民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带土壤粒径分形特征研究

通过野外采样与室内试验,分析了民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带土壤粒径分布分形特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系,结果表明:(1)民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带白刺群落土壤以细砂为主,梭梭、沙拐枣群落土壤以中砂、粗砂为主;土壤粒径分形维数为2.144～2.398,3种植被类型土壤粒径分形维数均为固定沙丘半固定沙丘流动沙丘(或平沙地流动沙丘)。(2)土壤粒径分形维数与黏粒(0.005 mm)、粉粒(0.005～0.05 mm)含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与细砂(0.1～0.25 mm)、中砂(0.25～0.5 mm)、粗砂(0.5～1 mm)含量呈负相关但不显著,与极细砂(0.05～0.1 mm)、极粗砂(1～2 mm)含量呈正相关但也不显著。(3)分形维数D值与全氮、速效磷含量分别呈极显著正相关(p0.01)和显著正相关(p0.05),土壤黏粒含量与有机质、全氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关(p0.05),土壤粉粒、砂粒含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),土壤分形维数D值和黏粒、粉粒、砂粒含量与土壤含水量、全钾、速效钾、全盐、p H值相关关系均不显著。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林恢复过程中土壤粒径演变特征

[目的]研究土壤颗粒分形维数与樟子松人工林恢复时间的关系,为评价毛乌素沙地植被恢复对土壤颗粒特征的影响提供数据支撑。[方法]以自然荒草地为对照,选择不同恢复年限樟子松人工林土壤为研究对象,分析了不同林龄樟子松林下土壤基本理化性质、颗粒粒径含量和分形维数,开展毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林恢复过程中土壤粒径演变特征研究。[结果] 3种不同林龄樟子松土壤中细砂粒含量最多,极粗砂粒含量最少,并且随着土层深度的增加细砂粒含量和粗砂粒含量呈增加的趋势,而黏粒含量、粉粒含量以及极细砂粒含量呈现减少的趋势。随着土层深度的增加土壤中全氮、全磷、有机质以及土壤含水率均呈现减小的趋势。不同林龄下樟子松土壤颗粒分形维数范围为2.27～2.71,均值大小顺序表现为50 a>60 a>40 a>CK;全氮含量和土壤含水率的均值大小顺序均表现为60 a>50 a>CK>40 a;全磷含量和有机质含量的均值大小顺序均表现为60 a>50 a>40 a>CK。全氮、全磷和土壤有机质含量与分形维数间呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.391,0.418,0.522。[结论]樟子...     

闽南山地3种典型植被类型土壤分形与养分特征

[目的]探索闽南山地不同植被类型土壤分形特征及其与表层土壤颗粒组成、养分含量的相关关系,为评价闽南山地典型植被类型土壤质量,开展土地利用结构调整、土壤侵蚀防治及生态修复等提供参考。[方法]选取土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型对3种典型植被类型林地土壤的分形维数D值进行计算,并与土壤颗粒组成及土壤养分进行相关性分析。[结果]土壤颗粒体积分形维数D值从大到小依次为次生林马尾松林柑橘林;分形维数D值与土壤黏粒和粉粒体积百分数存在显著正相关关系,与砂粒体积百分含量呈显著负相关(p0.05);土壤pH值、全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机碳含量从大到小均为:次生林马尾松林柑橘林;土壤容重为柑橘林马尾松林次生林;分形维数D值与柑橘林的土壤水解性氮含量呈显著正相关,与马尾松林的水解性氮含量、土壤全磷、全钾含量呈显著正相关,与次生林的土壤全磷含量、水解性氮含量呈显著正相关,与有机碳含量均呈显著负相关。[结论]闽南山地不同植被类型会显著影响表层土壤体积分形维数及养分含量,利用土壤体积分形维数可一定程度上反映不同植被类型的土壤颗粒组成及其养分含量。     

沂源石灰岩山地不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形特征研究

运用分形学理论与方法对沂源石灰岩山地营造的3种不同植被类型和封禁条件下灌草丛的土壤颗粒分形特征进行研究,结果表明:(1)不同植被类型土壤颗粒粒径质量百分含量差异显著,有林地粉黏粒含量明显高于灌草地.(2)有林地的分形维数明显大于灌草地,其中,侧柏扶芳藤混交林最大,灌草丛最小.(3)不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤粉黏粒含量和细砂粒含量之间呈明显的正相关(线性)关系,与极粗砂粒呈明显的负相关(线性)关系.(4)不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤不均匀系数呈较好负相关(线性)关系.除灌草丛外,其它3种植被类型土壤均为级配连续、不均匀性良好的土壤.采用土壤颗粒分形维数评价不同植被类型土壤结构和质地是一个重要的量化指标.     

PLA平铺沙障对沙丘土壤颗粒分形特征的影响

采用室外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,统计分析了毛乌素沙地PLA沙障铺设5年后的土壤颗粒粒径组成、分形维数及其与土壤砂粒(0.05 mm)、粉粒(0.05~0.002 mm)和黏粒(0.002 mm)含量的之间的关系。结果表明:研究区沙物质颗粒主要以粒径大于0.05 mm的细沙、极细沙为主。设置PLA沙障后,导致沙丘中粗沙含量减少,黏粒物质增加。沙障规格对土壤分形维数的影响表现为规格越小,土壤分形维数越大。沙丘表层分形维数与砂粒含量(0.05 mm)呈极显著的负相关关系,而与黏粒含量呈极显著的正相关关系。该地区颗粒分形维数的临界粒径为0.05 mm粒径物质,低于0.05 mm的颗粒含量越多,分形维数越高,反之则越低。设置PLA沙障后,黏粒物质聚集和沙粒物质的降低共同导致分形维数的增加。     

丹江鹦鹉沟小流域不同土地利用类型的粒径特征及土壤颗粒分形维数

选取丹江鹦鹉沟流域78个不同土壤剖面,应用分形理论研究不同土地利用类型的土壤颗粒分形特征和空间变异性以及与土壤养分的相关关系.结果表明:(1)研究区的土壤粒径分布中,粉粒含量占主导地位,粉粒含量百分比在45.41％～66.19％之间,粘粒含量和极粗砂粒含量相对较低.(2)小流域土壤颗粒的分形维数不能用半方差模型和Kriging插值来模拟.表层土壤颗粒分形维数受土壤侵蚀影响较大.(3)陡坡以下,土层较厚且质量较好的地块往往被用作农地,致使相同坡度下,土壤颗粒分形维数表现为农地＞林草地.(4)分形维数与不同粒级含量的相关性具有明显差异,其中,分形维数与粉粘粒含量呈显著线性正相关,与细砂粒、中粗砂粒和极粗砂粒含量呈线性负相关.(5)农地和草地0-10 cm土壤颗粒的分形维数随坡度的增加呈降低趋势,但坡度对林地的分形维数影响很小.(6)分形维数在4个土层均与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,在0-10 cm与有机质含量呈显著负相关.     

向家坝工程扰动区不同生态修复模式边坡土壤颗粒分形特征

[目的]研究不同生态修复后边坡土壤颗粒分形特征,为分形维数作为评价修复后向家坝工程扰动区边坡土壤质量的综合指标提供科学依据。[方法]以向家坝工程扰动区6种不同生态修复模式下的0—10 cm边坡土壤为研究对象,通过野外采样和室内试验,采用单重和多重分形理论相结合的方法,研究自然演替与人工修复模式下土壤粒径分布(PSD)和分形特征及土壤养分特征并分析了其相关关系。[结果]不同生态修复模式下土壤颗粒组成以粉粒和砂粒为主,黏粒含量较少,粒径分布不均匀。天然林地土壤养分含量相对较高且土壤颗粒较细。黏粒与D_v呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤有机碳和速效氮呈显著正相关(p<0.05),粉粒含量与D₁,D₂呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),砂粒与D₁,D₂呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。土壤养分与黏粒、粉粒含量呈不显著正相关,与砂粒含量,D₁,D₂呈不显著负相关。[结论]向家坝工程扰动区土壤颗粒以粉粒和砂粒为主,土壤质地较...     

黄河三角洲滩地土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤有机质的关系

土壤粒径分布影响土壤的水力特性、土壤肥力以及土壤侵蚀状况等,是重要土壤物理性状之一.以黄河三角洲滩地土壤为研究对象,利用单重与多重分形学理论和方法,对黄河三角洲滩地不同土地利用方式土壤的分形特征及其与土壤有机质的相关性进行研究.结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤单重分形维数D有显著影响,D值介于2.465 7～2.678 9,其中,林地的D值最大,粘粒含量最高,砂粒含量最低;而荒草地的D值最小,粘粒含量最低,砂粒含量最高;土壤粒径分布的多重分形参数D0(容量维数)、D1(信息维数)和D1/D0(信息维数/容量维数)的值因土地利用方式不同而出现规律性的趋势,均表现为刺槐林地>欧美杨林地>棉花地>荒草地;土壤单重分形和多重分形参数均与土壤有机质含量之间存在显著的相关性,而且普遍高于土壤质地与有机质的相关性.土壤分形及多重分形参数能较好地表征黄河三角洲滩地不同土地利用方式对土壤结构性状和土壤肥力的影响与改变,可为黄河三角洲滩地的治理与开发提供理论依据和技术指导.     

耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形维数及其与主要土壤特性的关系

四川 1 6个耕地表层的土壤颗粒表面分形维数D为 2 80 5～ 2 942 ,其中砂土2 82 1、壤土 2 870、粘壤土 2 91 6和粘土 2 939。统计分析表明D分别与国际制粗砂粒和细砂粒含量呈极显著负相关 ,与粉粒和粘粒含量呈极显著正相关 ;它与粉粒、粘粒和有机质含量的偏相关关系达极显著水平 ,与容重的偏相关关系达显著水平     

土壤分形特征与土壤肥力关系研究--以皖南地区水稻土为例

在安徽土壤普查数据的基础上,对皖南地区水稻土的分形特征进行了研究,结果表明:(1)该地区水稻土的分形维数D介于2.6717～2.9117之间,D分别与国际制粗砂粒和细砂粒含量呈明显的负相关,与粉砂粒和粘粒含量呈显著的正相关,其中与粘粒的相关关系达到极显著水平。(2)用分形维数代替土壤颗粒组成来研究土壤肥力特性,结果表明它可以较好地作为水稻土肥力特性的定量化指标。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。