施硒对壶瓶碎米荠产量、品质及其硒含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,以壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)为试验材料,研究了不同施硒处理(0、40、80、120、140、160、200和300 mg kg~(-1))后壶瓶碎米荠各部位硒含量、分布特征,以及硒对壶瓶碎米荠产量和品质的影响。结果表明:适量施硒(≤200 mg kg~(-1))促进壶瓶碎米荠生长,植株生物量、可食用部分产量和品质均显著提升;而过量施硒(≥300 mg kg~(-1))抑制壶瓶碎米荠生长,植株生物量减少,品质下降。施硒能够显著提高壶瓶碎米荠各部位的硒含量,其根、茎、叶中最高硒含量分别为CK处理的1080、1599和1403倍,硒在各部位的分配为叶根茎,主要存在硒形态为Se Cys2,各部位硒含量与土壤施硒浓度呈非线性相关。如果以各部位的硒含量为评价标准,土壤硒含量为140 mg kg~(-1)时,适宜培养壶瓶碎米荠。     

不同形态硒向水稻籽粒转运途径及品种差异

硒是人体必需微量元素,提高水稻籽粒硒含量对改善人体膳食硒营养有重要意义。以富硒水稻品种(Oryza sativa L.)秀水48和非富硒品种S.Andrea为材料,在灌浆期分别供应离体穗亚硒酸盐、硒酸盐、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸(SeMeSeCys),探讨两品种水稻在灌浆期向籽粒转运不同形态硒的品种差异及转运途径。结果表明:水稻体内有机硒主要通过韧皮部转运至籽粒,硒酸钠可能通过木质部和韧皮部共同转运至剑叶,而亚硒酸钠主要通过木质部转运至剑叶。秀水48从茎至籽粒转运硒酸盐和硒代蛋氨酸能力显著强于S.Andrea,并且富硒水稻秀水48从剑叶至籽粒转运有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)能力显著高于S.Andrea。与非富硒水稻相比较,富硒水稻能通过茎和剑叶向籽粒转运较多的硒,这可能是引起水稻籽粒硒含量差异的直接原因。     

硒对镉胁迫下植物壶瓶碎米荠镉含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置单独Cd处理与Cd+Se复合处理(土壤镉浓度为0~200 mg kg~(-1)),研究不同处理下,壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)植株的镉含量特征。结果表明:两种处理方式下,壶瓶碎米荠植株地上部和地下部镉含量随土壤中镉浓度升高而增加,呈线性相关。单独Cd处理,壶瓶碎米荠植株地上部镉含量变化范围为0.02~808.51 mg kg~(-1),地上部与地下部镉含量的平均比值为1.10,变化范围为1.05~1.23;富集系数的平均值为5.65,变化范围为4.04~7.85。Cd+Se复合处理,相同镉浓度处理下,壶瓶碎米荠地上部和地下部的镉含量均低于单独Cd处理组,最高浓度达到617.74 mg kg~(-1)和531.48 mg kg~(-1)。表明,壶瓶碎米荠是一种富集镉能力强的超积累植物,而添加硒可以降低其对Cd的富集,且不会影响其对Cd的吸收和向地上部转运的能力,在Cd污染场地的修复中前景较好。     

施用生物炭对红壤富硒区硒生物有效性的影响

研究生物炭调理措施对红壤区富硒土壤硒形态及硒生物有效性的影响,为富硒土壤硒活化及硒资源高效利用提供理论依据。通过盆栽试验,连续开展三批玉米苗期研究,设置3 个生物炭添加水平:土壤质量0.5%(T1)、1.0%(T2)和1.5%(T3),以不添加生物炭处理为对照(CK),分析生物炭添加对土壤硒形态及玉米硒素营养的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭后,T1、T2 和T3 的可溶态硒分别平均提高0.46、0.42 和0.43 个百分点;可交换态硒分别平均提高0.61、1.66 和1.50 个百分点;降低了铁锰氧化物结合态硒的比例;有机结合态硒比例先降低后逐渐提高,残渣态硒比例则先提高后逐渐降低。玉米根系硒含量与土壤可溶态、可交换态及有效硒含量均呈显著线性正相关,玉米茎叶硒含量与土壤各硒形态之间的相关性不显著。施用生物炭能提高玉米植株体内的硒累积量,T1、T2 和T3 处理玉米植株平均硒累积量分别比CK 提高9.46%、31.00% 和21.22%。可见,在红壤上施用生物炭能有效提高土壤硒的生物有效性并促进硒在植物体内的累积,其中以添加土壤质量 1.0% 的生物炭效果最好。     

兰州碱性土壤与农产品中硒分布及形态研究

通过对兰州市主要农业区表层土壤总硒有效硒调查和部分农产品总硒有机硒测定,研究了兰州市碱性农田土壤与农产品中硒的积累特征和分布规律。结果表明,兰州市农田表层土壤pH 8.39±0.26,总硒含量为(0.179±0.066)mg/kg(n=473),处于全国中等水平。全市土壤总硒含量区域性差别较大,市辖区明显低于三县,榆中县居全市之首。土壤有效硒与总硒含量显著正相关,有效硒占比为4.63%～15.8%,平均8.27%。农产品中玫瑰(Rosa rugosa),部分西兰花(Brassicaoleracea var.italica)和芹菜(Apium graveolens)样品硒含量高于0.015 mg/kg,为该市天然富硒农产品。农产品中有机硒占总硒比例较高,均值为73.4%。从区域整体来看,土壤硒含量较高的县区农产品硒含量相对也较高,适合富有机硒优质农产品开发。     

桑肠杆菌菌株的富硒特性及其喷施对玉米籽粒的硒素强化

硒是人体必需微量元素之一,对新陈代谢过程有十分重要的促进作用,通过生物强化措施可以增加人体对硒素的补充。该研究利用从植物内生菌中筛选出的一株具有将无机硒转化成生物利用率更高的有机硒的菌株IX+2 2,测定其16S r RNA基因序列,鉴定该菌株为桑肠杆菌(Enterobacter mori)。该文研究不同的硒含量、加硒时间与不同培养收集时间对菌株IX+2 2硒素转化率的影响。结果表明,培养基中硒含量越高,菌株IX+2 2胞内有机硒含量越高,硒素转化率越高,但达到某一个峰值后又开始下降;在对数生长期加硒有利于菌株IX+2 2的生长和对无机硒的转化;菌株培养24 h时收集硒素转化效果最好,继续培养菌体生长减弱。同时针对菌株对玉米籽粒富硒的强化效应做了进一步验证。该菌株对玉米籽粒富硒的强化作用表明:同等亚硒酸钠用量条件下,亚硒酸钠喷施处理后玉米籽粒中硒含量达到228.58μg/kg,而富硒微生物菌剂处理后籽粒中硒含量达到378.89μg/kg,是前者的1.66倍,富硒IX+2 2菌剂的富硒效果优于喷施亚硒酸钠溶液。该研究结果可为玉米籽粒的硒素强化提供理论支撑。     

高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的4种硒形态

本文建立了采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱测定土壤中硒酸根[Se(Ⅵ)]、亚硒酸根[Se(Ⅳ)]、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和硒代胱氨酸(SeCys)的分析方法.土壤中的4种硒形态用0.08 mol/L NaOH溶液采用超声30 min后振荡16 h提取,使用Hamilton PRP-X100色谱柱分离,流动相...     

外源硒矿粉对玉米硒累积及矿质元素吸收的影响

【目的】通过生物强化的方法获得生物安全形态的有机硒,是实现人体科学补硒的重要途径。研究外源硒矿粉在生产中的合理施用量及其对作物的影响,可为富硒农产品生产提供理论与技术指导。【方法】以玉米为试材,以湖北恩施的富硒矿粉(总硒含量为180 mg/kg)为硒源进行田间试验,研究了玉米对外源硒的吸收与转化及施硒对玉米矿质元素吸收的影响。设5个施硒处理: Se 0 (CK)、 750 (Se1)、 1500 (Se2)、 2250 (Se3) 和3000 g/hm2 (Se4)。于玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期取样,测定玉米不同部位总硒含量以及玉米籽粒中总硒、 有机硒及矿质元素含量。【结果】土壤施用富硒矿粉对玉米籽粒产量和总生物量没有显著影响,但可显著增加玉米籽粒及各器官硒含量。随硒施用量由0增加到3000 g/hm2,玉米籽粒中硒含量由14.2 μg/kg 增加到350.3 μg/kg。除Se2处理外,玉米根系中的硒含量在收获期高于抽穗期,而玉米茎和叶中的硒含量在收获期低于抽穗期。玉米不同器官对硒的富集能力依次为根叶籽粒茎,而玉米对硒的转移系数大小顺序亦为叶籽粒茎。与对照相比,施硒使玉米籽粒中有机硒含量显著增加,不同施硒处理玉米籽粒中有机硒含量范围为12.9~302.6 μg/kg,随土壤施硒量增加,有机硒占总硒的比例从86.87%增加到90.84%,不同处理之间有机硒所占比例差异不显著。玉米籽粒总硒、 有机硒与各器官硒含量之间均表现出显著的相关性,其中籽粒中有机硒与不同生育期根中硒含量达到极显著相关水平。施硒可显著抑制玉米籽粒对Na的吸收,对K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe 的吸收无显著影响,一定的施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。【结论】施用外源硒矿粉对玉米生物量与籽粒产量无显著影响。随施硒量增加,玉米籽粒中总硒含量和有机硒含量与对照相比显著增加,但对玉米籽粒中的有机硒与总硒的比例没有显著影响。一定施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。以纯硒施用量为750~1500 g/hm2作为硒矿粉在富硒玉米生产中的推荐施硒量。     

马铃薯硒营养强化技术研究进展

硒是人体必需的微量元素,马铃薯是世界上第4大主粮作物,施用硒肥是生产富硒马铃薯的主要途径。本文介绍了马铃薯硒营养强化技术研究进展,阐述了硒在马铃薯植株内的一般累积分布规律,硒肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量和品质的影响;介绍了马铃薯生长过程中硒营养强化的生理遗传机制等内容;总结了近年来马铃薯富硒栽培技术和新型肥料研发情况;指出绿色环保、低廉高效的生物有机硒肥、缓释硒肥将是未来的发展方向。     

叶面喷施硒对水稻籽粒中硒含量及形态的影响

为研究叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒对水稻籽粒硒含量及形态的影响,以水稻品种百香 139 为材料,通过大田试验,在水稻破口期叶面喷施不同用量的氨基酸螯合硒,并在水稻拔节孕穗期、始穗期、扬花授粉期、灌浆期、蜡熟期 5个不同生育期叶面喷施 13.5 g/hm²(以硒计)的氨基酸螯合硒,在水稻成熟期测定、分析各处理组水稻地上部不同组织器官硒含量和籽粒硒形态。结果表明,喷施外源氨基酸螯合硒可提高水稻各器官硒含量,在适量范围内水稻植株各器官硒含量随着喷硒浓度的增加而提高;水稻籽粒中硒主要以硒代蛋氨酸存在,水稻籽粒中硒代蛋氨酸含量与总硒含量的变化规律相一致。喷施氨基酸螯合硒用量为 6.75、13.5、27.0 g/hm² 时水稻籽粒中硒含量分别为 0.168、0.431、0.439 mg/kg,均达到《富硒农产品硒含量分类要求》(DB45/T 1061-2014)的要求。拔节孕穗期至灌浆期喷硒处理水稻籽粒硒含量呈现增高趋势,灌浆期喷硒处理的水稻籽粒总硒含量最高,达到 0.320 mg/kg;水稻籽粒中硒代蛋氨酸含量占总硒含量的比例为 43% ～ 91%,硒代蛋氨酸含量占总硒含量的比例由大到小依次为:拔节孕穗期 >始穗期>扬花授粉期＝灌浆期>蜡熟期,硒代蛋氨酸比例随着施硒时期越靠近水稻成熟期越低,表明水稻叶片中硒的转化时间对稻米中硒形态有显著影响,提早喷施硒有利于有机态硒的形成,提高稻米中有机态硒的比例。在硒的生物强化生产富硒水稻中,水稻破口期叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒的最佳用量为 13.5 g/hm²,在 5 个不同生育期喷施 13.5 g/hm² 的氨基酸螯合硒均能生产出富硒大米,且最佳喷施外源硒的时期为灌浆期。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.