滨海沉积物发育的水稻土时间序列母质均一性判定与特性演变

时间序列方法是研究土壤发生特性演变的重要途径,而比较土壤变化的重要前提之一是序列中的土壤具有相同的起源,即具有母质的相对均一性。本研究根据史料记载中浙江慈溪海塘修筑年代估计出水稻土的耕作年龄,选择了植稻年龄约为50、300、500、700、1000a以及一个未垦滩涂剖面组成的一个时间序列作为研究对象。利用各种土壤属性参数对该时间序列的母质不连续性(或母质均一性)以及水稻土相对年龄进行了判定和验证。结果表明,时间序列的6个剖面虽然具有微小的差异,但其剖面内与剖面间母质来源相同。在水稻土母质不连续性判定中,去除黏粒的粉粒与粉粒中稳定元素Ti/Zr比值具有较好的指示作用。相对易变的土壤属性参数如碳酸钙、磁化率以及游离铁的剖面分异程度在水稻土相对年龄的判定中具有较好的指示作用。综合这些参数在时间序列中的演化趋势,发现500a剖面与整个序列的变化趋势不相符合,可能是利用历史的差异所致,在相关的性质演变研究中应该从序列中剔除。     

新嵊盆地玄武岩发育土壤的母质均一性判定

成土母质的均一性判定是土壤发生研究的必要起点,也是构建土壤时间序列和评价土壤质量变化的先决条件。选取浙江省新嵊盆地典型玄武岩发育土壤剖面为研究对象,采用土壤地理学和元素地球化学方法,通过对土壤剖面的形态特征、颗粒组成、母质不连续性系数、稳定元素Ti与Zr比值以及稀土元素分布模式等指标的分析,进行不同土壤剖面母质均一性的判定。研究结果表明,土壤颜色、结构、根系等土壤剖面形态自下而上呈现均一、渐变特性特征,且所有剖面没有发现异源堆积特征,可以初步直观判定研究剖面的母质均一性;土壤颗粒组成及扣除黏粒后的粗粉粒/中粉粒含量等指标都比较均一,并沿剖面垂直方向呈现较好的渐变趋势;Ti/Zr比值和稀土元素配分模式在不同层次间的分布也没有明显的差异;母质均一性系数均介于?0.6 ~ 0.6之间。因此,研究剖面内与剖面间母质来源相同。     

海南岛北部玄武岩区土壤母质均一性及相对年龄判定

【目的】时间序列法是定量研究土壤发生过程、演变速率及其变化阈值的重要手段,构建可靠的土壤时间序列需对土壤母质均一性和相对年龄进行判定。【方法】以海南岛北部不同喷发期玄武岩发育土壤所构成的成土时间序列（0.09、0.146、0.64、1.12、1.81、2.30 Ma B. P.）为对象,利用各种土壤属性参数（包括剖面形态、颗粒组成、稳定元素含量、风化发育指数和元素变化率等）对该时间序列母质均一性和土壤相对年龄进行判定。【结果】各剖面颜色、质地、结构等形态总体呈均一、渐变的特征,去除黏粒后的粗粉粒含量、稳定元素Ti/Zr比值在剖面内和剖面间变化均较小,表明时间序列土壤的起源母质相同。随着成土年龄的增加,黏粒含量和剖面发育指数呈线性增加的趋势,土壤风化强度指标（B指数、CIW指数、CIA指数和ba值）服从对数函数变化规律,在土壤相对年龄的判定中具有较好的指示意义。【结论】研究区土壤母质来源相同,土壤相对年龄可通过相关土壤属性体现出来,为定量研究土壤发生阈值奠定了基础。     

成都平原农地利用方式转变对不同母质土壤剖面磁化率的影响

[目的]分析区域土壤磁化率变化特征有助于掌握土壤环境变化规律和土壤演化特点,为区域土壤资源管理提供依据.[方法]本研究基于174个土壤剖面的675个采样数据,分析成都平原不同农地利用方式和母质条件下土壤剖面磁化率的差异,采用时空替代法探究农地利用方式转变对农田土壤剖面磁化率的影响.[结果]结果表明,研究区土壤磁化率随土...     

土壤退化时间序列的构建及其在我国土壤退化研究中的意义

我国土壤退化发生广、发展快,后果严重,很多问题亟待解决,加大其研究力度势在必行。显而易见,人们对土壤特性与土壤退化过程了解得越详细,对土壤退化的评估与防治也会越好。因此迫切需要建立大量土壤退化时间序列来明确土壤退化过程中时间因素的作用并帮助人们正确理解和认识土壤退化与人为作用之间的关系。为了得到可靠的结果,土壤退化时间序列的建立需包括起始土壤相似性判定与退化土壤绝对或相对年龄的验证两个重要过程。本文详细论述了土壤退化时间序列的构建过程及应注意的问题,并探讨了土壤时间序列在我国土壤退化研究中的意义,旨在为土壤退化时间序列的正确建立与应用提供较为详尽的参考。     

基于信息熵原理的土壤pH影响因素空间相关性分析

土壤酸碱度是土壤重要的基本性质之一,它受特定的生物气候条件、地形、母质来源以及人为活动的影响.本文选取发育于不同母质和不同地形部位,且土地利用方式多样的丘陵区土壤,进行高密度土壤剖面样品的采集,分析获取表层和底层土壤pH数据.基于信息熵原理对土壤pH与母质、地形和土地利用方式之间的空间相关性进行定量分析,结果表明表层土壤pH主要受土地利用方式的控制,耕作土壤pH值明显小于自然土壤;而底层土壤pH主要受母质的影响,不同母质上发育的土壤pH值从高到低依次排列为紫红色砂页岩风化物、下蜀黄土和砂岩风化物.本文的研究特色是应用联合信息熵算法,在定性变量和定量变量之间进行定量的空间相关性分析,这点克服了以前定性变量和定量变量之间相关关系研究的不足.     

黄土母质生土当年施肥对混作根际土壤生物活性及土壤营养的影响

以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,探讨了黄土母质生土当年施肥对小麦与豆科牧草、十字花科油菜混作根际土壤生物活性、土壤营养以及小麦根苗生长的影响。结果表明:黄土母质生土当年施肥促进了混作根际土壤微生物的繁衍、酶活性及土壤营养的提高。4种混作处理研究还表明,豌/麦、苜/麦根际土壤综合效应最好,可作为生土改良沃化的先锋混播作物。黄土母质生土对外源的辅助能(当年施肥)反应十分敏感,施肥促进小麦根苗生长效应与土壤培肥效应十分显著。黄土母质生土熟化过程既是一个生土培肥改良过程,也是一个物质能量(营养)投入转化过程,并经作物的光合生产过程、土壤微生物分解矿化过程及土壤酶系统活化过程,共同构成根土苗微生物互动的生态系统。该研究为混作复合群体应用于黄土母质生土地的改良提供了理论参考。     

深圳市土壤微量元素含量成因分析

对深圳地区９种母质和６种土类构成的１６个母质─土类单元共８３个土壤样品中１２种微量元素的含量进行侧定。在此基础上分析了微量元素含量分布的成因。研究结果表明，成土母质是影响土壤微量元素含量和分布的首要因素，相同母质上的不同类型土壤中的微量元素含量大多无明显差异。土壤中微量元素的共生组合关系表现出明显的母质继承性特征，由于微量元素主要以同晶替代方式分散在硅酸盐矿物中，其分布与离子半径关系密切。第四周期过渡元家具有相似的分布格局，而Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ等另成一类。     

我国南方不同母质土壤pH剖面特征及酸化因素分析

【目的】母质是影响土壤理化性质的主要因素之一,研究不同母质土壤pH的剖面特征及主要影响因素,为防治土壤酸化提供依据。【方法】选取湖南祁阳白茅草植被下七种母质(第四纪红土、红砂岩、板页岩、花岗岩、石灰岩、紫色页岩、河流冲积物)发育的土壤,测定不同层次(0-20、20-40、40-60、60-80和80-100 cm)土壤pH,通过比较表层(0-20 cm)与底层(60-100 cm) pH的差异来表征表层土壤是否酸化及酸化程度;测定0-20 cm土层的酸碱缓冲容量、有机质含量、阳离子交换量、比表面积及颗粒组成,分析影响表层酸化的主要因素。【结果】石灰岩剖面土壤的pH (8.46~8.72)最高,呈强碱性,其次为河流冲积物(7.37~7.87)、紫色页岩土壤(7.41~8.00),呈碱性;花岗岩、第四纪红土、红砂岩、板页岩四种母质发育的红壤呈酸性或强酸性,以花岗岩红壤pH (5.31~5.70)较高,其次为第四纪红土(4.62~4.97)、红砂岩红壤(4.31~4.67),板页岩红壤pH (4.25~4.49)最低。比较表层(0-20 cm)与底层(60-100 cm)土壤的pH,发现七种母质剖面土壤的表层均出现了pH降低,说明表层已出现酸化现象,酸化程度大小依次为:紫色页岩土壤>河流冲积物土壤、花岗岩红壤>第四纪红土、红砂岩红壤>石灰岩土壤、板页岩红壤。对表层土壤的比表面积、颗粒组成(黏粒、粉粒、砂粒含量)和pH、酸碱缓冲容量、阳离子交换量、有机质含量共八种理化因素进行逐步线性回归分析,由于多种因素的相互影响,七种母质土壤并未发现影响表层酸化的主要因素,但在四种母质(第四纪红土、红砂岩、板页岩、花岗岩)发育的酸性红壤中阳离子交换量是影响表层酸化的主要因素。【结论】土壤阳离子交换量与表层红壤酸化差值呈显著负相关,是影响第四纪红土、红砂岩、板页岩和花岗岩四种酸性红壤表层酸化的主要因素之一。     

江汉平原典型土壤的系统分类及空间分布研究

对采自江汉平原区的69个典型土壤剖面,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》进行鉴定、检索和分类,确认了诊断层和诊断特性,明确了其在系统分类中的归属,共划分5个土纲、5个亚纲、8个土类、18个亚类。讨论了江汉平原成土母质、地形及人类活动对土壤属性和土壤空间分布与演化的影响,表明中国土壤系统分类体系能很好的反映母质、地形、人类活动等因素的空间变异与土壤类型分布规律,为进一步完善土壤系统分类研究提供范例。     

Soil chronosequences, soil development, and soil evolution: a critical review

Soils chronosequences are valuable tools for investigating rates and directions of soil and landscape evolution. Post-incisive chronosequences are the most common type of chronosequence. They are found in many landscapes, including sand dunes, glacial moraines, landslide scars, old pasture, burnt landscape patches, old mining areas, lava flows, alluvial fans, floodplains, river terraces, and marine terraces. They register pedogenic change over time-scales ranging from years to millions of years. Soil chronosequences help in testing rival theories of pedogenesis. Traditional soil formation theory sees a soil developing progressively under the influence of the environmental state factors until it is in equilibrium with prevailing environmental conditions. This developmental view of pedogenesis is supported by the classic soil chronosequence studies. A new evolutionary view of pedogenesis, which was prompted by the omnipresent inconstancy of environmental conditions and the notions of multidirectional changes and multiple steady states (as predicted by non-linear dynamics), proposes that environmental inconstancy and non-linear behaviour in soil-landscapes lead to soil evolution, rather than to soil development. Soils ‘evolve' through continual creation and destruction at all scales, and may progress, stay the same, or retrogress, depending on the environmental circumstances. Some recent soil and vegetation chronosequence investigations support an evolutionary view of pedogenesis. It is concluded that soil chronosequences are still potent instruments for pedological investigations and that they have a starring role to play in the testing of pedological theories.     

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤序列矿物组成变化

阐明土壤中矿物随时间变化的机制是理解矿物风化和土壤发育的基础。利用X射线衍射法对贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤矿物组成随成土作用时间变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,冰川退缩区成土母质的矿物组成同质性较高,以硅酸盐矿物为主(约90%),包括:斜长石(28.5%)、石英(24.5%)、黑云母、钾长石、普通辉石、角闪石、绿泥石、蛭石;并有少量碳酸盐矿物,如方解石(8%)、白云石(2.3%);以及磷酸盐矿物磷灰石(2.1%)。退缩区土壤的矿物组成总体呈新发育土壤特征,随着成土年龄的增加,方解石逐渐被风化成为草酸钙石,角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石和绿泥石含量逐渐降低,长英质矿物的相对含量有所增加。成土作用中矿物组成的变化受植被原生演替和土壤p H的影响,快速发育的植被导致土壤p H迅速降低,风化程度增强。     

Pedostratigraphy of Terra Rossa and Quaternary geological evolution of a lacustrine limestone plateau in central Italy

Pedostratigraphic levels (PLs) are typical assemblages of soil‐genetic horizons, formed by materials having the same degree of weathering. The pedostratigraphic approach can be very useful to comprehend the formation of the Quaternary soil cover, the environmental evolution of a territory, and to estimate the age of paleosols. A pedostratigraphic study of a Terra Rossa was carried out to understand the soil–parent material origin and to estimate the time of the beginning of pedogenesis. Besides soil and geomorphological survey, the Terra Rossa was analyzed for Fe forms, geochemistry, clay mineralogy, micromorphology, and with scanning electron microscope. Optical dating was applied to obtain age estimates for the deposition of the parent material of soil formation. The insoluble residue of limestone was obtained and analyzed for geochemistry and clay mineralogy. The bedrock is constituted by Quaternary lacustrine limestone, showing pronounced karst landforms. The soil profile is situated in a little dissolution doline and was divided into three PLs: PL1 (0–110 cm) is constituted by cambic and ochric horizons, formed during Holocene in a mixture of colluvial soil sediments and fresh limestone, with aeolian components; PL2 (110–290 cm) includes two argic horizons, which began to form during Late‐Middle Pleistocene in colluvial soil sediments, with few aeolian additions; PL3 (290–330 cm) is constituted by a red argic horizon, with nitic properties, which developed from the insoluble residue of the limestone. The age of PL3 was calculated through a mass balance and an estimation of the limestone‐dissolution rate during the Quaternary, which led to an approximate age of Middle Pleistocene, between 250 and 500 ky BP. The time of the beginning of pedogenesis on limestone can be used as a reference for the tectonic uplifting of the area and emersion of the plateau.     

Umwandlung der P-Formen und P-Verluste in Bodenchronosequenzen aus carbonatreichen Lockersedimenten des Lechs

Transformation and loss of phosphorus in soil chronosequences derived from non-consolidated sediments of the river Lech Phosphorus fractionations were carried out on soils derived from carbonat rich gravel and silt which represent two chronosequences. Results obtained by these procedures indicated an enrichment of Al, Fe-phosphates in nearly all soils. Losses of Ca-phosphates were obtained in all soils. In contrast to other soil chronosequences (viz. Franz-Josef, Manawatu) the P_Ca-contents did not decline to zero in the oldest soils. The P_org-contents of soils showed a decrease with increasing age of soils of the silt chronosequence. The C/P-ratios of the mineralic soil horizons remained nearly constant during pedogenesis. Losses of total phosphorus amounts to 400g P/m² in the 20 000 a old soils and to 160g P/m² in the 10 000a old soils. It must be assumed that the major part of the lost phosphorus has been washed out of the soils.     

The fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis

The fate of phosphorus (P) during pedogenesis is considered with particular emphasis on vertical distribution within the profile. Information is based on P fractionation studies involving a range of soil sequences in New Zealand. Forms of P in soil parent materials are discussed in relation to soil P transformations. Soil chronosequences, developed in contrasting environments, provide useful information on the pedogenetic pathways of soil P. Although less well understood, soil toposequences can be used to elucidate the effects of slope and drainage on soil-forming processes which involve P.     

Soil mixing and genesis as affected by tree uprooting in three temperate forests

The purpose of this study was to identify general patterns of pedoturbation by tree uprooting in three different, forested landscapes and to quantify post‐disturbance pedogenesis. Specifically, our study illustrates how the effects of ‘tree‐throw’ on soils gradually become diminished over time by post‐uprooting pedogenesis. We studied soil development within 46 pit‐mounds in two regions of the Czech Republic, one on Haplic Cambisols and one on Entic Podzols. A third study site was in Michigan, USA, on Albic Podzols. Uprooting events were dated by using tree censuses, dendrochronology and radiometry. These dates provided information on several chronosequences of pedogenesis in the post‐uprooting pits and mounds, dating back to 1816 AD (dendrochronological dating, Haplic Cambisols), 322 AD (median of calibration age, ¹⁴C age = 1720 ± 35 BP, Entic Podzols) and 4077 BC (¹⁴C age = 5260 ± 30 BP, Albic Podzols). Post‐uprooting pedogenesis was most rapid in pits and slowest on mounds. Linear chronofunction models were the most applicable for pedogenesis, regardless of whether the soils were in pit or mound microsites. These models allowed us to estimate the time required for horizons in such disturbed sites to obtain the equivalent thicknesses of those in undisturbed sites. These ranged from 5 (O horizon in pits on the Haplic Cambisols) to > 16 000 years (E horizon on mounds on the Albic Podzols). On the Albic Podzols, development of eluvial and spodic horizon thicknesses suggested that pathways involving divergent pedogenesis may occur at these small and localized spatial scales.     

A micromorphological index of soil development for the Quaternary geology research

Profile development indices of Harden [Harden, J.W., 1982. A quantitative index of soil development from field: examples from a chronosequence in Central California. Geoderma 285, 1–98] and Ferrari and Magaldi [Ferrari, G., Magaldi, D., 1983. Significato ed applicazioni della paleopedologia nella stratigrafia del Quaternario. Boll. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Verona 10, 315–340] have shown their utility for comparative dating of some paleosols during geomorphological and geological surveys. In Italy and other countries, pedostratigraphic methods have been commonly applied to soil profiles formed in continental formations. Unfortunately, buried and relict paleosols are very scarce or badly preserved in some areas of Italy due to past and recent tectonic activity and to strong human impact dating back to prehistoric times.In order to use relict paleosols for correct chronostratigraphic interpretation of relict paleosols and in order to correlate them with old landscape forms for the reconstruction of Quaternary sequences, a new micromorphological index (MISODI) for assessing soil development and degree of weathering was devised. The index was tested in the extensional tectonic basin of L'Aquila-Scoppito (Abruzzi, Central Italy) where some chronostratigraphic information is available.Results demonstrate that there is a good relationship between presumed relative age of paleosols and degree of weathering and pedogenesis in B and B/C horizons as assessed by this index. The index has the potential to be adapted for application to other paleosol types in other countries.