黄河小浪底水库蓄水前后库周土地覆被变化研究

选取黄河小浪底水库库周1993年和2000年TM遥感影像进行土地覆被变化分析,绘制出蓄水前后的土地利用现状图,计算出土地覆被变化的转移矩阵和景观结构的控制指标,分别从土地利用类型、空间景观结构特征及土地变化过程等方面进行了研究.研究结果表明:小浪底水库的施工和蓄水对库周的土地利用变化和空间景观结构的改变没有太大影响;由于林地向耕地和其它土地覆被类型转变,使得1993～2000年的模地类型由有林地向耕地转化     

福建省土地利用结构合理性动态分析

利用福建省2002~2007年土地利用变更调查数据,采用改进的TOPSIS方法对福建省土地利用结构合理性、土地利用动态度以及土地利用结构合理性和土地利用类型相关性进行了分析,结果表明:①2002~2007年期间福建省土地利用结构合理度总体较高,在时间上的变化呈波动趋势,2003年土地利用合理性最高;②耕地面积减少量最大,居民点工矿面积增加量最大,年变化速率最快的是交通运输用地;③不同土地利用类型的变化对土地利用结构的合理性影响不同。     

县级尺度土地利用结构特征定量分析

基于土地利用数量和空间结构内涵理解,选取相关定量指标组合并结合GIS技术,以安徽省含山县为例,利用其2002年土地变更数据和2000年1︰50000土地利用现状图,探讨县级尺度土地利用结构特征定量分析方法。研究表明：定量分析结果与县域实际相一致,所选取的定量指标能够充分发挥各自作用,尤其是在表征数量结构总体特征上,多样化指数、集中化指数、洛伦兹曲线和组合系数4个指标之间优势互补,相互验证,最为显著,这说明定量分析具有可行性,其关键在于合理地选取具有明确意义的定量指标组合,包括指标选取以及各指标之间的优化组合。全县土地利用结构总体特征可概括为：以耕地－林地－未利用地－水域为组合类型,以耕地和林地为景观基质,土地利用程度不高,以农用地为主,县域地形地貌格局是土地利用结构形成的自然基础,单位面积土地GDP、人口密度与土地利用程度、建设用地区位优势在一定程度上呈正相关。该研究可为县级,尤其是类似地区土地利用结构特征定量分析提供借鉴和参考。     

快速城市化地区土地利用变化的动力学模拟--以南京市江宁区为例

研究土地利用结构变化的模拟是实现区域土地科学规划与利用的重要技术支撑。运用系统动力学方法构建了快速城市化地区土地利用模拟的动力学模型。并以南京市江宁区为研究区,对江宁区2006-2020年的土地利用结构变化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,基于系统动力学的土地利用结构变化模拟方法,能够较好地根据区域发展特征进行土地利用变化模拟。     

基于IE-GC-VAR方法的河流城市土地利用变化及其驱动因素分析——以江西省德兴市为例

[目的]对快速城市化的河流城市——江西省德兴市的土地利用结构变化及其影响因素进行研究,为河流城市土地利用结构的调整和我国正在经历快速城市化的河流城市发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于德兴市2000—2014年遥感影像的土地利用数据,应用信息熵模型和灰色关联方法分析其土地利用结构信息熵变化与各相关因素之间的关联度,并以此为基础进一步运用向量自回归模型,以脉冲响应函数和方差分解解释了德兴市土地利用结构信息熵变化与主要因素的动态相关性。[结果](1)2000—2014年德兴市耕地、林地、草地、水域、其他用地类型面积下降,建设用地面积上升;土地利用结构朝无序方向发展,土地利用类型的均衡性增强,但单一类型的优势度降低。(2)基于VAR模型的脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析还表明,长期人口总数、城市化和粮食总产量对德兴市土地利用结构信息熵变化基本呈现正向效应,且随着时间滞后期数的递增,冲击效应逐步减弱,最终趋向稳定状态;其中人口总数和城市化水平对德兴市土地利用结构信息熵变化有促进作用,但粮食总产量对其方差贡献度却随时间推移作用减弱。[结论]2000—2014年德兴市土地利用程度不高,土地利用结构朝无序方向发展;人口总数、粮食总产量和城市化水平是影响其土地利用结构信息熵的主要因素。     

三峡库区万州区土地利用时空变化特征研究

以RS和GIS技术为手段,利用TM遥感数据分别提取研究区2000年、2004年、2007年、2012年四期土地利用现状数据,通过土地利用变化相关模型对区内土地利用现状数据进行系统分析与研究。结果表明:近12a来,研究区土地利用结构保持稳定,耕地、林地为区域内主要土地利用类型;土地利用综合程度处于中等水平,且呈上升趋势;土地利用流向特征明显,主要表现为耕地和林地转向水域和建设用地;耕地、林地、水域及草地单一动态度变化不大,建设用地土地利用动态度呈正向变化,未利用地呈负向变化。文章旨为三峡库区万州区资源环境和社会经济的可持续发展提供参考。     

陕西省丹汉江流域土地利用时空变化动态分析

基于中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心1985,1995和2000年3期土地利用图,利用地理信息系统空间分析和数据统计的方法,分析了丹汉江流域1985—2000年土地利用的数量变化、转移情况和变化速率。研究了该地区主要土地利用类型在不同坡度的分布面积和变化特征。结果表明,耕地、林地和草地3种主要土地利用类型占该研究区土地利用面积的99%以上,是该研究区主要的土地利用类型。1985—2000年,耕地、林地、建筑用地和水体均呈先减少后增加的趋势,但草地相反。15a间,耕地和建筑用地分别增加了105.08和14.85km2,林地和草地分别减少了41.02和77.63km2;在不同坡度上,土地利用变化主要发生在5°～35°,而且在15°～25°之间变化最大。     

广西土地利用结构的计量地理分析

在GIS技术支持下,利用2009年广西土地利用调查成果数据,运用景观生态学中有关数量结构分析的方法,计算和分析了广西土地利用的数量结构特征。结果表明:该方法能够很好地揭示区域土地利用结构的地域差异,其结果能在一定程度上反映研究区自然条件、自然资源和社会经济发展地域结构的差异;研究区土地利用多样化和组合类型数由桂南沿海向桂西北和桂东北内陆、平原向山区、城市近郊向远郊递减,土地利用的集中化程度则相反;研究区土地利用结构的区域差异受地理位置、地形地貌、经济发展水平、人口密度等因素的强烈影响。     

基于仙农熵的土壤多样性和土地利用多样性关联评价

以南京市为例,将多样性理论与方法应用于土壤和土地利用相关性评价中,对该市1986年和2003年的遥感数据进行了土地利用分类,计算了各土壤类型和各土地利用类型的构成组分多样性指数以及多网格尺度下的空间分布多样性指数,并提出一种用于评价土壤和土地利用相互关系的关联系数,求算了5 km网格尺度下南京市典型土种单元同9种土地利用类型之间的关联系数。研究结果表明,1986年至2003年这十余年间,南京市土地利用的构成组分变化明显,其中1986年的构成组分多样性为0.361,2003年为0.444。2003年南京市土地利用的空间分布离散性更高,5种主要土地利用类型的空间分布多样性均有明显增加。南京市典型土种与各土地利用类型关联系数的计算结果表明,多组关联系数的变化趋势相同,由此推断相比于1986年,2003年南京市土壤与土地利用之间的相互联系更为复杂多变。     

1986-2013年南京市土地利用/覆被景观格局时空变化及驱动力因素分析

以南京市为研究对象,采用南京市1986年、1996年、2002年、2013年的四期土地利用/覆被数据,运用景观生态学原理,借助ArcGIS软件和Fragstats软件,从土地利用类型结构、变化速度、转化关系和景观格局等方面分析南京市近30年土地利用/覆被和景观格局的时空变化状况及其驱动因素。结果表明:（1）南京市近30 a中土地利用/覆被发生了剧烈变化,耕地在整个研究区起到主导作用,其面积比例均在48%以上,但是其优势度逐渐降低,大量自然景观向人为景观转变是研究区土地利用变化最显著的特征;（2）整体景观类型变化速度都在增大,而草地和其他用地变化最为活跃,林地相对最稳定,土地利用结构处于快速调整阶段;（3）耕地的转出最大,主要转向为居民点及建设用地;（4）景观格局变化明显,破碎化程度越来越高,景观格局趋向复杂化,景观结构不稳定性增加;（5）人口增长、经济发展、区域政策和城市规划等共同推动了研究区景观格局的变化。该研究结果对于南京市的科学规划及可持续发展提供重要参考。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.