黄土丘陵沟壑区安家沟流域水土保持科技示范园建设思路探讨

以黄土丘陵沟壑区第Ⅴ副区定西市安家沟流域水土保持科技示范园区为例,在分析园区概况的基础上,介绍了园区建设思路:充分利用区位优势、试验监测设施设备、水土保持治理成果、城郊生态防护林等有利条件,遵循生态性、特色性、综合性三大建设原则,确立试验研究与监测、治理技术示范、科普教育、休闲观光四大功能,采用"一心""两轴""三片""一坡"总体布局,因地制宜,补齐短板,改进思路,进行分区措施规划设计。     

吴中区水土保持科技示范园

正吴中区水土保持科技示范园位于江苏省苏州市吴中区越溪街道旺山村,园区面积610 hm2,共有生态修复保护区、水土保持成果示范推广区、水土保持苗木展示区、水土保持科研试验区、水土保持科普教育区五个区。园区科学布设了各项水土保持措施,形成了良好的水土流失综合防护体系,宜治理的水土流失面积全部得到治理。园区积极培育无公害茶叶和无公害经济林果,结合水土保持工程建设,营造旅游景点,形成"茶、果、林、旅游观光"治理模式,每年接待游客50万余人次。园区展馆面积500 m2,分为展示厅、多媒体教室、公共空间展示区和办公区域,采用声、光、     

环滇池地区2000-2020年“三生”空间格局演变及其驱动力

[目的] 研究环滇池地区“三生”空间格局演变及驱动力,为研究区国土空间优化和滇池保护提供支撑。[方法] 基于环滇池地区2000,2005,2010,2015和2020年5个时期土地利用和社会经济数据,采用空间分析、动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数和地理探测器等方法,分析环滇池地区2000—2020年“三生”空间格局演变及驱动力。[结果] ①环滇池地区生态空间和生产空间持续缩减,生活空间逐渐增加;“三生”空间综合动态度波动上升,但生产空间和生态空间单一动态度持续下降;生态空间和生产空间缩减区域与生活空间扩张区域均主要位于滇池周边;官渡区、安宁市和呈贡区“三生”空间变化最为剧烈。②空间转移特征表现为：生态空间和生产空间主要转向生活空间,生活空间主要转向生产空间;生态空间主要来源于生产空间,生产空间主要来源于生态空间,生活空间来源于生产空间和生态空间。③景观格局指数显示,“三生”空间破碎化有所降低,但仍处于较高水平,斑块形状先复杂后简单,凝聚程度先下降后紧实,“三生”空间中斑块呈现均匀化分布趋势,景观多样性增强。④自然地理因素是“三生”空间格局演变的基础性决定条件,社会经济因子是“三生”空间格局演变的直接推动力,政策规划因子是“三生”空间格局演变的间接推动力。[结论] 环滇池地区“三生”空间动态变化显著,空间差异明显,格局演变受到自然地理、社会经济和政策规划因子多重作用。     

南昌水土保持生态科技示范园

<正>南昌水土保持生态科技示范园位于安义县长埠镇长垅小流域内,距南昌市55km,园区规划面积61hm~2,属典型的红壤丘陵岗地。园区自2005年建设以来,始终坚持以"科普教育,科技示范"为重点,山、水、田、林、路、草统一规划,工程措施和非工程措施合理配置,形成了科技示范、科普教育、科技服务、生态休闲、生态修复五大功能区。目前,园区内水、电、路等基础设施完善,水土流失综合治理程度达     

木棉麓水土保持科技示范园

<正>木棉麓水土保持科技示范园位于南宁市那马镇,距市区约35 km,总面积40 hm~2。园区自2007年开始建设,分三期建成,共有四大功能区:一是水土保持科研观测试验区。该区包括9个径流观测小区、3个人工模拟降雨试验演示小区和15个水土保持草本植物试验小区。2014年,园区水土流失径流场被纳入全国动态监测与公告项目,成为国家级水土流失监测点。二是水土保持技术示范及宣教区。该区有坡耕地耕作措施及山地灌溉技术示范小区、坡地生态果业技术示范小区、水土保持科普展厅和水土保持优良植物展示箱。三是水土保持生态重建区。该区位于园区西侧坡地,应用生态学理论及先进的水土保持技术重建优美生态环境。四是水土保持休闲观光区。该区位于     

全国水土保持规划任务与总体布局

全国水土保持规划是预防和治理水土流失的总体战略部署。根据规划拟定的全国水土保持总体任务,今后一段时期我国水土保持工作的重点是抓好预防、治理、监管,协调推进,形成合力。规划总体布局以全国水土保持区划为基础,结合各区实际和在国家主体功能区划中的区域定位,根据水土保持需求,按照国家生态保护和建设的总体要求,以水土流失防治"六带六片"战略格局为指导,拟定了一级区水土流失防治方略和二级区区域布局,这对我国实施分区防治战略、优化水土保持格局具有重要意义。     

大坪村水土保持科技示范园建设的实践与思考

安定区大力发扬"三苦"精神,在推进生态环境建设的同时,充分发挥大坪村"老典型"的政治影响和区位优势,建设集水土流失综合防治技术示范、科普教育和科学试验、生态文化旅游为一体的水土保持科技示范园区。园区地理位置优越、地貌特征典型、交通条件便利、基础设施完善、生态景观向好,通过积极开展功能区划、综合防治、观测试验、舆论宣传、科普教育、技术推广、公益服务,充分发挥各项功能和作用,保障了园区运行正常和全面发展,为深入实施"水保立区"战略,积极推进"国家生态文明先行示范区"建设和全面建成小康社会营造了良好的社会生态,奠定了坚实基础。建议园区在"魂、园、特、绿"上做文章、再创造,实现示范引领、以园养园、彰显特色和绿色发展。     

铁岭市水土流失状况与分区防治对策

为因地制宜开展铁岭市水土流失治理工作,根据铁岭市的自然、社会经济、水土流失等情况,结合铁岭市水土保持分区,提出了"两带、三轴、三片"综合防治战略格局、分区防治方略、规划期的水土保持重点项目等,提出的分区防治对策为铁岭市水土保持工作明确了发展方向。     

创建水土保持示范园 树立生态文明先行区——下沙沟水土保持科技示范园区生态文明建设之路

自1999年下沙沟水土保持科技示范园开始建设以来,坚持以"空气清新、环境优美、生态良好、人居和谐"为示范目标,积极开展水土保持综合治理和科学技术研究,不断提高水土保持治理水平和科技含量,先后建成了工程建设景观、林业生态景观、农业生态景观、旅游观光景观、科研试验和科普教育基地等示范区,取得了良好的试验示范效果,如今园区已成为青海省东部黄土高原区域性的水土保持科技示范推广基地。介绍了下沙沟水土保持科技示范园在水土流失综合治理、发展特色种植养殖业、新技术应用、加强科普教育、严格科学管理、生态治理示范等方面取得的经验。     

东北黑土区水土保持重点工程措施保存现状及其问题

[目的]系统评估国家水土保持重点工程的措施保存情况，为东北黑土区水土流失治理提质增效提供依据，促进黑土地保护和水土保持高质量发展。[方法]以2019年以前在东北黑土区实施的国家水土保持重点工程为对象，选取52个小流域的坡面治理工程和8个小流域(项目区)的侵蚀沟治理工程开展调研，共抽核325个坡面图斑和32条侵蚀沟，并对结果进行分析诊断。[结果]全区水土保持重点工程中的治沟措施保存情况明显优于坡面措施，平均保存率分别为95.00%和56.51%。坡面治理措施的保存率存在明显的类别和空间分异，侵蚀沟治理措施普遍保存完好，生态节地型措施保存率较高，个别措施在部分地区需提质增效和加强管护。[结论]今后应加强东北黑土区梯田、地埂植物带等传统措施的优化和管护，研发适应现代农业的生态节地型水土保持新措施，并探索建设黑土地水土保持技术中试基地；定期开展重点工程成效评估，提出分区分类措施推荐名录，打造不同类型示范样本。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.