南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅶ. 矿物学特性

南极海洋气候区岩石风化和土壤形成过程中有明显的原生矿物蚀变作用和自生矿物成矿作用。本文以粗骨寒冻灰化土和石灰性扰动冻土两种有代表性的土壤类型为例,阐述了本区土壤矿物学特征。指出铝氧化物、绿泥石、碳酸盐是本区玄武岩类风化物质上发育土壤中的主要自生矿物类型,蒙脱石、特别是绿泥-蒙脱石混层矿物是南极海洋气候区土壤粘粒部分的特征矿物。不同土壤由于成土环境、成土过程、成土历史的差异,其土壤物质的矿物学组成、含量、形态、分布具有明显不同。土壤发生性铁氧化物与成土作用和土壤过程密切相关,其矿物类型、含量、形态特征、分布模式在不同的土壤中明显不同,是表征土壤发育程度与剖面形态表达的有效指标。     

红黄壤的轻矿物和重矿物

本文研究了玄武岩发育的红壤,花岗岩发育的红壤和山地黄壤中的轻、重矿物。轻矿物的主要成份是石英和长石,石英/长石的比率是玄武岩发育的红壤>花岗岩发育的红壤>花岗岩发育的山地黄壤。重矿物的主要成份是各种含铁矿物及铁氧化物裹着的石英粒,此外还有少量的角闪石、锆石、云母和电气石等。锆石与土壤的风化强度变化有密切关系,作为土壤风化演变过程的指示矿物是很合适的。     

鼎湖山土壤有机质深度分布的剖面演化机制

根据鼎湖山森林植被带(SL)、灌丛—草甸过渡带土壤剖面(GC)有机质含量,有机质Δ14C、δ13C值,土壤粘粒含量及孢粉分析结果,研究华南亚热带山地土壤有机质深度分布特征的成因机制。结果表明土壤有机质的深度分布特征与土壤剖面的发育过程密切相关,随深度增大,有机质的来源数量不断减少,而成土时间增加,分解作用导致的有机质含量降低幅度增大,有机质含量不断减少。土壤有机质14C表观年龄随深度增加,土壤有机质δ13C值与有机质含量的深度变化具有明显对应关系,这些都是土壤剖面发育过程中有机质不同更新周期组分呈规律性分解的结果。粘粒的深度分布反映土壤剖面淋滤淀积的特点,表明土壤剖面经受了长期成土风化。土壤剖面的上述特征均为剖面发育过程中不断沉积、不断成土的结果,表明土壤剖面成土演化对于有机质深度分布具有显著制约。     

衡山土壤的粘粒矿物

衡山的土壤,随着海拔高度的增加,依次分布着成土过程由强到弱的红壤、山地黄壤和山地草甸土.这个规律在粘粒矿物的组成上得到较好的反映.从山脚到山顶高岭石渐减,而三水铝石渐增.埃洛石则普遍存在,但以B,C层为多.风化程度较低的次要矿物如水云母、水黑云母、14(Å)过渡矿物和绿泥石等也是衡山的上部较多.从粘粒矿物组成的特点判断,衡山上部不存在山地黄棕壤,而只有山地黄壤和山地草甸土.衡山上部土壤的三水铝石含量很高,以致粘粒的硅铝率甚小.三水铝石可能是斜长石的直接风化产物.由这种方式产生的富铝化现象,在发生学上有别于热带土壤的富铝化作用.     

浙东海积平原耕地土壤肥力特征及空间变化规律研究

为了解人为因素与自然因素对农地土壤肥力质量的影响,以浙东海积平原(涉及浙江省嘉兴市、杭州市、绍兴市、宁波市、台州市、温州市和舟山市等7个地级市)为研究区,分析了成土母质特性、土壤形成时间及人为管理等对耕地土壤p H、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和CEC等的影响。结果表明,无论是整个研究区还是特定的地级市的相同土壤类型区,土壤肥力指标均有较大的空间变异,表明农业管理对土壤肥力(特别是有机质积累、全氮、有效磷、速效钾)产生了很大的影响;但从土壤肥力指标的南北向变化及成土时间由短至长土壤肥力发生有规律地变化来看,成土母质的特性(主要为质地)和成土时间等自然因素对肥力性状仍有明显的影响。总体上,土壤有机质、全氮的积累和速效钾含量由北向南随土壤质地变重而趋向增加,土壤有机质、全氮和CEC随成土时间的增加(从盐土至潮土和水稻土)趋向增加,而土壤p H值随成土时间的增加趋向下降。但土壤有效磷主要受人为管理影响,其南北向变化不明显,受成土时间影响较小。     

微地形下紫色土的矿物组成和pH的耦合特征

为了研究微地形下紫色土的矿物组成和土壤酸度之间的关系,采集了重庆合川丘陵地区典型的紫色土壤,通过电渗析模拟酸化,并通过X射线衍射光谱分析电渗析前后的矿物组成以及酸度变化。结果表明:不同地形部位的紫色土随着地形部位的降低,土壤原生矿物的比重逐渐降低,土壤的发育程度越来越高。紫色母岩及其发育的土壤pH大小关系为母岩石骨子土半沙半泥土豆瓣泥。pH变化与土壤中的方解石、钠长石和钾长石等矿物的含量有紧密关系。电渗析模拟土壤酸化后发现,石骨子土和半沙半泥土的pH分别降低了4.3,3.8个单位,同时土壤原生矿物分解风化,表明土壤原生矿物(如长石类矿物)可以缓冲土壤的酸化。     

紫色土壤风化发育程度与“钛值”关系的研究

在重庆地区按紫色土壤习惯命名采集各主要紫色地层母岩发育的54个土壤剖面样品,并进行全钛和无定形钛含量测定。结果表明:供试紫色土全钛含量范围为TiO22.70~23.9 g kg-1,平均值7.52±3.90 g kg-1;土壤全钛含量高低主要与成土紫色母岩有关,而受土壤风化发育程度的影响不大,在剖面中分布规律不明显;用土壤"钛值"(全钛/无定形钛)比较,各紫色地层母岩初期风化发育的土壤(如石骨子土)钛值大小与母岩基本保持一致,表现为:三叠系飞仙关组(T1f)>侏罗系蓬莱镇(J3p)>侏罗系自流井组(J1—2z)>侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)>侏罗系遂宁组(J3s)>白垩系夹关组(K2j);但随土壤风化发育程度加深,钛值显著降低,且钛值大小顺序与土壤硅铝铁率所描述的土壤风化发育程度结果基本吻合,二者达极显著相关(r=-0.809 1**),如果将紫色土壤钛值大小划分为Ⅰ~Ⅶ级,则可将不同风化发育度的紫色土壤归入相应的级别中,据此,可按级别对紫色土壤的风化发育程度做出描述。     

中国封颗粒组成的分形特征研究

以土壤颗粒组成数据为基础,分析了我国土壤颗粒组成的分形维数。结果表明,不同质地的分形维数存在一定的差异,分形维数随土壤质地的变细而增大;由北至南、由西向东和由西南至东北,我国主要地带性土壤的分形维数逐渐递增;成土母质对土壤质地分形维数有很大影响,易风化母质上发育的土壤质地分形维数高于难风化母质上发育的土壤。     

不同海拔高度植烟土壤pH值分布情况及其与土壤养分的关系——以云南省曲靖市为例

分析了云南省曲靖不同海拔高度烟区3690个植烟土壤样本的p H和养分状况。研究表明:曲靖烟区土壤p H为6.3±0.9,变异系数为13.75%;p H处于适宜烤烟生长的5.0~7.0的土壤样本占到68.58%;该烟区海拔介于1322~2380 m,变化较大,土壤p H随海拔高度的增加而下降;将不同海拔高度进行分组后,呈现出土壤p H与土壤养分之间的相关性随海拔高度的变化而变化;按土壤p H进行分组后,土壤养分含量在组间存在极显著差异,在土壤p H为5.5~6.5时,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、有效钙、有效镁、有效铜、有效锰、有效硫含量均很丰富,土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量适中,土壤全磷、全钾、有效硼含量偏低。     

贵州雷公山土壤发生学性状的垂直变化特征研究

为了解我国亚热带山地土壤发生学性状随海拔的垂直变化特点,选择位于亚热带常湿润气候区的贵州省雷公山作为研究对象,调查与采样分析了不同海拔高度的17个土壤剖面的理化性状及其与海拔的关系。结果表明,雷公山土壤的众多发生学性状与海拔高度存在显著的相关,随着海拔的升高,呈现土壤矿物质风化减弱而有机质和养分积累增强的变化趋势。表土层厚度、砾石、有机质、全氮和全磷含量、腐殖质的H/F比,土壤粉砂含量、粉黏比、CEC、ba值、氧化铁活化度、黏粒Sa值、黏粒矿物中蛭石和云母相对比例均随海拔的升高而增加;而土体厚度、表土胡敏酸E4/E6比值、土壤黏粒含量、游离氧化铁含量、氧化铁游离度和黏粒矿物中高岭石相对比例则随海拔升高而下降。研究土壤酸化明显,pH和盐基饱和度普遍较低,随海拔升高的变化趋势不明显。研究认为,雷公山地区土壤发生学性状主要受现代成土环境影响,随海拔变化的温度可能是控制这一地区土壤空间变异的主要因素。区内土壤主要发生学性状随海拔升高呈波动状变化,多数发生学性状具有协同变化的特征;不同地理发生学分类土壤带间发生学性状存在一定的差异。根据中国土壤系统分类,研究区土壤类型主要为淋溶土和雏形土,二者也不存在海拔上的明显分界,而呈现复合分布。     

Short‐time clay‐mineral evolution in a soil chronosequence in Oléron Island (France)

Major weathering sequences in soils are well established; however, knowledge on rates of mineral transformations remains unknown, because it is often difficult to date precisely soil processes. This work was carried out on soils developed on recent (< 188 y) sand dunes on the W coast of Oléron Island (France). The coast has been protected against marine and wind erosion by constructing five consecutives barriers close to the coastline since 1820 (1820, 1864, 1876, 1889, 1948) defining the maximum age of the soil parent material, as before the areas between the barriers were under water. Soils on the older dunes have low clay content (> 94% of sand) and exhibit a bleached E horizon that overlies a yellowish brown B horizon. The process responsible for their formation is podzolization promoted by the high permeability of the material and complexing organic matter produced by coniferous vegetation. Initial mineralogy of C horizons is homogenous and constituted of chlorite, illite, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and kaolinite, quartz, calcite (≈ 8% related to shell fragments), and feldspars. The initial clay‐mineral assemblage of the E horizons is dominated by illite (well‐crystallized WCI and poorly crystallized PCI) and chlorite. With progressive podzolization, poorly crystallized illite is first transformed to illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals and in a further step into smectite. In addition, transformation of well‐crystallized illite leads to formation of ordered illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals in the E horizons, which is not commonly described in soils. In the B horizons, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals are present with traces of smectite, as well as Al and Fe oxi‐hydroxides as revealed by DCB and oxalate chemical extractions. This chronosequence illustrates that over short distances and short time (< 188 y) intense mineral weathering and soil development occur. Major clay‐mineral changes occur between 132 and 188 y in agreement with development of the pine forest producing acidic litter.     

Soil development on Late Quaternary river terraces in a high montane valley in Bhutan,Eastern Himalayas

We examined the geochemistry and micromorphology of the soils on a suite of morphologically well-defined and visually distinct fluvial terraces, up to 40 m elevation above the current riverbed, at Thangbi in the upper Bumthang Valley, Bhutan. The alluvia forming each of the terraces are lithologically and structurally similar, with shallow or moderately deep, clast-free sandy loam overbank deposits capping deep clast-supported beds of rounded boulders and interstitial sand. The topsoils on the 40 m terrace have more silt than those on the lower terraces. The soils are interpreted mainly as a monoclinal post-incisive chronosequence. Features that indicate progressive pedogenesis with increasing elevation include subsoil rubefaction, crystallinity of free Fe sesquioxides, and weathering of susceptible primary minerals, such as biotite and hornblende. However other soil attributes show no systematic trends and the overall impression is of limited pedogenesis, even in the soils on the higher terraces. We examine possibilities that the immaturity of the soils is due to pedogenic rejuvenation by post-incision additions to the soil parent materials.     

Assessing parent material uniformity of a red and black soil complex in the landscapes

The distribution of red and black soil (Xeralfs–Xerolls) associations in the Monarto area (South Australia) is complex and their genesis either being derived from a uniform parent material or a lithologic discontinuity is not known. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess Zr- and Ti-bearing grains as minerals resistant to chemical weathering prior to employing Zr and Ti in determining parent material uniformity, and (ii) to confirm whether pedological processes or a lithologic discontinuity may be responsible for the textural contrast within the red and black soil profiles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) were used to study chemical weathering and elemental composition of surfaces of Zr- and Ti-bearing grains. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was used to determine elemental concentrations in various soil fractions. Results showed that Zr-bearing grains consisted of only zircon having smooth clean surfaces, which are characteristic of a mineral resistant to chemical weathering. EDAX spectra confirmed that Zr was a specific element to represent zircon, suggesting its reliability to be used in assessing parent material uniformity. On the other hand, Ti derived not only from minerals (rutile/anatase) resistant but also from minerals (ilmenite/pseudorutile, biotite) susceptible to chemical weathering. This limited the usefulness of Ti as an index mineral for soil development studies. Except for Zr:Ti ratio, all other indicators of parent material uniformity, i.e., depth distribution curves of Zr and Y in various fractions and Y:Zr ratio showed no considerable inflection and variation with depth in a Xeralf (red soil). This indicated the Xeralf derived from a uniform parent material (mica schists), thereby texture contrast within a profile is due to pedological processes. On the other hand, depth distribution curves showed clear inflection and variation in Xerolls (black soils), indicating soils developed from lithologic discontinuities, so different trends in particle size fractions between 0–48 cm for MA5 and 0–59 cm for MA3 profiles compared to the underlying layers are due to parent material differences and not pedogenesis. The presence of complex red and black soil association in the landscape is attributed to the difference in parent materials, where the red soil developed from mica schist and the black soils from calcareous deposits.     

Biotite weathering in podzolic soil under conditions of a model field experiment

The biotite changes in the 1–5 μm fraction after its occurrence in the F, H, AE, and E horizons of a pale-podzolic soil for five years under conditions of a model field experiment were assessed by X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the main changes of the biotite in all the horizons included the degradational transformation of its crystal lattice to interstratified mica-vermiculite structures and vermiculite. The intensity of this process gradually decreased from the F horizon down the profile in parallel with the decrease in the amount of roots and the abundance and activity of microbiota. Chloritized structures were present among the products of the biotite weathering in the H, AE, and E horizons; the degree of chloritization gradually increased from the H horizon to the E horizon. The main identified products of the biotite weathering in the AE and E horizons formed during the 5 years of the model experiment were identified in the clay and fine-silt fractions from these horizons of the native pale-podzolic soils. Therefore, the vermiculite, soil chlorite, and mixed-layer illite-vermiculite minerals in the soils studied could be considered as products of the recent soil functioning. The obtained results and literature data showed that the weathering of biotite resulted in the formation of K- and Al-buffer systems.     

CLAY MINERALS IN SOILS DERIVED FROM LOWER OLD RED SANDSTONE TILL: EFFECTS OF INHERITANCE AND PEDOGENESIS

The clay mineralogy of thirty-two profiles located mainly in the Vale of Strathmore and developed on glacial till derived from Lower Red Sandstone sediments and lavas has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The soils were selected so that the parent material was related predominantly to one of the rock types common in the Lower Old Red Sandstone succession—namely, marl, sandstone, lava, or conglomerate. Comparison of the < 1.4μm fractions separated from fresh rock samples with those separated from the C horizons of the soils clearly established the dominant influence of parent rock on the soil-clay mineralogy. The clay minerals inherited by the soil often include unusual trioctahedral expansible minerals such as saponite, interstratified vermiculite-chlorite, and smectite-vermiculite, as well as more common types like mica, montmorillonite, and chlorite. Kaolinite is also found but it is not certain that it is only of inherited origin. Weathering of the clays during soil formation brings about complete degradation of the expansible trioctahedral minerals, a process usually well advanced in the B or even at the top of the C horizon, and vermiculitization of mica. The latter process occurs mainly in the A horizon, with concomitant precipitation of interlayer aquohydroxy-aluminium ions thereby forming a vermiculite-chlorite intergrade. Chlorite and kaolinite appear to be little affected by weathering. The weathering transformations are most pronounced in freely drained acid soils (pH < s) and are at a minimum in poorly drained soils and where the pH remains above 6. The susceptibility to weathering of the trioctahedral expansible minerals results in relatively high values for exchangeable magnesium at the base of the profile.     

Parent material uniformity and degree of weathering in a soil chronosequence, northwestern Italy

The uniformity of the parent material and degree of weathering of the soils of a chronosequence developed during the Pleistocene were investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Uniformity of the parent material was assessed by two criteria: the ratios of resistant minerals, and their specific elements, in the heavy fraction (S.G. > 2.96 g · cm⁻³). There was some variation between heavy mineral ratios but there was less variation between ratios from the chemical data, and on this basis it was concluded that the parent material of each of the three soils in the sequence was uniform. SEM examination confirmed that the resistant minerals had remained unaltered although some Ti-bearing minerals showed some alteration. The degree of chemical weathering, as expressed by the ratio of mobile to non-mobile elements, and by Parker's Index, increased from the youngest to the oldest soil.     

热带地区玄武岩发育时间序列土壤中石英颗粒微形态特征

利用扫描电镜研究了热带地区雷州半岛和琼北地区不同年代喷发的玄武岩上发育的时间序列土壤中石英颗粒的表面形态特征,结果表明:①同一剖面中表层土壤中石英的风化程度相对较大。②从新成土到铁铝土阶段(0.01~1.33 Ma),石英颗粒表面风化程度逐渐加深,机械作用形成的特征完全消失。成土时间较长的铁铝土(6.12 Ma)中石英颗粒出现裂解现象。③本研究一方面证实Darmody评估方法在研究我国热带地区土壤石英颗粒表面风化程度的可行性,同时也说明在相同母质和环境条件下发育的土壤中,石英颗粒表面的风化状况在一定程度上可以指示土壤的相对发育程度。     

Mineralogical study of weathering products of granodiorite at Shinshiro City (VI)

It was concluded in the previous papers of this series of studies (13, 14) that the principal constituent minerals of the parent granodiorite, that is, plagioclase, biotite and hornblende are, in course of weathering, altered to specific secondary minerals either of layer silicate type or of hydroxide type. Quartz suffers no significant alteration.     

Soil altitudinal sequence on base-poor parent material in a montane cloud forest in Sierra Juárez, Southern Mexico

The soils of montane cloud forests (MCF) are still insufficiently studied. A number of researchers report Podzols to be the main soil group for MCF ecosystems; however, a great deal of contradictory data exists. We studied an altitudinal sequence of soils formed on ferrous chlorite shale under natural MCF vegetation in Sierra Juárez, Southern Mexico, from 1500 to 2500 m asl. The soils of the upper part of the toposequence were Folic Stagnic Podzols, with inclusions of Folic Stagnosols in local depressions, while the soils of the lower part of the toposequence were Folic Cambisols (Humic, Hyperdystric). All the soils in the toposequence were extremely acid, and had thick organic surface horizon. Mineral horizons of all soils were poor both in exchangeable and total reserves of bases; the bases were concentrated mainly in organic topsoil. With decreasing altitude both the thickness of albic horizons, the depth of the maximum acid oxalate-extractable Fe and Al concentrations, and the difference in clay content between the eluvial and illuvial horizons decreased. In the upper part of the toposequence the composition of soil clays was similar to that of parent material (chlorite and mica), with some mixed-layered 2:1 minerals. However, gibbsite and kaolinite were also present in the soils of the other site within the same upper MCF belt. The phenomenon was ascribed to parent material heterogenity. In the medium and lower parts of the toposequence gibbsite and kaolinite were the dominant minerals. We consider that the main pedogenic processes in the study area are raw humus accumulation, weathering in situ, podzolization, and iron reduction due to water stagnation in mineral topsoil. The intensity of weathering decreases, while the extent of water stagnation increases with altitude. To a great extent the genesis and altitudinal distribution of the soils in the MCF depends on parent material.     

Mineralogy of a podzol formed in sandy materials in northern denmark

This paper deals with possible mineralogical changes from one particle size fraction to another and from one horizon to another in a Typic Haplorthod. X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis were the main methods used. The investigation indicates that a large part of the fine material in the soil is developed during weathering in situ. Less resistant minerals seem to be protected by being parts of rock fragments in coarser fractions, but once freed from that protection they quickly undergo fragmentation into finer particles. Most of the sand and silt fractions are quartz. The K-feldspar content ranges between about 10 and 20%, the Na-feldspar content from about 15 to 30% and the Ca-feldspar content is very small. The clay minerals are mostly kaolinite and mica and in the A2 horizon, expandable 2:1 minerals containing both smectite and vermiculite layers. The B horizon contains 14 A minerals that resemble interstratified vermiculite—chlorite. In the C horizon both vermiculite—chlorite and clorite occur.