谷物导热系数测试的研究

探讨了热线法测试谷物导热系数的原理和方法。该法测试时间短,试样温升小,测试过程中试样物性变化小,测试结果可准确地反映谷物的实际状况。用所设计的测试系统,测试了几种谷物不同状态下导热系数,取得了满意的结果。     

移动式冷库性能及其冷却均匀性分析

针对果蔬冷链运输过程中采摘后的“最先一公里”的保鲜问题,该研究开发了一种移动式冷库。该设备用于田间果蔬预冷以及冷藏,以消除果蔬采摘后的田间热和呼吸热。对该设备冷库库板的导热热阻、机组制冷系数以及冷库内部的冷却均匀性进行了性能试验研究,并采用温度异质性系数和温度变异系数用以评价冷库内部的冷却均匀性。结果表明,冷库板的导热热阻为3.98 m²·℃/W,制冷一体机的制冷系数为2.07,具有较高的导热热阻以及制冷系数,有利于设备的节能运行;设备运行过程中冷库门侧左上角测点处具有较低的温度异质性系数为0.08 %,制冷机组侧右上角测点处具有较高的温度异质性系数为0.48 %,冷库整体的温度变异系数为0.034%,不论是温度异质性系数还是温度变异系数均低于0.5 %,可以认为该冷库具有较高的冷却均匀性,将有利于降低果蔬预冷过程的损腐率。     

苹果汁导热系数影响因素的实验研究

由于目前对果汁热物性参数基础研究比较缺乏，本文采用微热探针法测试系统对3～50℃温度范围内不同浓度苹果汁的导热系数进行了系统测试。结果表明，苹果汁的温度和浓度对其导热系数具有显著影响。在相同温度条件下，苹果汁的导热系数与其浓度呈高度线性负相关；相同浓度的苹果汁导热系数与其温度呈高度线性正相关，并得出了苹果汁导热系数关于浓度和温度的二元数学模型，为果汁加工业的相关研究提供了科学依据。     

超高压增大食品物料的导热系数

食品物料在超高压下的导热系数是研究超高压加工过程中传热与温度变化的必要参数,但有关超高压下食品物料的导热系数数据和测量方法还十分缺乏。该文基于线热源法设计了适用于超高压力环境下食品物料导热系数的测量探针和聚甲醛样品容器,利用1.5%琼脂凝胶对热探针在25℃不同压力下(0.1~400 MPa)进行标定试验,结果表明测量值与纯水导热系数的参考值非常接近且呈良好的线性相关关系(R2=0.9997),据此得到探针的标定系数为0.9944。在25℃测量了蛋清、蛋黄、火腿肠和奶油在0.1~400 MPa压力下的导热系数值。结果发现:在25℃条件下,超高压下食品物料的导热系数较常压下均有一定程度的增大(最大达到28%),且有随压力增大而增大的趋势;一定压力条件下,食品物料的导热系数随着含水量的增大而增大。建立了25℃条件食品物料在一定压力范围内(0.1~400 MPa)导热系数预测的经验公式,对研究的几种食品物料拟合得到的方程回归系数在0.91以上。     

日光温室栽培基质有效导热系数预测模型

栽培基质为固流两相组成的多组分材料,其导热系数是日光温室热环境营造过程中重要的热参数之一,在温室地面热量的传输中起着重要的作用。为了预测日光温室生产中栽培基质的有效导热系数,以珍珠岩、蛭石、炉渣、河沙、椰糠、泥炭及腐熟牛粪与花生壳8种常用单一基质为研究对象,首先利用干燥与饱和状态下基质有效导热系数的测试结果,通过复合材料有效特性混合模型的反向计算,确定了8种单一基质的固相导热系数,得到珍珠岩、蛭石、炉渣、河沙、椰糠、泥炭及腐熟牛粪与花生壳的固相导热系数分别为0.058、0.139、0.252、0.817、0.148、0.518、0.262及0.066 W/(m·K);其次,利用复配基质有效导热系数的实测结果,通过复合材料有效特性混合模型的正向与反向计算,明确了组成固相的各组分呈并联关系排列,并确定了复配基质中固相导热系数与基质各组分体积比例的关联;进一步将复配基质在不同饱和度下的有效导热系数实测值与基于6种复合材料导热系数模型理论计算值进行比较。结果表明：并联模型适用于复配基质有效导热系数的理论计算,构建了日光温室栽培基质有效导热系数的预测模型。采用实际生产中常用的4种育苗和栽培基质在不同饱和度下的有效导热系数对所建模型进行检验,模型预测值和实测值的平均相对偏差范围为0.42%～1.76%。基于并联模型构建的有效导热系数预测模型能够较为准确的计算日光温室栽培基质在不同饱和度下的有效导热系数。     

热敏电阻法测量胡萝卜及马铃薯的热物性

热物性参数的测定对于农产品加工及储藏过程中的数学模拟计算非常重要。在分析微珠状热敏电阻传热模型的基础上,在室温对标准样品(乙二醇、乙醇、氯化钙的水溶液)的热物性进行测定,结果显示,导热系数及热扩散系数的测量值与推荐值之间无显著性差异(p>0.05);热敏电阻法与热探针法对比测定胡萝卜及马铃薯两种农产品的导热系数,结果显示两种方法之间无显著性差异(p>0.05);热敏电阻法与常规计算对比测定胡萝卜及马铃薯两种农产品的热扩散系数,结果显示两种方法之间无显著性差异(p>0.05)。热敏电阻法能够用于小直径农产品热物性的测量。     

茶叶导热系数的研究

对六种不同形状和制法的茶叶的导热系数用线性热源法作了测定和研究。这种方法可以在物料的密度和比热未知的条件下,迅速取得物料导热系数的资料。研究结果表明,茶叶的导热系数为0.0362～0.0486W/m·k,相当于工程隔热材料的热特性;因此,在茶叶加工中必须重视对流给热的作用。在同等密度条件下,茶叶的导热系数与含水率呈正相关;在含水率相同条件下,茶叶的导热系数随容重的增加而提高。茶叶的形状、含水率和揉捻紧度不同,其导热系数不同。红碎茶的导热系数高于条形茶,发酵茶的导热系数高于不发酵茶。各种茶叶的茶汤导热系数与水接近。试验采用的线性热源结构简单、应用方便、样品容易制作并且测定迅速,还可在现场取样测定,便于进行动态跟踪研究。     

蔬菜水果流态化速冻的数值分析

蔬菜水果速冻过程是一多物理参数变化(表面对流换热系数,导热系数,比热)并含有冻结潜热的复杂过程。该文建立了球形蔬菜水果流态化速冻过程的偏微分方程组,并用控制容积法推导出有限差分方程组,提出用当量温度计算冻结界面潜热,编制了计算机软件。用所提出的方法模拟速冻过程可以分析任意时刻的温度分布、冻结界面位置,以及任意点的温降曲线和通过最大冰晶生长温区所用时间。模型稍做修改可计算片状、圆柱型果蔬的速冻过程。     

土壤源热泵非稳态热流热响应试验中岩土热物性参数的确定

在土壤源热泵系统现场热响应试验时,复杂的现场状况会影响热响应试验中恒加热功率的实现,结合测试现场的实际状况,该文提出了非稳态热流工况下确定岩土热物性参数的方法。通过建立非稳态热流热响应试验系统模型,实施系统优化,使地埋管换热器进出水平均温度计算值和实测值的平方和最小,确定最优的岩土导热系数和容积比热容2个参数。对比同一测试地点的恒热流和非稳态热流热响应试验确定的2个热物性参数的结果,非稳态热流工况系统优化方法确定的岩土导热系数的相对误差为1.2%,容积比热容的相对误差为0.7%。同时,在非稳态热流工况下,利用系统优化方法确定热物性参数可适当缩短热响应试验的测试时间,降低了测试成本,为土壤源热泵系统热响应试验的实施和岩土热物性参数的确定提供了重要参考。     

生物质导热系数的测定方法

该文讨论了两种可用于测定低导热物料的导热系数的测定方法，比较了它们的适用范围。对于几种有代表性的生物质，用各自适用的测定手段实测了它们的导热系数。文中还讨论了影响生物质导热系数的几种因素。     

果蔬采后处理与贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

该文论述了国内外果实品质的无损伤检测技术，果实分级的机械化与自动化技术；介绍了果蔬贮藏库的现代设备；综述了国内外有关果蔬贮藏保鲜的新技术及研究进展，包括：天然果蔬保鲜剂的应用、利用调压技术贮藏、臭氧及负氧离子保鲜、利用生物技术保鲜、静电场处理贮藏、低剂量辐射处理保鲜，以及细胞水结构化气调保鲜等国内外近几年发展起来的现代果蔬贮藏保鲜技术。最后提出了中国果蔬贮藏保鲜产业持续、稳定、健康的发展要倚重于科技创新。     

土壤导热率测定及其计算模型的对比分析

土壤导热率是重要的热参数之一,为了获得预测导热率的准确方法,该文对比分析了确定土壤导热率的热脉冲直接测定法和模型间接推求法。根据热脉冲原理在相同体积质量下,测定了不同质地和含水率土壤的导热率值。结果表明在相同含水率条件下,砂粒含量越高,土壤的导热率越大,土壤导热能力越强。利用Horton经验公式对实测值进行了拟合,结果显示Horton经验模型基本可以反映土壤导热率变化特征,并得到了Horton公式经验系数。利用实测值与Campbell模型计算值进行了比较,结果显示Campbell模型计算结果偏差较大,并对其进行了修正。并且用实测值与Johansen模型及其2种改进模型(Coté-Konrad模型和Lu-Ren模型)的计算值进行了对比分析,结果表明Johansen模型计算结果与实测值偏差较大,2种改进型模型的计算结果与实测值更接近。该研究表明土壤导热率可以利用土壤质地、含水率、孔隙度和体积质量进行计算,3种理论模型的计算值与实测值的相关系数均值分别为:0.643、0.937、0.943,推荐使用Coté-Konrad模型和Lu-Ren模型计算土壤导热率,Lu-Ren模型比Coté-Konrad模型的适用范围更广。     

基于颜色及纹理特征的果蔬种类识别方法

为更好地表述果蔬图像纹理特征,提高智能果蔬识别系统识别准确性,提出一种颜色完全局部二值模式纹理特征提取算法。果蔬识别系统模型利用颜色完全局部二值模式提取图像纹理特征,利用HSV颜色直方图、外点/内点颜色直方图提取图像颜色特征,采用匹配得分融合算法将颜色和纹理特征相融合,采用最近邻分类器实现果蔬农产品分类。通过不同光照条件下和不同数量训练样本条件下的试验得出：颜色完全局部二值模式的果蔬图像纹理表述能力明显优于和差直方图等果蔬图像纹理操作子,识别率提升最小在5%以上,更适合果蔬分类;对比其他纹理特征提取算法,采用颜色完全局部二值模式与颜色特征进行融合时,识别率最优,时间开销约为1.1 s。该方法能够应用到智能果蔬识别系统中,提升系统识别准确性。     

近红外光谱法在土壤有机质研究中的应用

近红外光谱技术(Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,NIRS)具有快速、低成本、无损等优点。目前利用NIRS获取土壤信息已成为国内外学者研究的重点,但是在我国利用NIRS对土壤成分进行定量分析才刚刚起步。本文简要介绍了近红外光谱分析的基本原理、模型的建立及评价,详细论述了该技术在预测土壤有机质及其组分方面的应用,并对NIRS在我国土壤有机质定量研究方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

Effect of a pilot community intervention on fruit and vegetable intakes: use of FACET (Five-a-day Community Evaluation Tool)

BACKGROUND: In 2001 the UK Department of Health funded pilot community-based interventions to improve fruit and vegetable intakes in five economically deprived areas of England. The effectiveness of the programme and the use of a brief tool for evaluating community interventions are reported here. METHODS: Data on intakes of and beliefs about fruit and vegetables were collected by a short postal questionnaire (FACET--Five-a-day Community Evaluation Tool) simultaneously from 810 individuals living in the pilot communities and 270 individuals who were participating in an unrelated observational study (controls). Data were collected before and after a 12-month intervention period. Quantitative dietary data derived from 7-day food diaries available for control subjects were used to assess the ability of the FACET questionnaire to estimate fruit and vegetable intakes. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the intervention group significantly increased their knowledge of the 5-a-day optimum (P<0.01) and reported increased access to fruits and vegetables (P<0.001). Overall, the intervention had no demonstrable effect on total fruit and vegetable intakes as measured by FACET. However, smoking habit strongly predicted change in fruit and vegetable intakes (P<0.01) in the intervention group. Opposite trends were observed in the two groups, with 'smokers' and 'non-smokers' in the intervention and control groups respectively reducing their fruit and vegetable intakes. The FACET questionnaire agreed with food diary estimates of fruit and vegetable intakes in 56% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based interventions can produce important changes in knowledge of and access to fruit and vegetables. However, in this study change in fruit and vegetable intakes was strongly influenced by smoking habit. This bias needs to be considered in planning future intervention and evaluation programmes. The FACET questionnaire provides acceptable estimates of fruit and vegetable intakes which may be used for grading intake in large community-based projects.     

软体机械手爪在果蔬采摘中的应用研究进展

基于现有的果蔬采摘机械手大多是由刚性元件设计加工而成,存在质量大、柔顺性较差以及作业时容易对果蔬造成伤害等问题,而软体机械手爪(以下简称软体手)是一种由柔性材料制成,可以根据负载变化来改变自身形状和尺寸并且具有无限自由度的新型末端执行器。该文综述了果蔬采摘机械手应具备的特点以及传统采摘机械手的局限性、软体机械手爪的概念、发展现状、在果蔬采摘中的应用等相关问题,归纳了软体机械手爪在果蔬采摘作业中的先进性和优势,并分析了几种常见驱动方式的软体机械手爪在果蔬抓取作动过程中的优缺点,探讨了果蔬采摘装置的建模、控制等相关问题以及未来的发展趋势,可为果蔬无损采摘机械手的研制提供新的思路和方法。     

Reliability and validity of a questionnaire to measure personal, social and environmental correlates of fruit and vegetable intake in 10-11-year-old children in five European countries

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the internal consistency of the scales and the test-retest reliability and predictive validity of behaviour theory-based constructs measuring personal, social and environmental correlates of fruit and vegetable intake in 10-11-year-old children. DESIGN: Test-retest with one-week interval. SETTING: Five European countries: Norway, Spain, Denmark, Portugal, Belgium. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and twenty-six children completed the questionnaire during class hours. RESULTS: For the total sample across all countries, the test-retest reliability was good to very good (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.60) for 12 out of the 15 fruit constructs and also for 12 out of the 15 vegetable constructs. Acceptable ICCs, ranging between 0.50 and 0.59, were found for the remaining constructs. Test-retest reliability was comparable across countries. Only in Portugal were some significantly lower ICCs found for some constructs (knowledge and barriers related to fruit, general self-efficacy related to fruit and vegetables) compared with the other countries. Cronbach's alpha values were moderate to high (range 0.52 to 0.89) with the exception of the general self-efficacy scale, which had a value below 0.50 for both fruit (alpha=0.42) and vegetables (alpha=0.49). Spearman correlations with intake ranged between -0.16 and 0.54 for personal determinants and between 0.05 and 0.38 for environmental determinants. Compared with other studies, predictive validity can be considered moderate to good. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire provides a reliable, valid and easy-to-administer tool for assessing personal, social and environmental factors of potential influence on fruit and vegetable intake in 10-11-year-olds.     

Urine flavonoids and plasma carotenoids in the validation of fruit, vegetable and tea intake during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)

OBJECTIVE: To validate a new food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for measuring the intake of fruit, vegetables and tea reported by women participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). DESIGN: Intake of fruits, vegetables and tea estimated by the FFQ was compared with urinary flavonoid excretion, plasma carotenoid concentration and intake measured by a 4-day weighed food diary (FD). The triangular method was applied to calculate FFQ validity coefficients using two independent biomarkers. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: One hundred and nineteen women participating in MoBa. RESULTS: The FFQ estimate of fruit intake was significantly correlated with urine phloretin (r = 0.33), citrus fruit/juice with urine hesperetin (r = 0.44), cooked vegetables with plasma alpha-carotene (r = 0.37), and tea with urine kaempferol (r = 0.41) (P < 0.01 for all). On average, 60% of the participants fell into the same or adjacent quintiles when classified by FFQ and biomarkers. Significant correlations between the FFQ and FD were found for fruit (r = 0.39), vegetables (r = 0.34), juices (r = 0.50) and tea (r = 0.53). The FFQ validity coefficient was 0.65 for citrus fruit/juice and 0.59 for cooked vegetables as calculated by the triangular method. CONCLUSIONS: The validation study shows that the MoBa FFQ can be used to estimate fruit, juice, vegetable and tea intake in pregnant Norwegian women, and to rank individuals within the distribution.