地面覆盖条件下雨强和坡度对红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响

为揭示地面覆盖条件下第四纪红黏土坡面在不同雨强和坡度时的侵蚀变化规律,选取3个降雨强度(1.0,1.5,2.0 mm/min)和3个坡度(10°,15°,20°),通过人工模拟降雨试验,分析坡面产流、产沙、入渗特征,并以15°为例计算覆盖坡面的减流减沙效益。结果表明:(1)坡面产流时间随雨强和坡度增加而提前,覆盖对产流时间有明显的滞后作用,雨强的增加会削弱覆盖延缓产流的作用;坡面径流率呈现前期增长,后期趋于稳定的变化特征;(2)当坡度一定,雨强从1.0 mm/min增加至2.0 mm/min,累积侵蚀量增加1.89～2.96倍;雨强一定,坡度从10°增加至20°,累积侵蚀量增加1.91～3.45倍;(3)坡面初始入渗率和入渗总量随坡度的增加而减小,而雨强的增大会增加坡面初始入渗率,减少入渗总量;(4)15°条件下覆盖坡面的径流量和泥沙量较裸坡平均减少50.26%和95.31%,松针覆盖的水土保持效益显著,且减沙效应大于减流效应;(5)坡度对覆盖坡面累积产流量和累积产沙量的影响程度大于雨强,不同雨强、坡度下累积径流量与累积产沙量呈现幂函数关系(R~20.97)。研究结果可为南方红壤丘陵区林下水土流失治理与生态恢复提供参考。     

人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土陡坡地侵蚀泥沙变化特征研究

基于人工模拟降雨研究了三峡库区25°径流小区侵蚀泥沙对0.285,0.978,1.737 mm/min 3种不同降雨强度的响应特征。结果表明:在降雨过程中径流泥沙量,随产流历时的增加呈现先增加后逐渐减少,最终趋于稳定。侵蚀泥沙峰值量出现的时间随着雨强的增大在整个产流历程中不断提前。坡面径流的累积产沙量随产流历时的增加呈幂函数规律,相同降雨历时大降雨强度的累积产沙量明显高于小降雨强度的累积产沙量。在降雨强度为0.285,0.978,1.737 mm/min时,侵蚀泥沙中大颗粒的砂粒含量随产流历时的增加大致呈现降低趋势,侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒的粘粒及粉粒含量随着产流历时的增加呈现增加的趋势,但不同降雨强度下侵蚀泥沙机械组成的波动性有显著差异,雨强越大,侵蚀泥沙机械组成与产流历时回归模型拟合越好。     

模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程

通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析雨强和坡度对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,揭示南方红壤低山丘陵区第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀机理。根据研究区地形和降雨特点,设计坡度10°,15°,20°,雨强1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min,研究两者对坡面侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:(1)坡面初始产流时间随着坡度和雨强的增大而逐渐减小;同一雨强下,径流系数大小为20°15°10°。(2)不同试验处理条件下,坡度由10°增加到20°,坡面累积产沙量增加0.46~1.98倍;降雨强度由1.0mm/min增加到2.0mm/min,坡面累积产沙量增加1.37~3.85倍。(3)1.0,1.5mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙以0.25mm水稳性团聚体占优,2.0mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙0.25mm水稳性团聚体为主。(4)坡度与雨强对坡面径流系数、侵蚀率和累积产沙量影响极显著(P0.01),坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量构成幂函数模型。研究结果为揭示坡度与雨强对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的作用机理提供参考。     

紫色土坡耕地降雨入渗试验研究

在田间条件下,利用人工模拟降雨研究了坡度、降雨、耕作方式对紫色土坡耕地入渗过程的影响.试验结果表明:雨强对入渗过程有重要影响.当雨强在19.62～111..69 mm/h之间变化,稳定入渗率随雨强增加而增大.坡度对入渗的影响比较复杂.在5°～25°范围内,随坡度增加,稳定入渗率表现出升-降-升的变化趋势,在10°与20°分别存在极大值与极小值.中耕显著增加了水分入渗,特别在高强度降雨下,中耕使稳定入渗率增加1倍以上,入渗补给系数增大50%以上.入渗率随降雨历时增加而减小,二者关系可以用乘幂函数描述.累积入渗量可以用降雨历时的线性函数来表示.     

产流积水法测量降雨侵蚀影响下坡地土壤入渗性能

坡地土壤降雨入渗性能与下垫面对降雨的再分配过程密切相关。该文提出了测量坡地降雨条件下土壤入渗能力的产流积水法。由水量平衡原理，根据径流在坡面上推进的过程和积水情况下积水深度随时间变化的过程，推导得到了计算土壤入渗性能的数学模型。采用两种工况：1)雨强为60 mm/h、坡度5°、径流面与入渗面长度比为1∶2；2)雨强30 mm/h、坡度20°、径流面与入渗面长度比为1∶1。进行室内试验，计算得到了两种工况的入渗性能曲线。分析了这种新型测量方法和计算模型的合理性。将时段降雨量和累计入渗量进行对比，估计了两种工况的测量误差。该方法可以克服传统的降雨器和双环入渗仪方法的不足，用于测量坡地降雨、径流、土壤侵蚀等因素影响下的整个降雨入渗性能过程曲线。为相关研究提供有力的工具。     

模拟降雨入渗对岷江流域红壤坡面产流产沙的影响

采用室内模拟降雨研究了不同降雨强度和坡度对岷江流域红壤坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在不同降雨强度下,随坡度的增加,初始产流时间趋于提前;随降雨强度的增大,产流时间提前,降雨强度对初始产沙时间的影响大于坡度变化的影响。在同一坡度条件下,径流强度随降雨强度的增加而增加,平均入渗率随降雨强度的增加表现为先增大后减小的趋势。50mm/h降雨强度下,径流强度和坡面平均入渗率在降雨后20min开始趋于稳定;75mm/h降雨强度下,径流强度和坡面平均入渗率在降雨后15min开始趋于稳定;100mm/h降雨强度下,径流强度和坡面平均入渗率在降雨后10 min开始趋于稳定,径流强度和平均入渗率趋于稳定的时间均随雨强的增大而明显提前,各个时刻的径流强度和入渗率的稳定值在降雨过程中并不稳定,表现为随降雨强度和坡度的增大,波动愈剧烈。坡面产沙量随坡度和降雨强度的增大而增大,当坡度由5°增大到10°时,产沙量急剧增加;当坡度由10°增加到30°时,产沙量增速趋缓,侵蚀产沙量没有出现临界坡度。坡面产流强度和入渗率随时间的变化关系分别服从幂函数和对数函数规律,不同降雨强度下的径流深和产沙量也呈现出显著的正线性关系。     

山东壤土坡面人工降雨水土流失规律研究

为研究北方土石山区壤土坡面侵蚀过程,在有代表性的山东省莱芜地区,人工模拟降雨条件下研究了不同坡度下扰动壤土的降雨入渗产流过程,坡度对产流产沙的影响以及产沙模数对径流深相应关系。结果表明:在40mm/h雨强条件下,10°~30°平均入渗率为0.27~0.41mm/min,壤土坡面属于超渗产流,易产生地表径流。径流深和产沙模数随降雨历时的增加而增加,可分别用线性函数和对数函数模型来进行拟合。径流深和产沙模数随坡度的增加为先增大后减小,存在一个临界坡度值为20°。产沙模数对径流深变化过程为非线性响应,用三次多项式可较好进行拟合。     

解冻期坡面降雨入渗特征及模拟试验研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨试验和水量平衡方法,研究解冻期坡面降雨入渗规律。试验处理包括4个初始解冻深度(0,2,4,6cm)和3个降雨强度(0.6,0.9,1.2mm/min)。结果表明:(1)在坡面的降雨入渗过程中,随降雨历时的延长,入渗率呈由高到低的变化,波动性明显;(2)坡面初始入渗率受降雨强度的影响较大,0.9,1.2mm/min雨强下的初始入渗率显著大于0.6mm/min下的初始入渗率(p0.05);不同初始解冻深度下的稳定入渗率相差较小,平均入渗率的变化趋势与稳定入渗率的变化趋势相似,均随初始解冻深度的增加呈现先减小后增大,临界解冻深度为4cm;初始解冻深度为6cm时的累计入渗量显著大于解冻深度为0,2,4cm的累计入渗量(p0.05);累计入渗量在0.6mm/min雨强下随初始解冻深度的增加而增加,而在0.9,1.2mm/min雨强下呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,临界解冻深度分别为2,4cm;(3)采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型和Philip模型对试验结果进行模拟后发现,Horton模型最能反映解冻期坡面土壤降雨入渗的特征。研究结果可为揭示解冻期产流机制变化以及土壤侵蚀规律提供参考。     

淮北平原黄潮土多雨强变坡度产流产沙规律试验模拟

针对淮北平原黄潮土水土流失严重的问题,为揭示其产流产沙规律,利用五道沟水文实验站大型人工模拟降雨径流试验场,开展了40,60,80mm/h 3个雨强及5°,10°,15°3个坡度产流产沙规律试验模拟。结果表明:坡面初始产流时间随坡度、雨强的增大而缩短,雨强、坡度越大缩短越不明显;单位时间产流、产沙量随降雨时间变化的转折点在产流后6～15min,单位时间产流量随降雨时间变化表现为前期快速增加,中期缓慢增加,后期平稳,其中40,60mm/h雨强单位时间产流量随坡度增加而减小,80mm/h雨强随坡度的增加而增加;单位时间产沙量随雨强、坡度的增大而增大;不同坡度累计产沙量及产流量随降雨时间变化呈幂函数或线性函数关系(R20.99);坡度及雨强与坡面产流、产沙总量分别呈多元线性和多元幂函数关系。     

辽宁棕壤区开发建设项目弃土流失特征研究

弃土场是开发建设项目中最重要的水土流失来源之一。以辽宁省沈阳市某电厂剥离表土临时堆土为对象,研究棕壤地区开发建项目设弃土的流失规律。试验在沈阳农业大学水利学院综合试验基地的人工模拟降雨试验大厅内进行,共设5个雨强、5个坡度,雨强分别为0.38,0.64,1.05,1.24,1.50 mm/min,坡度分别设定为20°,25°,30°,35°,40°。研究结果表明,相同条件下,雨强越大坡面产流时间越短,坡面土壤水分入渗率随雨强的增加而增加,且雨强越大坡面初始入渗率越高;径流量随雨强的增加而增加。在不同雨强条件下径流量变化呈现不同规律,小雨强条件下增加较平缓;大雨强条件下,径流量呈波动性增加。相同条件下,随着坡度的增加产流时间逐渐缩短,坡面降雨入渗率随坡度的增大有增大的趋势。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。