黄土丘陵沟壑区1∶1万及1∶5万比例尺DEM地形信息容量对比

黄土丘陵沟壑区地形变化异常复杂，1：5万地形图对原始1：1万地形图等高线形态综合、取舍程度很大，这些都在不同程度上影响了地形分析结果的准确性。以高精度的1：1万比例尺DEM为校准植，运用1：1万及1：5万比例尺DEM叠合比较分析的方法，研究1：5万DEM的地形信息容量及提取不同地形要素的精度。试验结果表明，在黄土丘陵区，与1：1万DEM相比，1：5万DEM在所提取的地面坡度、地面曲率、沟壑量等地形定量指标方面均都存在着较大的误差。     

基于GIS的不同精度DEM提取地形指标误差分析——以盐池县南部山区为例

以1∶5万和1∶10万地形图制作的DEM为研究对象,分别提取地面坡度及坡向、地表粗糙度、沟壑密度、坡长5种地形指标,并进行对比分析。实验样区为盐池县南部山区,基本技术平台为ARC/INFO地理信息系统软件。研究结果表明,两种精度DEM在提取地面坡度与地表粗糙度不同程度存在着误差,提取沟壑密度与坡长存在误差较小。提出了运用地理信息系统软件结合DEM提取沟壑密度与坡长的方法。研究成果对于DEM精度估算与误差纠正有一定的指导意义。     

区域水土流失地形因子的地图学分析

地形是影响区域水土流失的主要因子,基于中小栅格DEM提取的坡度是区域水土流失地形因子的主要指标之一。根据地貌学和地图制图学论文分析和对地形图及其DEM图形分析表明,在一定比例尺范围内（1∶1万~1∶25万）,多种比例尺的地形图均能表现区域地形的宏观结构特征;随着DEM分辨率的降低,在DEM上量算得到的坡度不断趋于平缓;由于制图综合不直接影响高程的数值,所以中小栅格DEM表现地面起伏的能力是存在的,只是发生了一定的变形而已。     

基于BP神经网络自动提取沟谷研究

 提出将提取沟谷的过程转化为根据地形因子综合判定地貌类型的思路。以陕西绥德黄土丘陵沟壑区域1∶1万地形图制作的分辨率为5 m的DEM为研究对象,运用BP神经网络分析6种地形因子与沟谷地形的相互关联关系,认为降水累积量是判定沟谷地形的最重要因子。在试验样区建立BP神经网络,利用4种地形因子自动提取沟谷,并在检验样区通过了检验。     

不同栅格分辨率数字坡度模型转换图谱研究

以陕北绥德县韭园沟流域为试验样区，采用1：1万比例尺、5m分辨率DEM所提取的坡度为准值，研究该地区在同一比例尺、不同水平分辨率条件下DEM提取坡度因子的精度特征。该研究获得不同栅格分辨率DEM所提取地面坡度统计值的转换图谱。该成果对于正确估算DEM提取坡度等地形因子的精度与应用适用性，对于其它若干应用标准的制定，提供了重要的依据。     

黄河粗泥沙集中来源区区域地形因子比较研究

在黄河粗泥沙集中来源区的清水川流域,以1∶10 000比例尺地形图上的小流域为基本单元,在1∶250 000比例尺DEM上提取地表起伏度、高程变异系数和等高线密度等区域土壤侵蚀地形因子,以1∶10 000比例尺计算的地形因子为真值,拟合各区域土壤侵蚀地形因子的计算方法。结果表明,等高线密度是合适的区域土壤侵蚀地形因子计算指标。应用该方法在皇甫川下游进行检验,模拟结果误差小于10%,效果良好,可作为土壤侵蚀区域地形因子计算时指标选择的参考。     

DEM地形复杂度指数及提取方法研究

在充分阐述各种地形信息表达方式的基础上,提出了基于栅格DEM的地形复杂度指数的概念与计算方法。研究结果认为,DEM的地形复杂度指数是描述地形变化程度的综合指标。可以在一个3×3窗口中,通过提取栅格中心点与其邻域栅格所组成的相邻的空间平面之间的夹角来表示。根据在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区1∶5万DEM的试验结果显示,该方法所提取的地形复杂度指数,可有效地描述该类DEM信息源的地面形态变化情况。该研究结果为进一步深入探讨DEM地形信息量的概念体系,以及地形信息量的空间分异规律及其随空间尺度(比例尺、栅格分辨率)变化的规律创造了重要的条件。     

基于不同分辨率DEM的永寿县地形信息差异分析

高分辨率的DEM往往可以囊括更多更详细的地形信息,但过于详细的数据可能会造成数据冗余给计算带来不便。为了研究不同分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)在对地形信息表达的现实意义,基于不同比例尺、不同栅格空间分辨率的DEM进行了地形特征的提取与分析,结果表明:(1)地面整体坡度随着分辨率降低逐渐减小,对地形的描述越来越粗糙,概括性越来越高,地形整体趋于平坦化。(2)基于较小分辨率DEM提取的坡向更具有宏观意义,而高分辨率DEM提取的坡向可反映地形的细部朝向。(3)随着DEM分辨率下降,地面平面曲率能更加概括区域地形,使山谷线和山脊线更明显,但会导致大量细部信息的丢失。(4)DEM所提取的地面剖面曲率值随着DEM分辨率的下降显著减小,即地面坡度的变化减小,地面的转折棱角逐渐趋于平滑,地形起伏变化特征精度降低。     

DEM提取地面平均坡度误差的量化模拟

研究选取陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区、黄土梁峁丘陵区、黄土低丘区以及黄土破碎塬区 4种地貌地区作为试验样区 ,采用高精度 1∶ 1万比例尺 5 m分辨率的 DEM为基准数据 ,应用比较分析、回归分析和相关分析等方法研究黄土高原不同分辨率 DEM提取地面平均坡度精度的量化估算方法 ,所得到的精度计算数模表达式经验证具有很好的应用前景 ,也为建立全国范围的通用表达式提供了重要的方法依据     

不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究——以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的试验为例

以陕北绥德县韭园沟流域为试验样区 ,采用高精度 1∶ 1万 DEM所提取的坡度为准值 ,应用多层面复合分析和比较分析的方法 ,研究该地区 1∶ 5万 DEM提取地面坡度的误差特征与纠正方法。试验结果显示 ,所获得的不同空间尺度下 DEM所提取坡度值的转换图谱 ,可对 1∶ 5万 DEM计算的地面坡度统计值进行有效修正。该成果对于 DEM数据在水土保持领域若干应用标准的制定 ,提供了重要的理论依据与技术路线     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。