凤尾兰中抗果蔬病原菌成分的提取工艺优化

以不同极性的提取溶剂制备凤尾兰提取液，研究提取液对几种果蔬病原菌的抑制效果，通过单因素试验和L₉(3⁴)正交试验，确定抑菌成分的较佳提取条件。结果表明：不同溶剂的凤尾兰提取液对供试菌的抑制作用明显不同。石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯提取液及对照对各供试菌均无抑制作用，而正丁醇、95%乙醇提取液和水提取液对蒜薹灰葡萄孢、指状青霉和葱腐葡萄孢均有明显的抑制作用，其中95%乙醇提取液抑菌效果最好，但它们对意大利青霉无抑菌圈，对葡萄灰葡萄孢有抑菌圈不明显。凤尾兰抑菌成分的较佳提取条件为：以45%乙醇溶液作为提取溶剂，料液比1∶20(g/mL)，提取温度70℃，提取时间3 h。     

苹果渣中不同极性多酚的分离及体外抗氧化活性研究

为了优化苹果多酚提取工艺,进而提高苹果多酚提取物中强效多酚的含量,该文采用液-液萃取方法按极性大小对果渣多酚进行分离,进而采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基法和铁离子还原/抗氧化力法对不同极性多酚体外抗氧化活性进行评价.结果表明:液-液萃取方法,可以实现不同极性多酚的有效分离,不同极性苹果多酚,其体外抗氧化活性有显著差异,水层多酚活性最强,其次为正丁醇层,乙酸乙酯层相对较弱,即多酚的抗氧化性与其极性呈正相关.因此,工业化提取苹果渣中多酚时,增大提取溶剂的极性有利于强效多酚的获取.     

商陆不同极性、根和茎提取物的抑菌性能分析

为探究商陆不同极性、部位提取物的抑菌性能,本实验分别从商陆根和茎中提取石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相4种不同极性的提取物,再采用滤纸片法测量提取物对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphyloccocus aureus）、巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）和副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyt-icus）4种细菌的抑制性能。结果表明,部分商陆的提取物有一定的抑菌活性,如根正丁醇相对巨大芽孢杆菌和副溶血弧菌,茎水相对副溶血弧菌的抑菌圈在10mm以上,但总体上商陆的提取物的抑菌性能远不及头孢氨苄好。实验还发现商陆抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于根中,且抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于水和正丁醇这种极性较高的溶剂的提取物中,不同提取物对不同细菌的抑菌活性情况不一致。因此本研究结果可以为商陆提取物抑菌性能的进一步探索提供参考。     

马齿苋提取物对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用探究

为研究不同萃取剂萃取马齿苋有效成分以及不同浓度马齿苋提取物对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用,采用水、乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、马齿苋余下水层6种不同的提取溶剂,分别对马齿苋的有效成分进行提取,并浓缩提取液,过滤药液,采用纸片法观察马齿苋提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用。结果表明:不同溶剂的提取液均有抑菌效果,其中马齿苋乙醇提取物的抑菌效果最好,抑菌环可达10.93 mm;水提取物的抑菌效果次之,抑菌环可达9.53 mm。不同浓度乙醇提取液水溶剂提取液中,以50%的乙醇提取液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌环可达12.33 mm。马齿苋乙醇提取物与抗菌药的联合作用中,以马齿苋乙醇提取物与头孢噻呋、痢菌净的联合抑菌效果最好。     

入侵植物假臭草和胜红蓟提取物的抑菌活性研究

假臭草和胜红蓟是我国南方常见的入侵植物,为了防治和利用其开发植物源抑菌剂,本试验采用牛津杯法检测了不同溶剂(70%乙醇、95%乙醇、石油醚和乙酸乙酯)提取物对28种病原微生物的抑菌活性,并评估了不同器官部位提取物的抑菌活性。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物抑菌活性有差异,假臭草70%乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)抑制活性最强,抑菌圈直径为26.28±0.75mm;胜红蓟95%乙醇提取物对腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidi)抑制活性最好,抑菌圈直径为17.31±0.46 mm。此外,假臭草和胜红蓟70%乙醇不同部位提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑菌作用表现为叶部提取物(22.31±0.34 mm和19.52±0.28 mm)茎部提取物(22.25±0.65 mm和12.75±0.45 mm)根部提取物(11.78±0.69 mm和9.05±0.53 mm)。假臭草提取物对12种细菌和1种真菌黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger)具有抑制效果;胜红蓟提取物对9种细菌具有抑制效果。本研究结果为进一步研发具有潜力的植物源抑菌剂奠定了理论基础。     

爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性研究

爵床(Justicia procumbens var.procumbens L.)是一种传统中药。为探明爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性,采用冷浸和超声波提取相结合的方法,分别获得了爵床甲醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和正己烷等溶剂提取物;并应用抑菌圈法研究了5种提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosprioides)、芦笋茎枯病菌(Phomopsisasparagi)、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia grisea)、棉花红腐病菌(Fusarium graminearum)和草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytiscinerea)等5种植物病原真菌的抑制效果,测定了甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病、芦笋茎枯病、草莓灰霉病和柑橘溃疡病(Xanthomonas campestris)等4种植物病菌及白蚊伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)、家蝇(Musca domestica)和菜青虫(Pieris rapae)等3种害虫的毒力。结果表明,不同极性溶剂提取物8 mg.mL 1对5种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌、草莓灰霉病菌的抑制率均达50%以上。爵床甲醇提取物具有较强的抑菌杀虫活性,对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为5.94 mg.mL 1、4.61 mg.mL 1和5.27 mg.mL 1,EC90分别为63.69 mg.mL 1、58.01 mg.mL 1和54.57 mg.mL 1;0.25~1.00 mg.mL 1爵床甲醇提取物对柑橘溃疡病病菌显示强抑菌作用,0.125 mg.mL 1显示中度抑菌作用,最小抑制浓度(MIC)为0.062 5 mg.mL 1;爵床甲醇提取物对白蚊伊蚊、家蝇和菜青虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.195 8 mg.mL 1、0.351 4 mg.mL 1和0.287 7 mg.mL 1,LC95分别为0.988 4 mg.mL 1、3.053 2mg.mL 1和2.584 4 mg.mL 1。因此,爵床提取物作为生物农药,在农业生产中具有较好的应用前景。     

油橄榄叶提取物对Botrytis cinerea抑菌效果与机理研究

为研究油橄榄叶提取物对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用及机理,本试验采用溶剂浸提法制备油橄榄叶提取物,再与灰葡萄孢作用,通过测定菌落直径、菌丝生物量探究提取物对灰葡萄孢菌体生长的抑制作用,通过测定相对电导率、核酸和蛋白质泄露量考察油橄榄叶提取物对菌体细胞膜完整性的影响;并基于平板培养体系,采用碘化丙啶(PI)染色法研究提取物对灰葡萄孢细胞膜通透性、活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响。结果表明,灰葡萄孢对油橄榄叶90%乙醇提取物具有高敏感性,经油橄榄叶提取物处理后其菌落直径和菌丝生物量分别为对照的20%、8.91%,膜电导率、核酸以及蛋白质泄漏量显著增加;孢内超氧阴离子(O₂^·-)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量显著增加,还原型辅酶Ⅱ氧化酶(NOX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降。综上,油橄榄叶90%乙醇提取物处理后的灰葡萄孢细胞膜受到损伤,导致细胞内容物外泄,并诱导ROS在胞内积累,...     

藤黄轮丝链霉菌T0907-107抑菌活性研究

从海产虾壳上分离筛选拮抗放线菌、研究其抑菌活性具有重要的实践意义。藤黄轮丝链霉菌(Streptomyces luteoverticillatus)T0907-107是分离自海产虾壳上并经初筛和鉴定的一株链霉菌,为了进一步开发和利用该菌,本研究采用极性不同的5种溶剂(丙酮、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、乙醇和甲醇),对该菌株的发酵液菌体活性物质进行了提取,对粗提物的理化性质和抑菌活性进行了初步研究。结果表明,其发酵液活性物质大部分存在于菌体中,采用甲醇和丙酮浸提的效果好,其抑菌圈直径分别为26.20和22.50 mm;对粗提物进行耐热性实验,结果表明,粗提物是一种能够耐60℃高温和一定酸碱的物质;粗提物对蛋白酶K稳定;菌体及粗提物对多种植物病原菌物如烟草炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum nicotianae Sacc.)、烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata(Fries)Keissler)、烟草立枯丝核病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)、枇杷炭疽菌(C.gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.)和白菜炭疽病菌(C.higginsianum Sacc.)有较强抑制作用。研究结果表明,甲醇和丙酮是较合适的萃取溶剂,该菌发酵液菌体粗提物极性强、稳定性好、有较广的抑菌谱,显示出好的开发前景。本研究为进一步鉴定该活性物质及开发和利用该菌提供了基础资料。     

溶剂萃取对螺旋藻水热液化生物原油储存稳定性的影响

为了研究生物原油所含不同组分对其储存稳定性的影响,该研究提出利用溶剂分步萃取法分离生物原油。采用螺旋藻为原料进行水热液化,利用极性不同的四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯、丙酮和正己烷为萃取溶剂分离生物原油,以黏度和热值作为稳定性评价指标,利用热重分析仪、气相色谱质谱联用仪和傅立叶红外光谱仪分析生物原油的老化机理。结果表明：乙酸乙酯萃取得到的生物原油的黏度最低（316 mPa·s）,流动性最好,且在储存过程中黏度变化率最小（78.6%）,稳定性最好;利用溶剂可以分离生物原油中的重、轻组分和极性、非极性组分,生物原油的老化与极性大分子之间发生的酯化反应、聚合反应密切相关,而小分子非极性化合物的存在可显著降低生物原油的黏度,提高其流动性和稳定性;经储存后生物原油的热值降低了0.4%～6.2%,生物原油的极性组分、重组分和氮元素含量越多,黏度和热值的变化率越大。该研究可为生物质水热液化产物的定向调控及生物原油储存稳定性的提高提供参考。     

大蒜废弃物对农作物病原菌的抑制效果

我国大蒜废弃物资源丰富,为引导其合理化、资源化利用,测定了大蒜提取物对大豆尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum fsp.tracheiphilum）、油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum（Lib.）d eBary）、大豆细菌性斑点病菌（Pseudomonas.s yringae pv.glycinea）和水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae〔Ishiyama〕Dye,Xoo）4种植物病原菌的抑制作用,并通过大蒜提取物、大蒜渣、大蒜肥对土壤中大豆尖孢镰刀菌的抑制试验,测定了其在土壤中对土传病原菌的抑制效果。结果表明,高浓度的大蒜提取物对这4种植物病原菌有抑制作用,随着提取物浓度的升高,抑菌效果也更为明显。质量浓度为500mg.mL-1时对大豆尖孢镰刀菌、大豆细菌性斑点病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌的抑菌效果最好。培养基中提取物浓度达100mg.mL-1时对两种真菌的抑制达100%。同时,含大蒜提取物0.05mL.g-1、大蒜渣5%或大蒜肥25%的土壤能抑制土传病原菌大豆尖孢镰刀菌在土壤中的定殖。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.