食盐添加量对预制鲈鱼冷藏保鲜及热加工特性的影响

为研究不同食盐添加量(0~2.0%)对鲈鱼冷藏保鲜及热加工特性的影响,采用差示扫描量热法,研究鲈鱼鱼肉的含水率、冰点、变性温度、热焓和比热容等热特性并进行分析。研究发现,预制鲈鱼的冰点和含水率随食盐添加量的增加而逐渐降低;加热温度50℃附近吸热峰的起始温度、终止温度及变性热焓随食盐添加量的增加均逐渐降低;70℃附近吸热峰仅明显存在于新鲜鲈鱼样品中,其他食盐添加量条件下70℃附近吸热峰消失;鲈鱼鱼肉的比热容随食盐添加量的增加未呈现明显的变化趋势(P0.05),当鱼肉处于冻结状态、肌球蛋白及肌动蛋白处于变性状态时,2.0%食盐添加量鲈鱼的比热容最高,当鱼肉处于未冻结状态时,1.0%食盐添加量鲈鱼的比热容最高。研究表明:在不同食盐添加量(0~2.0%)条件下,随着食盐添加量的增多,鲈鱼冰点和含水率逐渐下降,肌球蛋白变性温度向低温方向移动,峰高逐渐降低,变性热焓逐渐下降,肌动蛋白峰消失;添加食盐的鲈鱼比热容变化皆小于新鲜鲈鱼(除1.0%食盐添加量)(P0.05);在不同食盐添加量(0~2.0%)条件下,未冻结鱼肉的比热容高于冻结鱼肉(P0.05),加工后的鱼肉的比热容高于未加工的鱼肉(P0.05)。研究结果为预制鲈鱼热加工和低温贮藏的品质控制提供参考。     

生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼冰藏保鲜效果的影响

为延长冰藏海鲈鱼肉的保鲜期,以新鲜海鲈鱼为材料,研究冰藏条件下竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)、茶多酚(TP)、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)对海鲈鱼肉的保鲜效果;通过单因素和正交试验,以感官评分结合海鲈鱼肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、pH值和菌落总数(TBC)等指标表征其新鲜度,确定复合保鲜剂的最佳配比。结果表明,单一竹叶抗氧化物、茶多酚和Nisin的最佳保鲜浓度分别为0.3、0.4、0.7 g·L~(-1);海鲈鱼复合生物保鲜剂的最佳复配比为竹叶抗氧化物0.3 g·L~(-1)、茶多酚0.4 g·L~(-1)、Nisin 0.7 g·L~(-1),经此复合生物保鲜剂处理,海鲈鱼肉分别在冰藏第13、第19和第23天超出TVB-N一级、二级和三级鲜度范围,比未进行保鲜处理的空白组分别延长了6、4和6 d。该复合生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼肉有较好的保鲜效果,为海鲈鱼肉的生物保鲜提供了一定的科学依据。     

猪肉货架期理化预测指标筛选及阈值确定

为筛选能够预测猪肉货架期的理化指标,并确定相应阈值,采集24 h排酸猪肉,分别测定0、2、4、6、8和10℃贮藏温度下猪肉的感官品质、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、p H值、水分活度(Aw)、色差L*值、a*值和b*值,并记录达到感官可接受终点时的贮藏时间。结果表明,不同温度下TVB-N值、p H值随贮藏时间的延长而升高,Aw、L*值、a*值随贮藏时间的延长而降低,b*值无明显变化;不同温度下感官评定货架期分别为216、168、144、120、96和48 h。TVB-N值、p H值、Aw和a*值能够有效反映猪肉货架期期间品质变化,可作为猪肉货架期的指示指标,各指标阈值分别为22.87 mg·100g-1、6.13、0.9903和6.11。本研究结果为猪肉物流和贮藏期间货架期预测模型建立提供了技术支撑。     

漂洗和斩拌对海鲈鱼肌球蛋白理化特性的影响

为探究漂洗和斩拌对海鲈鱼肌球蛋白理化特性的影响,分别提取原料、漂洗鱼糜、斩拌鱼糜的肌球蛋白,通过测定总巯基、活性巯基、表面疏水性、浊度等基本性质,并结合红外光谱和原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)技术对肌球蛋白二级结构和表面形貌进行研究。结果表明:相比原料,漂洗鱼糜肌球蛋白总巯基含量降低19.5%,活性巯基增大63.9%,而斩拌鱼糜肌球蛋白总巯基和活性巯基的质量分数相比漂洗鱼糜分别降低22.6%和66.8%,漂洗鱼糜的肌球蛋白变性程度最大;肌球蛋白浊度和表面疏水性在经过漂洗和斩拌均增大,漂洗对表面疏水性影响更大,斩拌对浊度影响更大;红外光谱研究结果显示,漂洗对二级结构影响更明显,原料经过漂洗后,α-螺旋相对含量降低了33.16%,无规则卷曲相对含量增加了79.42%,β-折叠和β-转角分别增加1.11%和10.38%,斩拌后,鱼糜肌球蛋白二级结构变化率较低;漂洗和斩拌都可改变肌球蛋白的表面形貌,使肌球蛋白聚集簇明显减小,聚集高度增加。研究结果证明,漂洗和斩拌对肌球蛋白理化特性有很大的影响,是鱼糜具有更好的凝胶性能的重要步骤。     

基于鱼鳞明胶的可食性保鲜膜对金枪鱼肉的保鲜作用研究

为分析不同复合保鲜膜处理对金枪鱼的保鲜效果,以鱼鳞明胶为主料,添加桔子/柠檬精油和薄荷制备可食性保鲜膜,用于金枪鱼肉的冷藏保鲜,检测冷藏过程中金枪鱼肉的TVB-N值、pH值、菌落总数、肌红蛋白与高铁肌红蛋白含量、a^*值、TBA值的变化,并对金枪鱼的品质进行感官评价分析。结果表明,鱼鳞明胶膜中添加薄荷、桔子精油和柠檬精油均能不同程度地抑制金枪鱼肉中的微生物繁殖,减缓TVB-N值、TBA值和高铁肌红蛋白含量的升高,抑制鱼肉色泽的衰变,且薄荷与桔子/柠檬精油的复合有协同增效保鲜金枪鱼肉的作用。明胶膜中复合2%浓度的桔子/柠檬精油对金枪鱼肉风味略有覆盖,低浓度桔子/柠檬精油(1%)有优化金枪鱼鱼肉气味的作用,且以柠檬精油的效果更优,1%薄荷-1%桔子精油-鱼鳞明胶复合膜和1%薄荷-1%柠檬精油-鱼鳞明胶复合膜保鲜处理的金枪鱼肉的货架期可分别延长至 7 d 和8 d。本研究结果为制备高品质水产品可食性保鲜膜材料提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

解冻方式对调理猪肉饼品质的影响

为探索不同解冻方式对猪肉饼品质和蛋白质氧化程度的影响,本试验将-18℃冻藏的调理猪肉饼分别采用室温解冻、冷藏解冻、流水解冻以及盐水解冻4种方式进行解冻,通过测定解冻后肉饼的保水性(解冻损失率、离心损失率)、pH值、TBARS值、TVB-N值,并测定猪肉饼肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量、巯基含量、蛋白溶解等,分析不同解冻方式对其蛋白氧化程度的影响。结果表明,解冻对调理猪肉饼保水性有较大影响,其中空气解冻与冷藏解冻组的保水性最好,解冻损失维持在5.03%~5.75%之间,离心损失率在31.02%~32.19%之间;同时与新鲜肉饼组相比,空气解冻、盐水解冻和流水解冻组猪肉饼TVB-N值显著上升(P<0.05),盐水解冻组TVB-N值上升至3.17 mg·100g^-1;但解冻对调理肉饼pH值、TBARS值、色泽的影响均不显著(P>0.05);通过对肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度的测定发现,解冻会引起肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量上升、巯基含量和溶解度下降,SDS-PAGE试验也证明解冻会引起蛋白质发生不同程度的降解。本研究为实际生产中冻结肉制品解冻工艺的选择与优化提供了一定的理论依据。     

电子束辐照对美国红鱼杀菌保鲜效果的研究

以美国红鱼为对象,利用不同剂量电子束处理,对冷藏期内鱼肉菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、过氧化值（POV）及鲜度指标K值进行测定,分析不同剂量电子束辐照对美国红鱼肉的杀菌效果及品质影响。结果表明：电子束辐照能有效降低美国红鱼肉的菌落总数,其中D10=161kGy,D=540kGy,冷藏期间辐照组样品菌落生长缓慢,且辐照剂量越大,杀菌效果越强;电子束处理后美国红鱼肉TVB-N值、POV均有不同程度增加,但在冷藏期内对照组TVB-N值、POV、K值的上升速度大于辐照组样品;辐照对美国红鱼肉感官影响不明显,但6kGy辐照组鱼肉色泽略微变红。综合考虑,美国红鱼肉经4kGy 电子束辐照,能有效杀灭其中的微生物,冷藏条件下保质期可达到14d,比对照延长5d左右。     

大菱鲆复合生物保鲜剂的优化及保鲜效果研究

为了延长大菱鲆的货架期,选取乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、乳酸钠和海藻酸钠进行单因素试验,利用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计对复合生物保鲜剂进行复配优化,建立以第9天的鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量为响应值的二次多项式回归模型,并通过测定大菱鲆肌肉菌落总数、pH值、TVB-N含量、巯基含量、持水力,以及用低场核磁技术测定水分迁移和光学显微镜观测肌肉组织结构变化,验证最优配比复合保鲜剂的保鲜效果。结果表明,经方差分析和回归拟合,得到3种生物保鲜剂的最佳添加量为Nisin 0.04%、乳酸钠5.92%、海藻酸钠1.06%,经保存9 d的大菱鲆TVB-N有最小值(18.37 mg·100g^-1), 且Nisin与乳酸钠对大菱鲆的保鲜具有显著的交互作用(P<0.05),响应面模型与实际情况拟合较好。经复合保鲜剂处理过的4℃冷藏大菱鲆,货架期可延长至14 d。本研究为制备高品质水产品可食性涂膜提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

无水保活条件下团头鲂生理应激及鱼肉品质的变化

为探讨无水保活对团头鲂生理应激和肌肉品质的影响,该文研究了团头鲂无水保活所需的较佳条件,测定了未处理(对照)、无水和恢复3种状态下团头鲂的血液生化以及鱼肉成分、持水力、新鲜度、质构和游离氨基酸等品质指标。结果表明:团头鲂无水保活的较佳生活水温为(14.8±0.2)℃(冬季),以2℃/h降至休眠温度2℃,充氧包装后在2℃无水保活14 h,在当季暂养水温中((14.8±0.2)℃)恢复24 h后存活率为100%;无水保活14 h后,血液中皮质醇和乳酸浓度、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于未处理(对照)(P0.05),血糖浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性明显低于未处理值(P0.05),当季暂养水温恢复24 h后,基本都恢复至未处理组值,但谷草转氨酶仍明显高于未处理组值(P0.05);低温无水环境对团头鲂鱼肉中蛋白质和脂肪含量、新鲜度和持水力无影响,但鱼肉的硬度和咀嚼性明显下降(P0.05),鱼肉游离氨基酸中丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、缬氨酸(Val)和精氨酸(Arg)等含量显著升高(P0.05),异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)在无水保活过程中无明显变化,当季暂养水温恢复后却显著高于未处理组水平(P0.05)。因此,团头鲂无水保活中产生的应激反应在恢复24 h后基本消除,且无水保活对鱼肉的食用品质影响较小。该研究结果为无水保活在淡水鱼活鱼运输中的应用提供参考。     

超高压处理对烟熏切片火腿保质期的影响

为揭示超高压处理后烟熏切片火腿中微生物、理化及感官指标的变化情况,探寻超高压杀菌应用在肉制品保鲜中的可行性,该研究以400 MPa和600 MPa的压力在12℃时对切片包装后的烟熏火腿进行10 min超高压处理,与未经高压处理作对照,4℃贮藏条件下,于0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14周测定处理后样品中的菌落总数、乳酸菌、肠杆菌及耐冷菌,同时对处理后样品的脂肪氧化值、色差值、水分活度等理化指标以及部分感官指标的变化进行了评定。试验结果表明：超高压处理对烟熏切片火腿腐败微生物具有较强的抑制作用,并随压力的升高,抑制效应增强。由于乳酸菌的繁殖,对照组2周后发生腐败变质,而经400 MPa和600 MPa高压处理组产品保质期分别延长至第8和10周。压力处理能够抑制烟熏切片火腿中的乳酸菌,使其处于相当长的低水平期（＜104 cfu/g）,促使耐冷菌和肠杆菌失去原有竞争能力,致使整个贮藏期内肠杆菌数低于102 cfu/g。超高压处理能够导致样品pH值的显著上升,感官评定认为处理后的样品硬度稍有降低,其他感官指标没有显著变化。包装后采用超高压处理能够有效抑制烟熏切片火腿中的腐败微生物,进一步延长该类肉制品的保质期。     

Conformational and rheological changes in catfish myosin as affected by different acids during acid-induced unfolding and refolding

Changes in the conformation of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) myosin due to (i) anions, (ii) acid pH, and (iii) salt addition were determined using tryptophan fluorescence, hydrophobicity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and circular dichroism. The relationship between conformation and storage modulus (G') of acid-treated myosin was studied. Three acids, HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4, were used for unfolding myosin at three acidic pH conditions, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. Unfolded myosin was refolded to pH 7.3. Denaturation and unfolding of myosin was significantly (p < 0.05) lower when salt (0.6 M NaCl) was present during acid unfolding than in the absence of salt. When salt was added before unfolding, the alpha-helix content of myosin treated at pH 1.5 was significantly lower than that treated at pH 2.5. When salt was added after refolding, the alpha-helix content of myosin was unaffected by different pH treatments. The G' of myosin increased with an increase in myosin denaturation. The G' of myosin was significantly (p < 0.05) higher when salt was added to myosin after refolding than before acid unfolding. Among the different anion treatments, the G' of acid-treated myosin decreased in the order Cl- approximately SO42- > PO43-. Among the different pH treatments, the G' of myosin treated at pH 1.5 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than myosin treated at pH 2.5. The conditions that would result in maximum myosin denaturation and maximum G' were unfolding of myosin at pH 1.5 using Cl- (from HCl) followed by refolding at pH 7.3 and subsequent addition of 0.6 M NaCl.     

Physicochemical changes and mechanism of heat-induced gelation of arrowtooth flounder myosin

Physicochemical changes of myosin during heating were investigated to elucidate the mechanism of heat-induced gelation of arrowtooth flounder (ATF) myosin at high ionic strength. Changes in dynamic properties indicated ATF myosin formed a gel in three different stages as shown by the first increase in G' (storage modulus) at 28 degrees C, followed by the decrease at 35 degrees C and the second increase at 42 degrees C. DSC thermogram showed the onset of myosin denaturation at 25 degrees C with two maximum transition temperatures at 30 and 36 degrees C. The decrease in alpha-helical content indicated ATF myosin began to unfold at 15 degrees C and the unfolding continued until it reached 65 degrees C. Turbidity measurement showed myosin began to aggregate at 23 degrees C and the aggregation was complete at 40 degrees C. Surface hydrophobicity increased consistently in the temperature range studied, 20-65 degrees C. Sulfhydryl contents decreased significantly at 20-30 degrees C due to the formation of disulfide linkages but remained constant at temperatures >30 degrees C. ATF myosin was shown to be extremely sensitive to heat, resulting in denaturation at lower temperature than other fish myosin. Denaturation was initiated by unfolding of the alpha-helical region in myosin followed by exposure of hydrophobic and sulfhydryl residues, which are subsequently involved in aggregation and gelation processes.     

牛肉低温储藏期间质构参数分析及新鲜度指标的确定

为了寻求低温储藏期间牛肉新鲜度的快速检测指标,将牛肉置于5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏2种条件下,用挥发性盐基氮检测(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、恒温干燥法与质构多面分析方法(texture profile analysis,TPA)对牛肉样品(储藏时间0、3、6、9、12、15 d)进行检测。发现-5℃冷冻条件下储藏的牛肉比5℃冷藏条件下储藏的牛肉保鲜时间更长,且随着储藏时间的增加2种储藏条件下牛肉的含水率都降低。得到0~15 d内5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏牛肉质地参数(硬度1、硬度2、回复性)的变化规律。用二因素方差分析得知储藏时间、储藏温度对回复性均有显著影响(P0.05),用相关性分析得知硬度1、硬度2、回复性与新鲜度指标显著相关(P0.05)。选取2℃条件下冷鲜密封储藏牛肉进行试验验证,测定挥发性盐基氮与回复性,对试验数据进行统计分析并线性拟合,挥发性盐基氮与回复性两者的线性函数关系具有较好拟合优度(R2=0.85311),挥发性盐基氮值与回复性呈显著相关(P0.05)。因此回复性可作为牛肉低温储藏期间新鲜度的检测指标。研究结果可为生产储运过程与日常生活中牛肉保鲜和保持质地口感提供依据。     

Effect of smoking process on changes in the content of selected non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCB congeners in mackerel slices

The study involved determination of changes in the content of toxic dioxin-like coplanar non-ortho (PCB 77, PCB 126, PCB 169) and mono-ortho (PCB 156, PCB 157, PCB 114) congeners in mackerel slices during cold and hot smoking. In addition, the risk of toxicological exposure of the consumers of examined smoking products was assessed by calculating toxic equivalency (TEQs) in relation to 2,3,7,8-TCDD dioxin. In the final stages of hot smoking a small increase was observed in the content of analyzed compounds due to the presence of PCBs in the smoke. The main factor determining the changes in the content of these compounds in fish slices may have been their loss with the lipid leakage and in codistillation with water vapor. The hot smoking of mackerel slices contributed to a decrease in the content of examined non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCB congeners in final products and in consequence to a drop of TEQs by 14.2%. On the other hand, cold smoking led to a rise in the content of analyzed PCB congeners in the final product, which significantly affected the increase of TEQs level by 31.7% in relation to initial raw material.     

吊挂时间对蛋鸡与肉鸡宰后肌肉品质的影响

为国内禽类清真屠宰企业提供数据指导和帮助,该文采用两因素可重复裂区试验设计,以淘汰蛋鸡和AA肉鸡(arbor acre broiler,AA broiler)2个鸡种为主区,5个吊挂时间(0、30、60、90、120 s)为裂区,研究吊挂时间对淘汰蛋鸡与AA肉鸡宰后肌肉品质的影响,结果表明,随着吊挂时间的延长,AA肉鸡在吊挂90 s时,体温变化、宰后24 h pH值、红度值、滴水损失、蒸煮损失显著增大,自由水含量、肌酐酸(inosine monophosphate,IMP)含量显著减小(P<0.05);当吊挂120 s时,淘汰蛋鸡宰后24 h pH值、红度值、蒸煮损失显著增大,IMP含量显著减小(P<0.05).主效应和交互作用分析结果表明,鸡种对体温变化、亮度值、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、结合水含量、不易流动水含量、自由水含量、IMP含量影响显著(P<0.05),吊挂时间对体温变化、红度值、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、自由水含量、IMP含量影响显著(P<0.05),鸡种与吊挂时间的交互作用对红度值、滴水损失、自由水含量、IMP含量影响显著(P<0.05).根据研究结果,建议AA肉鸡适宜的吊挂时间为12~60 s,淘汰蛋鸡适宜的吊挂时间为12~90 s,研究结果为提高宰后鸡肉品质提供参考.     

Effects of proteolysis and mechanism of gel weakening in heat-induced gelation of fish myosin

Addition of papain decreased the onset temperature and the rate at which G' developed during heat-induced gelation of arrowtooth flounder myosin. Frequency sweep results revealed that G' markedly decreased in proportion to the amount of papain added. However, use of E-64, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, reversed the effects of papain and protected myosin heavy chain from degradation. DSC thermograms indicated papain significantly decreased the enthalpy required to induce myosin denaturation without significant changes in onset and maximum transition temperatures. Thermal denaturation kinetics indicated decreases in both the activation energy and the rate of myosin denaturation. CD studies revealed a rapid decrease in alpha-helical content, indicating the initial degradation of myosin molecules mostly occurred in the tail region. These results suggested that proteolysis affected thermal properties and reactivity of myosin during heating. Although myosin gel could be formed, structural disruption resulted in lower gelling ability and rigidity of the formed gel.