竖壁贴附送风改善冷藏库内流场特性

果蔬贮藏期间,冷藏库内的气流分布是影响果蔬贮藏品质和送风能量利用率的关键因素,合理的气流组织对冷藏库内流场分布是至关重要的。该研究以某苹果冷藏库为研究对象,采用竖壁贴附送风方式,并对其流场建立了三维稳态的SST k?ω湍流模型来研究库内流场的分布特性以及货物的冷却效果,同时与传统的冷风机直吹送风的流场特性进行了对比。结果表明:在相同送风量下,相比冷风机直吹送风方式,竖壁贴附送风使得库内温度不均匀系数和速度不均匀系数分别降低了31%和47%。而且竖壁贴附送风使库内空气与货物的换热更加充分,进而使得送风的能量利用率提高了19%。因此,竖壁贴附送风方式应用于冷藏库是一种有效且节能的气流组织方式。     

装设均匀送风管道对冷藏库气流流场特性的改善

果蔬冷藏环境对库内温湿度及速度场的均匀性有较高要求,采用冷风机加均匀送风管道的形式可以更好地满足果蔬贮藏的条件。该文针对某200 t苹果冷藏库,研究了库内装设与不装设均匀送风管道时库内的温度场、速度场及相对湿度场的分布情况。文中建立了冷风机(加均匀送风管道)-货物-库内空气环境的气体流动、传热与传质的三维耦合数学求解模型。在冷风机送风速度为5.24 m/s,送风温度为271.15 K,送风相对湿度为90%的条件下,数值模拟研究了冷藏库内速度场、温度场及相对湿度场,并通过计算不均匀系数及空气分布特性指标(air diffusion performance index,ADPI)对流场特性进行了评价。结果显示,当库内装设均匀送风管道时货物区速度不均匀系数比不设送风管道时降低22.65%,温度不均匀系数降低20%,相对湿度不均匀系数降低22.73%,空气分布特性指标增大11.13%。因此,装设均匀送风管道时库内速度场、温度场及相对湿度场均更加均匀。     

纤维风管喷射渗透比对冷藏库内流场特性的影响

纤维风管因具有均匀送风的特点而适用于冷库中,为了明确其开孔形成的喷射送风和风管表面渗透送风的占比对于库内贮藏环境的影响,该研究以西安某实际苹果冷藏库为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法研究了纤维风管喷射渗透比为仅喷射送风、3∶1、1∶1、1∶2和仅渗透送风这5种工况下冷藏库内速度场和温度场,以确定贮藏环境适宜的喷射渗透比。结果表明:在冷风机制冷量一定的前提下,随着喷射渗透比值降低(即喷射送风量减少),冷藏库内空气区平均速度近似线性降低且速度均匀性逐渐升高,相对于纯喷射工况而言,喷射与渗透相结合的送风方式可以更好地满足冷藏库风速要求;随着喷射渗透比值降低,冷藏库内货物区平均温度先降后升且温度均匀性逐渐降低,说明喷射为主渗透为辅的送风方式更能满足贮藏环境温度的要求。研究表明喷射渗透比为3∶1时库内平均速度低于0.5 m/s,货物平均温度为(0±0.5)℃,苹果贮藏环境适宜。研究结果为果蔬冷藏库纤维风管的设计及选型提供理论参考。     

冷藏库内气体流场数值模拟与验证

计算流体力学(CFD)在各种与流体相关的领域内广泛应用，并取得了很好的效果。合理的气体流场才能保证均匀的温度场，这对冷藏库内货物的降温速率和贮藏质量起着至关重要的作用，而常规设计方法很难得到合理的气体流场。本研究以一个(长×宽×高)4.5 m×3.3 m×2.5 m的实验冷库为对象，建立了二维紊流数值计算模型，并采用了SIMPLE算法和交错网格技术进行了求解计算。实验验证表明模型与实际吻合较好。模拟研究揭示整个冷库的流场存在一个中心大回流区、流场主流贴附边界流动、流场在拐角处速度减小。在此基础上，还对可能影响冷藏库内气流组织的多个设计参数(冷风机出口风速，拐角挡板，货物等)进行了模拟研究，研究表明这些参数对冷藏库内流场和温度场都有巨大的影响，进一步说明CFD工具在冷藏库设计和优化设计过程中的重要作用和意义。     

CFD模拟气调库快速降氧过程O_2和CO_2浓度变化规律

O2和CO2浓度对果蔬的贮藏品质有着极大的影响,获得其在气调库内的变化和分布规律可以为气调库优化设计提供理论依据。该文以西安某苹果气调库为研究对象,采用k-ε紊流模型建立了气调库内气体流动、传热与传质的三维数学求解模型,并通过编写UDF程序获得苹果呼吸强度和冷风机送风口O2、CO2质量分数随库内气体组分浓度变化实时数据。经过对该气调库的快速降氧过程数值模拟获得库内O2和CO2浓度随时间变化的规律,并与试验数据呈现较好的一致性,相对偏差平均值为0.027。结果表明库内气体区O2浓度随时间呈指数衰减。该文的研究对象经过4.1 h,气体区O2浓度下降速度小于货物区,此时提高制氮机制氮体积分数会缩短降氧时间。气体区和货物区CO2浓度变化规律相似,升高速度逐渐变小。库内O2和CO2浓度分布在气体区比较均匀,在货物区则存在一定的梯度,货物区中心位置不利于果蔬的贮藏。该文研究对于获取实际气调库降氧时间及选择合理的制氮机,改进气调工艺具有重要参考价值。     

冷库空气幕流场的非稳态数值模拟及验证

为了真实地研究冷库空气幕开启后冷库气流场和温度场的变化规律,该文建立了冷库三维模型,利用CFD模拟软件对试验冷库空气幕的流场进行了非稳态模拟,预测库门和空气幕开启60 s内冷库温度场和气流场的变化,并对温度场模拟结果进行了试验验证。模拟结果得出库门和空气幕开启后,空气幕射流的中心主流速度衰减慢,而两侧气流的速度衰减快,库外热空气从入口两侧和底部侵入库内;冷库内靠近冷风机一侧底部的温度上升较快;侵入的热空气改变了冷气流的流动轨迹,冷热空气存在压力差导致冷库中心处形成多个涡旋,从而破坏了库内均匀的气流组织。在今后的研究中可以通过数值模拟优化冷库空气幕的送风速度、喷口宽度等参数,从而提高冷库空气幕的隔离性能,维持库内控温要求。     

果蔬冷库进货期间货物温度稳定性的影响因素

温度是果蔬贮藏环境最重要的参数。为了研究果蔬进库过程中影响货物温度稳定性的因素,该文以西安某苹果冷藏库为研究对象,建立冷库环境三维非稳态数值求解模型,模拟了进货过程中新进货物摆放间距、进货温度和进货量对达到贮藏条件货物温度稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明,在实际运行管理中,存在适宜的进货温度和进货量,可使苹果贮藏环境受进货过程影响最小,进货效率最高;增大进货间距可以减小对货物温度场的影响,进货摆放间距并不是越大越好。该文研究的冷库,进货过程中货物应先预冷到3℃再进库,进货摆放间距为0.5 m,进货量不大于10%。     

干雾湿度控制系统的组建及果蔬贮藏保鲜应用试验

为了实现果蔬贮藏所需环境恒定高湿度的精准自动控制,该文作者以净化水和压缩空气为原料,采用特殊的雾化器、湿度传感器及微电脑控制终端等组件,设计组建了干雾湿度控制系统,可喷发2~10μm的水雾离子均匀扩散到环境空气中,提供90%~98%的精确高湿度。加湿性能及加湿效果测试证明该系统可有效实现果蔬贮藏库内恒定湿度的精准自动控制。果蔬贮藏保鲜应用试验表明,干雾湿度控制系统可有效防止未包装果蔬在贮藏过程中的失水失质量,延长其贮藏保鲜期1倍以上。作为采后果蔬贮运保鲜加湿的技术,干雾湿度控制系统具有低温下高湿度不会凝露滴水,库内呈"干爽"状态,节能环保,节约劳动力等优点,可替代采用聚乙烯薄或袋的保湿保鲜方法。     

乙二醇蓄冷库性能及其在黄冠梨保鲜上的应用

为解决果蔬贮藏保鲜设施运行成本高的问题,促进产地冷藏设施建设,研制了以乙二醇为载冷剂的蓄冷库,并对该库的性能、贮藏保鲜效果和运行成本进行了分析,探讨该冷库用于果品贮藏保鲜的可能性。研究发现乙二醇蓄冷库的平均温度为0.18~0.32℃,测温点间最大温差为0.8℃,好于对照冷藏库。结果说明乙二醇蓄冷库的温度稳定性和均匀性较好,有利于保障果品贮藏品质。乙二醇蓄冷库和对照冷藏库用于贮藏黄冠梨,贮藏效果差异不大。一个贮藏周期一间容量30t的乙二醇蓄冷库,用电量略高于对照冷藏库;但因实行峰谷电价,运行电费仅是对照冷库的75%。总体来说,与对照冷藏库相比,研制的乙二醇蓄冷库性能优良,保鲜效果理想,运行成本更低,是实施峰谷电价地区适宜的果品贮藏保鲜设施。     

冷板冷藏汽车箱体内温度场的数值模拟及试验

冷板冷藏汽车内空气的温度分布对其储运能力有很大影响,均匀的温度场使得货物在运输过程中品质得到有效保证。该文采用数值模拟方法,计算空载车箱内部温度场,并分析不同堆码方式对货物区温度场及流场的影响。通过对不同情况下冷板冷藏汽车箱体内的温度场特性进行数值模拟研究,得出了车箱内温度分布规律及其影响因素,可为其结构的优化改造及运输货物堆放方式合理性的验证提供理论依据。模拟研究发现车箱顶部温度相对较高,在该模型中货物区最高温差达到18℃左右,不利于货物贮运,建议顶部安装适量冷板并寻找合适的送风方式加强冷空气与货物的对流换热,以改善冷板冷藏汽车冷却速度慢的缺点。验证试验实测温度与模拟温度的偏差在1.7℃左右,两者偏差不大,说明所建立的模型适用于冷板冷藏车箱体内温度场的模拟。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.