肥投入为主,分别为471、306 kg N·hm~(-2),灌溉水带入的氮也不容忽视,达到86 kg N·hm~(-2)。从氮素的支出途径来看,每季氮素总支出为539 kg N·hm~(-2),其中除了作物生长从土壤中吸取大量的氮素(230 kg N·hm~(-2))外,以淋溶、硝化反硝化和氨挥发等形式损失的氮达到309 kg N·hm~(-2),占输出量的57.4%,超过了作物吸收带走的氮(42.6%)。每季区域氮平衡差异显著,其中,黄淮海与环渤海暖温区氮素盈余最高,达到441 kg N·hm~(-2),其较高氮投入和较低的作物吸收是造成农田土壤氮素大量盈余的主要原因,同时也存在较高的氮素损失,通过淋溶流失的氮达到186 kg N·hm~(-2)。总体上,当前我国设施菜地整体表观氮平衡为正盈余,主要由于化肥和有机肥投入量大,但同时存在较高的氮素损失风险。降低氮素投入水平和提高作物的吸收利用率是有效的氮优化管理途径,尤其是在黄淮海与环渤海暖温区,应减少氮素投入,重点关注氮素淋溶损失。     

农肥和化肥对黑土农田生态系统氮素循环与平衡影响的研究

在不同施肥处理条件下,分别定量测定了玉米田土壤氮素自生固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化损失、氨挥发、NO3--N淋溶损失等氮素循环转化途径。研究结果表明,不施肥的土壤生态系统每年土壤全氮将减少-110.5kg/hm2。施肥能够有效地提高土壤氮素转化能力,农肥的氮素转化作用明显高于化肥的氮素转化作用。各处理反硝化损失的氮量为7.26～21.66kg/hm2,淋溶损失量为0.09～0.21kg/hm2,氨挥发损失的氮量为0～15.23kg/hm2。玉米田施肥处理总的氮素平衡处于盈余状态,不施肥处理的氮素平衡处于亏缺状态。单施农肥的盈余量高于单施化肥及农肥化肥配比处理的盈余量,低量施肥模式土壤中氮素的输入和输出基本处于平衡状态,高量施肥模式土壤中氮素处于盈余状态,虽有利于培肥地力,但却造成了肥料的浪费。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.