黄河三角洲典型生态脆弱区土壤退化遥感反演

黄河三角洲是典型的生态环境脆弱区,土壤质量不高,盐渍化状况普遍,快速准确掌握该区土壤退化状况,对退化土壤恢复重建、可持续利用具有重要意义。该研究选择黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区,以2008年实测数据为依据,通过建立土壤退化评价指标体系,以参评因素权重与隶属度值加权组合构建土壤退化综合指数,在GIS支持下对土壤退化进行了综合评价;采用与实测同时相的TM影像数据,结合不同程度退化土壤光谱特征、土壤退化综合指数与波段灰度值的相关性分析,筛选土壤退化敏感波段,进而构建土壤退化敏感光谱指数,并建立基于敏感光谱指数的土壤退化综合指数反演模型,最终筛选出拟合程度最高的指数模型作为研究区土壤退化的反演模型,对模型进行精度分析,并利用2008年遥感影像验证反演结果;将该反演模型应用于2011年和2013年的遥感影像,并对研究区2008-2013年的土壤退化状况及动态变化进行了分析。结果显示:基于土壤退化综合指数评价结果,研究区土壤退化程度从沿海到内陆呈现由高到低过渡的趋势;TM1、TM2、TM3波段为土壤退化敏感波段,基于此3个波段组合的土壤退化光谱指数构建的土壤退化遥感反演模型有较高的精度,R2为0.7182,其验证均方根误差、相对误差和决定系数分别为0.0241、3.66%和0.6724,反演结果与同年基于实测数据的综合评价结果相一致;研究区2008-2013年土壤退化状况总体变化不大,有逐渐改善趋势。     

三峡库区秭归县土壤退化综合评价

建立了土壤退化评价指标及其评价标准,并对三峡库区秭归县的土壤退化强度、类型与空间变化 进行了评价与分析。结果表明,秭归县土壤退化中紫色土、石灰土、黄棕壤和黄壤的退化较为严重。林荒地比耕地土壤退化严重。耕地中旱地比水田退化严重。秭归县土壤退化类型以薄层化、粗骨化、旱化和养分贫瘠化为主,其中养分贫瘠化又以缺K和缺P趋势明显。土壤退化因人们对土壤利用方式和强度的差异而存在着空间变异,秭归县位于长江两岸河谷地带的一些乡镇土壤养分退化较为严重,而远离此的高山区地带的一些乡镇土壤退化较轻。     

中国西南喀斯特地区土壤退化研究进展

简述了国外近10余年来土壤退化及其主要退化类型——土壤侵蚀的研究动态。将20世纪90年代以来国内对喀斯特地区土壤退化的研究归纳为4个方面：成因、过程和机理的研究;土壤性质的测定;恢复、调控措施的选择和土壤退化的顶级形式——石漠化的研究,对研究进展分别进行介绍和评述,并提出我国西南喀斯特地区土壤退化研究的关键问题,进而展望发展趋势。     

三峡库区秭归县土壤退化综合评价

建立了土壤退化评价指标及其评价标准,并对三峡库区秭归县的土壤退化强度、类型与空间变化进行了评价与分析。结果表明,秭归县土壤退化中紫色土、石灰土、黄棕壤和黄壤的退化较为严重。林荒地比耕地土壤退化严重。耕地中早地比水田退化严重。秭归县土壤退化类型以薄层化、粗骨化、旱化和养分贫瘠化为主,其中养分贫瘠化又以缺Ｋ和缺Ｐ趋势明显,土壤退化因人们对土壤利用方式和强度的差异而存在着空间变异,秭归县位于长江两岸河谷     

所罗门群岛的土壤退化及治理方法

本文描述了自然力作用、农业土地利用及采伐原始森林对土壤的影响.所有这些都是所罗门群岛土壤退化的原因之一.为确定和保护容易侵蚀的地区,并帮助其建立允许的土地利用方式必须把流域容量规划与土地的适应性评价结合起来,还必须有实施这些规划的能力,如果是小型农场分散的土地利用方式会加速土壤的退化.本文介绍了按照传统习惯在陡坡地上进行试验研究的计划.这一计划将水土保持策略与耕作制度结合在一起.在采伐迹地上使用重型拖车和掠夺式采伐技术,引起了表层土壤的板结和流失.据调查,严重的土地板结已影响了15～30%的士地.另据生长试验表明,这些土地的生产力已经降低.而有关土壤改良、酸性土壤的治理以及对以往陡坡地的治理资料非常有限.对现有资源的研究,建议有关国际组织分工负责,集中致力于加速重点课题的研究.     

土壤时间序列的构建及其在土壤发生研究中的意义

土壤时间序列在研究土壤演化速率与方向、建立土壤发生演化模型上具有重要的价值,并且能为土壤发生学理论的验证提供宝贵的信息。为了获得可靠的结果,时间序列的构建必须包括剖面内与剖面间母质均一性或母质不连续性的判定以及土壤的绝对或相对年龄的判定这两个重要过程。本文综述了土壤时间序列的类型及其构建方式,详细论述了在时间序列建立过程中母质不连续性的判定方式与土壤定年方法,并阐明了土壤时间序列方法在土壤发生研究中的重要意义,旨在为正确建立土壤时间序列、深刻理解土壤发生中的时间因素提供较为详尽的参考。     

金沙江干热河谷区云南土壤退化过程研究

通过对云南省金沙江干热河谷典型区不同生态景观下土壤典型剖面系列的比较研究,初步确定了燥红土系列和变性土系列土壤退化过程的阶段及其土壤性状特征.研究结果表明,土壤腐殖质层(A)厚度及其有机质含量、土壤结构性和容重、土壤全氮量、土壤开裂状况、粘粒活度等指标,可用于表征土壤退化过程的阶段特征;并提出了土壤退化过程有渐变、突变、跃变和复合型等演化型式.     

金沙江干热河谷区云南土壤退化过程研究

通过对云南省金沙江干热河谷模型区不同生态景观下土壤典型剖面系列的比较研究,初步确定了燥红土系列和变性土系列土壤退化过程的阶段及其土壤性状特征,研究结果表明,土壤腐殖质层（A）厚度及其有机质含量,土壤结构性和容量,土壤全氮量,土壤开裂状况,粘粒活度等指标,可用于表征土壤退化过程的阶段特征,并提出了土壤退化过程有渐变,突变,跃变和复合型等演化形式。     

丛枝菌根与土壤修复

菌根是真菌与植物根系所建立的互惠共生体, 其中以丛枝菌根在自然界中分布最广。近年来,随着菌根研究的发展,丛枝菌根在土壤修复中的应用日益受到人们的关注。本文综述了丛枝菌根在土壤重金属污染、有机污染、放射污染以及土壤退化修复中的作用,并对当前研究中存在的问题和未来发展前景作了探讨。     

遥感技术在土壤退化中的应用研究进展

土壤退化已成为一个全球性的问题,严重威胁生态环境和粮食安全。遥感技术具有高效、省时和研究范围广的特点,近些年在土壤退化研究方面得到广泛应用。本研究通过回顾国内外关于遥感技术在土壤侵蚀、荒漠化、盐渍化和污染等方面应用的研究成果,整理分析了基于遥感技术监测和评价土壤退化的直接指标(土壤矿物成分、有机质、水分等)和间接指标(植被指数、土地利用/覆盖变化),列举了监测和反演这些指标的数据源与具体方法,从而系统地阐述了遥感技术在不同土壤退化类型方面的应用进展,并对遥感技术在该方面的应用进行了展望与讨论。     

土壤时空变化研究的进展与未来

理解和表征土壤的时空变化是土壤学的基本任务,也是评估和合理发挥土壤功能的重要前提。土壤的时空变化与气候环境变迁、岩石圈风化、地表物质迁移、生物地球化学循环等圈层变化过程相耦合。围绕土壤时空变化研究的新近进展,本文综述并展望了土壤形成和演变过程、土壤形态学、土壤调查、土壤分类、数字土壤制图与土壤退化的发展态势。未来土壤时空变化研究的关键科学问题主要包括:地球表层系统中土壤与环境要素之间的多过程耦合机理与模拟、多尺度土壤-环境关系与模拟、多元土壤信息的融合机理与数据同化。未来重点研究领域将涉及到关键带科学引领的土壤形成和演变研究、多尺度数字土壤制图与时空变化预测、基于多传感器的土壤综合观测原理与技术、完整和详尽的国家和全球土壤资源清单及共享平台建设、区域土壤资源退化机理及其功能恢复。     

影响土壤中PAHs降解的环境因素及促进降解的措施

土壤中的多环芳烃(PAHs)类有机污染物的生物有效性低,不易降解。本文综述了影响污染土壤中多环芳烃降解的环境因素和促进降解措施的研究进展。影响土壤中多环芳烃降解的因素,包括水分、养分、土壤物理条件等;促进土壤中多环芳烃降解的措施有:向污染土壤添加有机溶剂、利用冯顿反应、添加堆肥和有机物料等。从目前研究来看,应当通过促进多环芳烃从土壤上解吸和培育具有较高多环芳烃降解能力的微生物来促进多环芳烃污染土壤的修复。     

Soil chronosequences, soil development, and soil evolution: a critical review

Soils chronosequences are valuable tools for investigating rates and directions of soil and landscape evolution. Post-incisive chronosequences are the most common type of chronosequence. They are found in many landscapes, including sand dunes, glacial moraines, landslide scars, old pasture, burnt landscape patches, old mining areas, lava flows, alluvial fans, floodplains, river terraces, and marine terraces. They register pedogenic change over time-scales ranging from years to millions of years. Soil chronosequences help in testing rival theories of pedogenesis. Traditional soil formation theory sees a soil developing progressively under the influence of the environmental state factors until it is in equilibrium with prevailing environmental conditions. This developmental view of pedogenesis is supported by the classic soil chronosequence studies. A new evolutionary view of pedogenesis, which was prompted by the omnipresent inconstancy of environmental conditions and the notions of multidirectional changes and multiple steady states (as predicted by non-linear dynamics), proposes that environmental inconstancy and non-linear behaviour in soil-landscapes lead to soil evolution, rather than to soil development. Soils ‘evolve' through continual creation and destruction at all scales, and may progress, stay the same, or retrogress, depending on the environmental circumstances. Some recent soil and vegetation chronosequence investigations support an evolutionary view of pedogenesis. It is concluded that soil chronosequences are still potent instruments for pedological investigations and that they have a starring role to play in the testing of pedological theories.     

磁性参数在红壤退化评价指标中的应用

选择浙西金华地区兰溪实验观测站六种不同退化程度的红壤为研究对象 ,分析了反映红壤退化程度的物理、化学和生物指标及红壤磁测参数与它们之间的内在联系。结果表明 ,磁性参数与反映红壤退化程度的理化及生物指标均有显著或较显著的相关性。退化程度较轻的香樟林和混交林表现了较低的细晶粒磁性矿物含量和较高的反铁磁性矿物含量 ,退化程度较高的杉木林、桔园、草地则相反 ,细晶粒磁性矿物含量较高且亚铁磁性矿物的相对含量上升。磁性参数和土壤理化生物指标之间良好的相关性表明 ,磁性参数可以作为指示红壤退化程度的重要指标。     

陕西省设施农业土壤退化现状分析

本文以陕西省为例，分别对陕北、关中、陕南148个重点设施蔬菜基地进行了大棚种植历史、轮作现状、水肥管理、病虫害现状等系统调查，并通过土壤样品采集，分析了土壤基本性质、养分含量和重金属含量。结果显示，陕西省三个地区的设施土壤pH均显著低于周边大田土壤，且随着设施种植年限增加土壤pH呈现持续下降趋势；土壤次生盐渍化特征明显(>500 μS/cm)；土壤养分积累现象普遍，特别是速效养分积累显著；陕北、关中地区设施土壤部分重金属累积超过大田土壤，表明该地区设施土壤退化现象明显。结合设施农业调查资料发现，设施土壤退化的根本原因是利用强度过高、农用品投入过大，这将对设施生产与生态环境造成影响，因此，在该地区，开展设施土壤轮作休耕或修复工作非常必要。     

Soil genesis along a chronosequence on marine terraces in eastern Taiwan

Soil chronosequences developed on elevated marine terraces are ideal for studying changes in soil-forming processes with time. The coastal range of eastern Taiwan is a product of active arc–continent collision. Vertisols, Mollisols and Entisols are generally found on the different levels of marine terraces herein, but no detailed investigations of soil chronosequence have been conducted by integrating field morphology, physio-chemical characterization, micromorphology and mass-balance interpretations. Five soil pedons were selected on the three marine terraces including Tt-1 and Tt-2 pedons (Typic Hapluderts) on the first higher level with the oldest soil age (9–10 ka), Tt-3 (Vertic Hapludolls) and Tt-4 pedons (Typic Hapludolls) on the second intermediate level (5–6 ka), and Tt-5 pedon (Typic Udipsamments) on the third lower level with the youngest soil age (≤ 3.5 ka). The morphological characteristics showed that strongly developed angular blocky structures, pressure faces and slickensides are more common in higher terrace soils than in lower terrace soils. In this study, depth to C horizon, solum thickness, and thickness of the clay-enriched zone increase with relative terrace age. Although only one to two profiles per terrace were characterized, the following soil analytical characterizations increase with time: the degree of sand grains weathering, pH (H₂O), organic carbon, CEC, contents of Fe_d, Fe_o and Mn_d. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the clay-size fraction, soils on all terraces have a mixed mineralogy. Mica, smectite, and kaolinite have slightly increased with increasing terrace age. Furthermore, the dominant processes identified with mass-balance analysis include loss of bases (Ca and Mg), iron, and clay with time. The soil properties, including analytical and mineralogical characterizations, which do not have notable changes with time are primarily due to relatively young soil age (< 10 ka).     

土壤的年龄

通过文物考证,地质历史及14C测定的资料对多种土壤推断,大部分土壤形成的年龄约在二千年前到一万年之间,提出土壤来之不易,要爱惜土壤资源,保护和合理利用土壤资源。     

Soil fauna and soil function in the fabric of the food web

Over the last four decades, spanning David Coleman's career, and in no small measure thanks to him, soil ecologists have made tremendous progress in describing and understanding the overwhelming complexity of biological, biophysical and biochemical interactions in soil. These interactions shape the soil as a habitat for the soil food web and the vegetation and, thereby, regulate the two main life-supporting processes on Planet Earth: production and decomposition. Changes in decomposition and production processes are governed by (human-induced) changes in vegetation composition/cover, the amounts and quality of organic residues and (in)organic fertilizers entering the soil. Such modifications alter the physical environment and the soil biota. Hence, decomposition and production processes cannot be understood and/or manipulated without explicitly addressing the composition and activity of the soil food web. Using a conceptual model, we argue that quantitative understanding of biophysical interactions, in particular those between soil fauna and soil structure, are paramount to understanding biological and biochemical processes in soil and the availability of water and nutrients to plants. The need to increase the efficiency of crop production worldwide, to reverse soil degradation and to increase soil resilience will set the agenda for soil ecologists in the near future.     

Paleosols buried under kurgans of the Pit-grave culture in the steppe zone of the Cis-Ural region

The analysis of soil chronosequences developed from loamy and loamy sandy substrates and buried under kurgans dating back to the Pit-grave archaeological culture in the steppe zone of the Cis-Ural region demonstrated that it is possible to trace the dynamics of the soil properties and to perform paleoclimatic reconstructions for different intervals within the studied period. The properties of sandy soils changed more rapidly than the properties of loamy soils. For sandy soils, notable changes in their properties were revealed in the soil chronosequences dating back to the particular stages of the Pit-grave culture; for loamy soils, such changes could only be traced for the soils buried under the kurgans dating back to different stages of the Pit-grave culture.