我国北部草原系列土壤中成土作用对微量元素含量影响的经向分异

根据我国北部草原系列土壤中１０种微量元素的实测结果，用方差分析和多重比较方法研究了母质和土类因素对该地区土壤微量元素含量的影响。并以主成分得分的调整独立方差为依据，探讨了成土作用对土壤微量元素含量影响的方向，强度及地域分异特征。研究结果证实，不同母质和土类单元草原土壤中微量元素含量有明显差异，其中母质单元间的差别尤为显著，影响草原土壤表层微量元素含量的主要成土因素包括两种类型：导致元素含量下降的淋     

河南省成土母质与土壤空间分布多样性的特征

成土母质作为土壤发育的主要形成因素,二者间的关系密切。选取河南省作为研究区,从多样性的角度运用经典的仙农熵测度方法分析成土母质和土壤要素的构成组分多样性、不同母质基础上各土壤分类级别的多样性特征,并运用改进的仙农熵公式研究5 km×5 km网格尺度下不同成土母质对土类空间分布离散程度的影响及不同成土母质和土壤的空间分布多样性特征和相关性。结果表明:(1)成土母质类型虽少,但其构成组分多样性高于土类,这与二者分类系统的分支率有关;(2)6类母质类型中,残积、坡积物母质面积最大且发育土壤类型最为复杂;15种土壤类型与6类母质之间的关系有一对多、一对一和多对一3种类型;(3)不同母质上发育的土类的空间分布离散性程度不同,残积、坡积物母质上分布的优势土类为粗骨土,河流冲积物和河湖相沉积物母质上的优势土类分别是潮土和砂姜黑土,洪积物和黄土与红土母质上发育较好的两种土类为黄褐土和褐土,风积物母质上仅发育了风砂土一种土类;(4)潮土和河流冲积物母质分别是是河南省面积最大、空间分布多样性值最高的土类类型和成土母质类型,且成土母质与土类空间分布多样性间存在不同程度的相关性。综上,河南省的6大类成土母质与15种土类的构成组分多样性和空间分布离散性程度存在差异,且二者的空间分布多样性间存在一定的相关性。     

太原市土壤中微量元素状况

从１９８０至１９８９年，我们对太原市不同成土母质，不同类型土壤微量元素的含量进行了分析研究。结果表明，花岗岩母质是有效态微量元素含量较高的母质，砂页岩中有效铜、铁含量最高，黄土母质的微量元素含量均低；有效锌、硼（包括盐化潮土）、锰、铜、铁含量在淋溶褐土和棕壤等土壤中较高，而在褐土性土、石灰性褐土、粗骨土、潮土、盐化潮土等土壤含量较低；在太原市土壤中，有效态微量元素含量一般偏低。     

湖州市土壤微量元素含量与有效性评价

本文研究了湖州地区水稻土、红壤和潮土三种主要土壤类型的土壤微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B、和Mo的有效态含量,并对各微量元素的有效态含量满足作物生长需要的状况进行评价。结果表明:湖州市土壤大面积缺钼,部分土壤缺锰、硼,而土壤有效态铜、锌含量比较丰富,土壤有效铁含量则极其丰富。最后对该市水稻土、红壤和潮土三种主要土壤类型的土壤微量元素含量与成土母质、pH、土壤有机碳之间的关系进行分析研究。     

基于地理探测器的寻乌县土壤微量元素影响因子分析

为了对江西省赣州市寻乌县土壤硼(B)、硒(Se)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)4种微量元素的空间分布特征进行探究,同时分析影响其分布的因子,基于寻乌县2018年采集的572个表层土壤(0 ~ 20 cm)样点数据,采用描述性统计分析、相关性分析、地统计分析、地理探测器等方法进行分析。结果表明,根据《土地质量地球化学评价规范》划分标准,寻乌县4种微量元素中,土壤全量Se含量处于适中或较高的水平,不存在缺乏和过剩的情况,而土壤全量B、Mn和Cu含量处于较缺乏或缺乏的水平;由半方差函数分析的结果来看,B、Se、Mn、Cu的块金效应依次为11.82%、35.27%、49.75%和17.46%,表明4种微量元素中,B和Cu表现出较强的空间变异程度,而Se和Mn则为中等程度的空间变异。地理探测器的结果表明,重金属元素砷(As)含量、高程、土壤亚类和土属、成土母质对4种微量元素均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中As含量和土属对4种微量元素的解释能力较强,是影响寻乌县4种微量元素的主要因子;土壤重金属元素As含量、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、植被类型以及土属、成土母质等成土因子均与坡度、坡向等地形因子有着非线性增强的交互作用。本研究结果为调节寻乌县土壤微量元素含量提供了理论支撑。     

四川盆地土壤中微量元素的含量分布及其有效性的研究

四川盆地是一个古老的农业区,但其土壤中的微量元素,尚未曾作过专门研究。本文研究了四川盆地土壤中微量元素硼、锌、铜、锰、铁的含量分布状况和影响其有效性的某些因子。结果表明:各元素的总含量较高,但有效硼的含量很低,有效锌和锰的含量在多数土壤中亦较低,有效铜和铁的含量却较丰富。土壤中各微量元素的含量因土而异,其有效性受pH和有机质含量的影响,各有效态微量元素的含量均是pH<7的高,而pH>7则低,且与有机质含量呈显著正相关关系。水稻土中各有效态微量元素(除硼以外)的含量一般高于同母质发育的旱地。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0.09~3.67 mg/kg,平均0.35 mg/kg;有效锰22~572 mg/kg,平均244 mg/kg;有效锌0.15~4.02 mg/kg,平均0.53 mg/kg;有效铜0.09~5.78 mg/kg,,平均1.03 mg/kg;有效铁3.2~162 mg/kg,平均21.5 mg/kg;有效锰2.0~131.4 mg/kg,平均23.4 mg/kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异,其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌,棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌;成土母质是影响土壤微量元素的重要因素之一,发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高,而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系,其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

用聚类分析法研究土类和母质对背景值的影响

讨论影响土壤中化学元素地球化学背景值因素的文章虽时有报道^[1-3],但它们大多是从定性的角度进行讨论的。本文拟将数理统计中的多元分析技术——聚类方法——用于研究湖南省境内土类和母质对土壤中Cu、Ni、Co、As四个元素含量的影响程度。以不同土类不同母质的土壤样品为观察单元,以元素含量为观察指标的聚类结果表明,土壤中元素背景值主要受成土母质母岩的影响,而受土壤类型的影响则是次要的,不明显的。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0．09～3．67mg／kg，平均0．35mg／kg；有效锰22～572mg／kg，平均244mg／kg；有效锌0．15～4．02mg／kg，平均O．53mg／kg；有效铜0．09～5．78mg／kg，平均1．03mg／kg；有效铁3．2～162mg／kg，平均21．5mg／kg；有效锰2．0～131．4mg／kg，平均23．4mg／kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异，其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌，棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌；成土母质是影响土壤微黾元素的重要因素之一，发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高，而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系，其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

南宁市土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素探讨

以南宁市土壤为对象,系统采集了2 767个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和711个母质样(150～200 cm)。用AFS原子荧光光谱法进行了样品全硒含量质量分数分析;研究了南宁市土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,南宁市土壤全硒含量变幅为0.09～1.34 mg kg-1,算术平均值为0.57 mg kg-1。土壤类型中,新积土全硒含量最高,平均为0.89 mg kg-1;紫色土全硒含量最低,平均为0.37 mg kg-1。成土母质中,全硒含量以二叠系碳酸盐岩母质发育土壤为最高,平均为0.79 mg kg-1;以下白垩系紫红色碎屑岩母质发育土壤为最低,平均为0.39 mg kg-1。影响南宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤pH、有机碳及铁和铝的含量对土壤全硒含量的富集与分布也有一定影响。     

北京、南京地区土壤中若干元素的自然背景值

用原子吸收、中子活化、X射线荧光、极谱以及比色等方法,测定了北京、南京地区几种主要土壤中铜、铍、锌、镉、汞、钪、镧、铅、砷、硒、铬、钼、锰、钴和镍等元素的含量。得出了北京、南京地区土壤中各该元素的背景值。背景值用算术平均值及标准差来表示。讨论了土壤类型和成土母质类型对土壤中元素背景值的影响,结论是成土母质类型是影响这些元素背景值的重要因素。作者认为,即使在城市附近,获得这些元素在土壤中的背景值仍然是可能的。     

The total trace element content of some scottish soils by spark source mass spectrometry

Quantitative methods of analysis by spark source mass spectrometry have been used to determine the total trace element content of the surface horizons of 10 arable Scottish soils derived from parent materials of different geological origin and used for earlier trace element surveys. Other methods have been used to supplement these analyses for 12 elements including the major elements, and results for a total of 62 elements in the 10 soils are reported. The results are discussed in terms of the geological nature of the soil parent material making use of 62-element soil fingerprints for visual comparison. It is concluded that the total trace element contents of a Scottish soil corresponds to that expected on the basis of the geochemistry of its parent materials and that the influence of agricultural operations on soil contents is of secondary importance. Average soil contents for most elements are closely similar to published values for crustal abundance.     

Distribution Assessment and Source Identification Using Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Artificial Neutral Networks for Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils in Xinzhou of Shanxi Province, China

Multivariate statistical analyses were used to assess the contents and distributions of trace elements in agricultural soils in Xinzhou of Shanxi Province, China, and to identify their sources. Samples with high levels of trace elements were concentrated in eastern Xinzhou, with contents declining from the east to west. Principal component and redundancy analyses revealed strong correlations among Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn contents, suggesting that these elements were derived from similar parent materials. There were also strong correlations between the contents of these elements and soil properties. Contents of Cd and Pb were significantly higher in the agricultural soil samples than in the background soil samples (P < 0.05), and were higher in areas with higher levels of gross domestic product but decreased with distance to the nearest road. Therefore, human activities appear to have a strong influence on the Cd and Pb distribution patterns. A novel artificial neural network (ANN) model, using environmental input data, was used to predict the soil Cd and Pb contents of specified test dates. The performances of the ANN model and a traditional multilinear model were compared. The ANN model could successfully predict Cd and Pb content distributions, projecting that soil Cd and Pb contents will increase by 128% and 25%, respectively, by 2020. The results thus indicated that the economic condition of an area has a greater effect on trace element contents and distributions in the soil than the scale of the economy itself.     

河南省土壤微量元素含量分布及在农业上的应用

通过对河南省1165个土壤样品的测定分析,查明了全省土壤中微量元素硼、钼、锌、铜、锰的含量与分布,其全量均低于我国土壤的平均含量。与世界土壤平均含量比较,有高有低。有效态硼、钼普遍缺乏。锌的含量从全省范围看,仍属低水平。河南土壤微量元素的地理分布趋势是由母质、气候、地形等成土条件及成土过程决定的。微肥对不同作物的增产说明在河南省使用微肥具有一定的增产潜力,是一项很有前途的经济施肥措施。     

Factor Score Mapping of Soil Trace Element Contents for the Shenzhen Area

The abundances of copper, lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, cobalt, mercury, vanadium, and manganese in eighty three surface soil samples collected from Shenzhen area were determined. The correlation among element contents and the factors affecting the contents were studied using principle component analysis. The factor scores of the first two components were analyzed as regionalized variables using variogram analysis and Kriging. The interpolated factor scores were then mapped to show the common features in spatial distribution of a set of elements with similar geochemical behavior. It was demonstrated that the spatial distribution patterns of parent material in the area are the primary factor governing the spatial variation of the elements.     

贵州开阳地区新元古代灯影组白云岩风化成土剖面微量元素地球化学特征

硒是人体必需的微量元素,土壤中的硒含量受基岩的控制,研究土壤中硒的分布情况,对合理开发利用土地资源具有重要意义。通过对开阳地区红粘土剖面的结构、颜色、微量元素、稀土元素分布特征研究,提出红粘土层可划分为两层:底部为暗紫褐色粘土,含有很高的Se元素及其它微量元素和稀土元素;顶部为紫红色粘土-灰黄色粘土,Se元素以及其它微量元素、稀土元素含量较低。基岩是红粘土剖面中硒元素的物质来源,其是土壤中硒含量的主要控制因素,另外,Fe含量、pH值、有机质也是微量元素包括硒元素、稀土元素富集的重要的控制因素,硒元素在铁质层和红粘土底部超常富集,这两层中硒含量分别是中国土壤硒平均含量的14.35倍和34.78倍。     

Rare earth elements and other trace elements in wastewater treatment sludges

In order to evaluate the possibility of contamination of soil with trace elements by the application of sludges to soil, the contents of rare earth elements (REEs; La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and other trace elements (Be, As, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Bi, and U) in wastewater treatment sludges were determined. In sludges of night soil treatment plants (night soil sludges) and sludges of wastewater treatment plants in the food industry (food industry sludges), the distribution patterns of REEs normalized versus average REEs in the continental crust were almost flat. It was considered that the REE patterns of uncontaminated sludges reflected the pattern of the continental crust. The crust-normalized REE patterns of sludges of wastewater treatment plants in the chemical industry (chemical industry sludges) and municipal sewage sludges did not always show flat plots. The sludges that did not show a flat REE pattern were considered to be contaminated with some of the REEs.

The coefficient of variation of each element determined among the 10 samples of night soil sludges and the 14 samples of sewage sludges ranged from 34 to 77% and from 26 to 84%, respectively. Among the 10 samples of food industry sludges and the 10 samples of chemical industry sludges, the coefficient ranged from 60 to 143% and from 67 to 172%, respectively. The variations of the content of each element among the food industry sludges or the chemical industry sludges were larger than those among the night soil sludges or the sewage sludges.

The contents of Be, As, Cs, REEs, and U in all the sludges were lower than or the same as those in a field soil. Some of the food and chemical industry sludges contained larger amounts of Ag, Cd, and Sb than the soil. All the night soil sludges and sewage sludges contained much larger amounts of Ag and Bi than the soil.     

新嵊盆地玄武岩发育土壤的母质均一性判定

成土母质的均一性判定是土壤发生研究的必要起点,也是构建土壤时间序列和评价土壤质量变化的先决条件。选取浙江省新嵊盆地典型玄武岩发育土壤剖面为研究对象,采用土壤地理学和元素地球化学方法,通过对土壤剖面的形态特征、颗粒组成、母质不连续性系数、稳定元素Ti与Zr比值以及稀土元素分布模式等指标的分析,进行不同土壤剖面母质均一性的判定。研究结果表明,土壤颜色、结构、根系等土壤剖面形态自下而上呈现均一、渐变特性特征,且所有剖面没有发现异源堆积特征,可以初步直观判定研究剖面的母质均一性;土壤颗粒组成及扣除黏粒后的粗粉粒/中粉粒含量等指标都比较均一,并沿剖面垂直方向呈现较好的渐变趋势;Ti/Zr比值和稀土元素配分模式在不同层次间的分布也没有明显的差异;母质均一性系数均介于?0.6 ~ 0.6之间。因此,研究剖面内与剖面间母质来源相同。