内蒙古十大孔兑西柳沟流域土壤侵蚀及水土保持措施调查

[目的] 内蒙古十大孔兑地区属黄河中上游多沙粗沙区和生态脆弱区,对该区典型流域西柳沟的土壤侵蚀进行实地调查,分析流域土壤侵蚀特征及成因,为该区水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法] 于2022年9月19—26日和2023年6月21—26日沿X640解柴线（解家营—柴沟堡）和G109京拉线（北京—拉萨）2条公路分别布设15个调查点和14个集水区,对调查点及集水区植被、土壤、土壤侵蚀特征和水土保持措施等进行调查。[结果] 流域内草地片蚀较为严重,耕地侵蚀不严重,沟谷内裸地风蚀较为严重。上游黄土高原丘陵区沟蚀严重,且溯源侵蚀、下切侵蚀及沟岸扩张未停止,伴随较为严重的重力侵蚀。中游风沙区以风水复合侵蚀为主,大幅增加了流域的产沙总量。流域内道路建设及边坡开挖等人为扰动进一步加剧了侵蚀风险。径流泥沙含量测定结果验证了流域泥沙的主要来源为上游地区。流域内水土保持措施以植被措施及工程措施为主,虽已起到一定水土保持作用,但由于形式单一而未能发挥理想效果。[结论] 西柳沟短历时高强度的降雨特点叠加下层砒砂岩土壤条件共同加剧了该区土壤侵蚀,经济发展压力下的人类活动扰动加剧了生态风险,当地政府亟需持续增加水土保持投入,提高监管能力,加强对于土壤侵蚀的监测与机理研究,完善水土保持综合治理。     

中尺度流域土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响——以孤山川流域为例

[目的]探究中尺度孤山川流域土地利用/覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,为认识理解黄河泥沙变化,完善土壤侵蚀模型提供理论支持。[方法]根据TM影像及中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)获取流域土地利用/覆盖数据与表征土壤侵蚀的植被作用因子,通过土地利用变化转移矩阵,重点分析流域土地利用/覆盖变化引起的植被作用因子的变化。[结果]1975—1997年间,孤山川流域植被作用因子随着草地减少,耕地增加和植被覆盖度降低而增大,而在1997—2012年间,流域植被作用因子随着草地增加,耕地减少和植被覆盖度升高而增大。[结论]林地和草地是重要的林草措施,因此增加林草种植面积,对于减少土壤侵蚀具有重要意义。     

试验研究中尺度流域土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响——以孤山川流域为例

[目的]探究中尺度孤山川流域土地利用／覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,为认识理解黄河泥沙变化,完善土壤侵蚀模型提供理论支持.[方法]根据TM影像及中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)获取流域土地利用／覆盖数据与表征土壤侵蚀的植被作用因子,通过土地利用变化转移矩阵,重点分析流域土地利用／覆盖变化引起的植被作用因子的变化.[结果] 1975-1997年间,孤山川流域植被作用因子随着草地减少,耕地增加和植被覆盖度降低而增大,而在1997-2012年间,流域植被作用因子随着草地增加,耕地减少和植被覆盖度升高而增大.[结论]林地和草地是重要的林草措施,因此增加林草种植面积,对于减少土壤侵蚀具有重要意义.     

十大孔兑流域水土流失分布特征及防治对策

[目的] 通过分析十大孔兑水土流失面积、强度及水土流失动态变化,为流域综合治理提供参考依据。[方法] 基于全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果和全国水土流失动态监测成果,对比分析流域水土流失及其分布、动态变化。[结果] 十大孔兑流域植被面积占流域面积的63.97%,以中低覆盖和低覆盖为主,分别占植被覆盖面积的48.85%和36.54%。2021年水土流失面积为4374.98 km²,占流域面积的40.63%;与2020年、1999年和1985年相比,2021年水土流失分别减少46.32,3 664.50,4 958.03 km²,水土流失主要分布在草地、林地、耕地和其他土地4个地类上,占水土流失总面积的96.69%。[结论] 十大孔兑依然是黄河流域水土流失治理的难点地区,高强度侵蚀减少与年度监测成果未考虑沟道侵蚀有关;该区应坚持以“以沙棘种植为主的植被建设,以淤地坝建设为重点的工程布局,以锁边固沙为前提的治沙方针,大力推进拦沙换水试点工程”的流域综合治理策略。     

基于小流域土壤侵蚀严重指数的县域土壤侵蚀制图研究

[目的] 开展水土流失调查，提取和制作必需的数据、图件及相关资料，实现水土流失调查对县域水土保持规划的全面支撑。[方法] 基于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市拜泉县小流域划分，开展土壤侵蚀严重指数图、土壤侵蚀强度图和水土流失面积比例图的对比分析。[结果] 基于小流域土壤侵蚀严重指数的县域土壤侵蚀图具有明显的比较优势：①该图能够综合反映县域水土流失的面积、强度和分布，并定量、精准地落实到水蚀单元——小流域上；②基于该图，能够直接生成规划必需的水土流失重点防治区分布图、水土流失防治格局图和重点项目分布图；③基于该图，结合小流域土壤侵蚀强度图，可为小流域尺度上、治理模式层面的措施典型设计及其配置提供落实到地块的基础数据。[结论] 从开展水土流失调查，划定水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区、全面支撑水土保持规划的全流程角度分析，基于小流域土壤侵蚀严重指数的县域土壤侵蚀制图具有更好的比较优势。     

延河流域水土保持措施减蚀效应分析

 利用延河流域35个雨量站50多年的日降雨、数字高程模型、土壤类型图、土地利用图和植被覆盖图、水土保持措施调查数据,结合黄土高原的区域特征,运用CSLE,在ArcGIS的支持下分别计算研究区1986、1997和2006年土壤侵蚀量,以1986年的水土保持措施实施情况作为基期水平,模拟1997、2006年在水土保持基期水平情景下的土壤侵蚀量,对比分析水土保持措施变化对土壤侵蚀量的影响。结果表明:以1986年作为基期,新增水土保持措施在1997年减少土壤侵蚀量96万t,在2006年减少土壤侵蚀量628万t;考虑2006年降雨特征不同于研究区多年降雨特征,按照2006年降雨特征计算,则新增水土保持措施在2006年减少土壤侵蚀量140万t。研究结果可为延河流域水土保持效益评价、水土流失治理和生态建设提供参考。     

湖北省水土保持监测站点的空间优化布局

[目的]对湖北省水土保持监测站点空间优化布局进行探究,为该区水土保持监测系统的完善、水土保持科学管理与决策提供支撑。[方法]收集湖北省土壤侵蚀相关资料,利用GIS空间分析功能开展湖北省土壤侵蚀强度分级评价,在此基础上应用尺度理论对监测站点进行空间优化布局,并对优化结果进行分析验证。[结果]经过优化研究,湖北省共需布设86个监测点,其中一级尺度12个监测点,二级尺度26个监测点,三级尺度布设48个监测点。经泰森多边形验证,优化后的站点布设合理,控制突出,层次分明。[结论]湖北省丹江口水库周边山地丘陵水质维护保土区、南阳盆地及大洪山丘陵保土农田防护区和鄂渝山地水源涵养保土区水土流失严重,需要在现有基础上进一步增加水土保持监测站点密度;江汉平原及周边丘陵农田防护人居环境维护区等地区水土流失轻微,可适当减少水土流失监测站点数量。     

黄土高原水土保持工作70年回顾与启示

[目的]总结新中国成立70 a(1949—2019年)黄土高原水土保持工作的经验,为该区生态环境保护和高质量发展提供借鉴。[方法]在长期的野外考察和科学研究基础上,研究了大量有关黄土高原水土保持工作的文献资料。[结果]按照水土保持的主要目标和措施,将过去70 a黄土高原的水土保持工作概括为因害设防阶段(1949—1980)、综合治理阶段(1980—2000)和生态修复阶段(2000以后)。建议新时期的水土保持工作应该重视以下4个方面。①科学理性认识黄土高原水土流失治理现实状况;②坚持努力提高水土流失区社会经济实力和生产水平,改善群众生活条件。③关注大规模水土保持措施和水土流失治理工程的环境效应。④研发应对在治理度较高条件下出现的新问题、新技术。[结论]经过70 a的水土流失治理,黄土高原在植被恢复重建、水土保持基础设施建设、坡面土壤侵蚀控制、减少入黄泥沙等方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。但是必须清醒地看到该区水土资源保护和水土流失防治的任务仍然十分艰巨。水土保持工作必须持之以恒地致力于提高黄土高原水土流失治理和社会经济发展速度与质量,为全面实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略目标作出贡献。     

泰国北部山区土壤侵蚀调查报告

[目的]在泰国北部山区开展实地调查,研究该区土壤侵蚀特征,旨在为泛第三极暖湿区的土壤侵蚀预报和水土流失治理提供依据。[方法]以位于北部山区的清莱府为泰国土壤侵蚀典型区域的代表区域,选取18个调查单元(小流域/矩形区),于2018年11月22—29日调查了该区土壤侵蚀的类型与特征、土地利用类型及其空间分布、植被类型及盖度、耕地状况和作物类型、水土保持措施等。[结果]土壤侵蚀主要发生在道路、田地边坡、坡耕地(尤其是新耕种的坡地)和建设用地边坡,部分林下也可见侵蚀沟发育。未经硬化的土路大多存在不同程度的侵蚀,部分道路形成严重的侵蚀沟。坡耕地的侵蚀在新耕种的田块及其边坡处尤为严重,田块内部主要表现为细沟和浅沟侵蚀,以新近种植的菠萝地最为严重。林下土壤侵蚀主要出现在林下裸露的橡胶纯林内,甚至有浅沟和切沟出现。18个调查单元的平均土壤侵蚀模数介于480.9～3 565.3t/(km~2·a)之间,总体平均为1 767.9t/(km~2·a)。该区域土壤侵蚀模数及其空间变异的主控因素是地形因子。[结论]泰国北部山区虽有大面积的森林覆盖,但采用的水土保持措施相对简单,对开垦坡地的不合理利用引起了严重的人为加速侵蚀,加之该区地形复杂,导致土壤侵蚀严重威胁生态安全和粮食安全。同时,该区的土壤侵蚀基础观测资料缺乏,迫切需要加强土壤侵蚀的基础研究和基础数据的采集,提升对该区域土壤侵蚀过程与机理的认识,注重水土保持措施的综合运用,同时加强土壤培肥、污染防治和土壤保育等措施,保障泰国农业的可持续健康发展。     

黄土高原地区水土保持科学研究的重点领域

针对黄土高原地区生态建设的需求与水土保持科学研究现状,分析了黄土高原水土保持科学研究的成就与发展趋势,提出该区未来需加强土壤侵蚀过程、机制及侵蚀模型、植被恢复的潜力及调控、大尺度土壤侵蚀及水土保持的格局与规律、水土流失及治理的环境效应评价理论与模型、水土流失治理的生态服务功能评价和不同尺度水土保持与生态建设模式研究等重点研究领域。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.