绿色木霉菌T-YY黄色素的稳定性研究

为开发一种新型的、功能性天然食品添加剂,该文以绿色木霉菌T-YY发酵液冻干粉(色素粗品)为试验材料,初步研究其紫外-可见光谱性质与稳定性.结果表明,色素粗品中至少含有4种以上不同性质的黄色素,该黄色素易溶于水和醇,色价高,在紫外区及可见光区各有一个吸收峰,最大吸收波长分别为286.5 nm和380 nm;在酸碱环境中色调保持亮黄色,其水溶液在pH＜5.0时出现浑浊,在pH≥5.0时呈亮黄色;pH值3.0～9.0色素溶液在室内自然光(25℃)下放置7 d后色调稳定;热稳定性好,100℃加热30 min色素保留率达到90.2%;抗H2O2、HNO3氧化能力强,但不耐Na2SO3还原作用.Fe3 、Cu2 和Mn2 的对色素具有消褪作用, Fe2 、Mg2 、Zn2 、Ca2 、K 、Na 则对其有不同程度的保护和增色作用.试验表明,绿色木霉T-YY黄色素在稳定性上呈现出一定优势,因此具有较大的开发潜力.     

常压室温等离子诱变选育高产橙、黄色素红曲菌研究

为了提高红曲菌(Monascus sp.)产橙、黄色素的性能,采用新型的常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变技术处理红曲菌WM951孢子悬液。结果表明,最佳照射时间为90 s,此时红曲菌突变效果最好,其孢子致死率为78%,形态突变率为14.2%。试验最终从15株突变菌株筛选得到1株高产橙、黄色素的突变菌株WM951M1,对该菌株的发酵产物进行色价检测分析,发现该突变菌株产橙、黄色素能力比出发菌株分别提高136%、43%,30℃培养10d后其固态发酵红曲米中橙、黄色素色价最大值分别为3 620、3300 U·g-1。出发菌和突变菌所产色素的全波长扫面图谱显示,突变菌所产色素最大吸收峰出现在465nm处,并在410 nm处也有吸收峰,说明该菌主要合成橙、黄色素。在传代培养的过程中,该突变菌株表现出良好的遗传稳定性及形态稳定性,不仅可应用于生产橙、黄色素,也可用于生产色调偏橙型红曲米,还能丰富红曲菌菌株库资源。     

青海黄蘑菇色素提取及相关性质研究

为明确黄蘑菇色素的理化性质和抗氧化活性，本研究采用响应面设计优化了黄蘑菇色素提取工艺，研究了色素稳定性和抗氧化活性。结果表明，黄蘑菇色素最佳提取工艺条件为去离子水作为提取剂，提取温度51℃，提取时间61 min，料液比1∶113 g·mL^-1，提取率为90.93%。黄蘑菇色素粗提物对光比较敏感，避光条件下更稳定，耐高温和耐还原性较差，但其具有一定的耐酸碱性和耐氧化性；Zn²⁺的添加增大了黄蘑菇色素的吸光度，Al³⁺浓度超过0.25%时，色素吸光度下降；葡萄糖对色素稳定性影响较小；苯甲酸钠和蔗糖的浓度超过1%时，色素吸光度增加，对其稳定性影响较大。色素粗提物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟自由基和2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基有一定的清除能力，其半抑制率含量(IC₅₀)分别为2.30、0.01和1.00 mg·mL^-1，对Fe³⁺有一定还原能力。DPPH IC₅₀值和ABTS I...     

太空搭载胡芦巴SP1代生物效应研究

以阿联酋胡芦巴种质为材料,经"实践八号"返回式卫星搭载进行空间诱变,回收后,与留地面未经搭载的对照在相同环境下同时播种,对诱变后代（SP₁代）的主要农艺性状和品质性状进行研究。结果显示,与对照相比,空间诱变对胡芦巴种子发芽和初期幼苗生长势有一定的抑制作用,但生长一定时间后,植株长势强。空间诱变处理后,果荚由多数单荚变为多数双荚,分枝数、单株粒重以及单株荚数均显著增加。傅里叶红外光谱法对SP₁代葫芦巴种子的品质分析表明,空间诱变并没有对胡芦巴的化学成分产生影响。本研究结果表明,空间诱变可诱发胡芦巴产生一定的变异,这些变异对获得有价值的高产胡芦巴新种质具有重要意义。     

绿变大蒜蓝色素的制备及理化活性(英文)

为了进一步明确大蒜绿变物质的结构及性质,该研究对绿变产物进行分离制备并探索了其相关理化活性。从绿变大蒜中提取出绿变产物,并通过AmberliteCG-50和SephadexLH-20两步纯化制备得到了蓝色素的纯化产品,其色价为76.7。对色素的理化性质进行了研究,结果表明蓝色素在酸性条件pH值7时稳定;对热处理也比较稳定,60℃以下加热处理对色素影响较小;长时间的日光照射会使蓝色素有较大的损失;一些常见的金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+、Al3+、Fe2+的存在对蓝绿色素几乎没有影响,Fe3+的存在会使色素迅速褪色。蓝色素对自由基有清除效果:质量浓度为2 mg/mL的蓝色素提取物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)清除率达到96.4%;在10 mg/mL质量浓度下,蓝色素对超氧和羟基自由基的清除率分别为96.8%和87.6%;色素提取物对自由基的清除效果低于同浓度的抗坏血酸。该研究结果对深入研究绿变色素的性质和结构奠定了初步基础。     

牡丹花红色素理化性质研究

目前牡丹主要是用于观赏,其综合加工技术没有突破。为了为牡丹花保鲜、护色和色素加工提供理论支持,该文对从牡丹红色品种洛阳红中提取的牡丹红色素进行理化性质研究。结果显示:牡丹红色素水溶性好,颜色随pH值变化而变化。pH值小于3时比较稳定,最大吸收波长为526.5 nm。在酸性条件下该色素对光、热有很好的稳定性;耐氧化性和还原性较差;Zn²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺、K⁺、Cu²⁺、Ca²⁺离子对牡丹花红色素的稳定性影响不大,但Sn²⁺、Fe³⁺离子可使色素溶液变色,稳定性差。     

紫马铃薯花青素提取方法及稳定性研究

紫马铃薯富含花青素,是天然的保健食品,并具有较高经济价值和营养价值。优化提取方法可提高花青素的稳定性,为紫马铃薯花青素的提取、加工及稳定性研究提供基础理论依据。通过查阅文献发现,利用优化乙醇浸提法提取花青素,并辅以超声、微波、加压、脉冲等提取方法,可显著提高紫马铃薯花青素的提取量;紫马铃薯花青素在低pH、低温条件下稳定性较好。氧化剂、还原剂、光照都会对紫马铃薯花青素起破坏作用,葡萄糖、海藻糖可提高其稳定性,苯甲酸钠对其稳定性影响不大。     

不同介质条件对银杏淀粉糊流变特性的影响

淀粉糊流变特性是影响淀粉类食品加工品质的主要因素。该文采用布拉班德尔黏度计，考察不同介质条件如浓度、pH值、蔗糖和食盐对银杏淀粉糊黏度特性的影响。银杏淀粉糊的布拉班德尔黏度测定结果表明：随着银杏淀粉糊浓度增加,其起糊温度降低，峰值黏度增高，热稳定性、冷稳定性下降，凝沉性增强；60 g/kg银杏淀粉糊黏度性质受酸碱介质的影响较大，在pH值中性7左右，其淀粉糊黏度热稳定性最好，凝沉性最强，但冷稳定性最差；食品介质蔗糖对60 g/kg银杏淀粉糊黏度曲线影响较大，其淀粉起糊温度、峰值黏度随蔗糖浓度增加而增加，淀粉糊黏度的冷稳定性、热稳定性均降低，凝沉性增强；而食盐影响较小。该结果对银杏淀粉类食品深加工开发具有较大的指导意义。     

世界卫生组织公布 全球十大垃圾食品

油炸类食品 1.导致心血管疾病元凶(油炸淀粉);2.含 致癌物质;3.破坏维生素,使蛋白质变性。 腌制类食品 1.导致高血压,肾负担过重,导致鼻咽癌; 2.影响黏膜系统(对肠胃有害);3易得溃疡和 发炎。 加工类肉食品 (肉干、肉松、香肠等) 1.含三大致癌物质之一的亚硝酸盐(防腐 和显色作用);2.含大量防腐剂(加重肝脏负     

EDTA-2Na对改善含Fe(Ⅲ)食品中商陆色素稳定性的研究

为探索天然商陆色素在含Fe(Ⅲ)食品中的应用,以商陆果色素原液为试验材料，通过添加Fe(Ⅲ)与EDTA-2Na的方法，研究了食品中Fe(Ⅲ)对商陆色素稳定性的影响及EDTA-2Na对改善含铁食品中商陆色素稳定性的效果。结果表明：Fe(Ⅲ)会降低商陆色素的吸光度保留率及热稳定性，色素的稳定性与Fe(Ⅲ)浓度、加热时间呈负相关；在含Fe(Ⅲ)食品中添加EDTA-2Na，可改善商陆色素的稳定性，当EDTA-2Na与Fe(Ⅲ)摩尔数比大于1时，色素的吸光度保留率在85%以上；色素的稳定性与Fe(Ⅲ)和EDTA-2Na的加入顺序有关，“Fe(Ⅲ)+EDTA-2Na+色素”的加入顺序色素的吸光度保留率最高。     

超临界CO2流体技术精制栀子黄色素的研究

以市售栀子黄色素为原料,比较系统地探讨了超临界状态下萃取压力、温度、时间、ＣＯ₂流量、夹带剂对栀子黄色素ＯＤ值比率的影响。结果表明：高温、高压、添加夹带剂的条件下有利于降低栀子黄色素的ＯＤ值比率,达到精制的目的。     

Spectrophotometric determination of yellow pigment content and evaluation of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography in durum wheat grain

The so-called "yellow pigment" content of durum wheat has been used for a long time as an indicator of the color quality of durum wheat and pasta products. For decades the chemical nature of these pigments has been assigned to carotenoids, mainly to the xanthophyll lutein and its fatty acid esters. The chemical composition of the yellow pigments of eight German durum wheat cultivars was studied. Grains were milled on a laboratory mill. Pigment extraction of millstream fractions was performed according to the optimized ICC standard method 152 procedure, and the chemical composition of the extract was analyzed by isocratic reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. all-trans-Lutein ranged from 1.5 to 4 mg kg(-1), and zeaxanthin was found in traces. No lutein esters and carotenes were detected. Surprisingly, the fraction of carotenoids of the complete yellow pigment content amounted to only 30-50% of the yellow pigment quantities, so there are still compounds in durum wheat not yet identified that contribute considerably to the yellow color of the grain extracts. The isolation and chemical identification of those pigments are under investigation.     

Phenotypic diversity analysis of grain yield and yellow pigment content in germplasm collected from Iranian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) landraces

This study was undertaken to compare patterns of agronomic characters and yellow pigment content diversity between Iranian durum landraces and modern varieties. In four field experiments, a collection of 127 accessions of landraces and 23 modern cultivars tetraploid wheat representing Iranian and global genetic diversity were tested under optimum and rain-fed conditions. Across the environments, the yellow pigment concentrations ranged from 1.85 mg kg^?1 to 8.95 mg kg^?1 in the field-grown samples. Multivariate analysis detected five groups, four including landraces and one comprising modern cultivars. As a group, modern cultivars were the most productive and showed high mean values for harvest index, grains per spike and yellow pigment, but they had the lowest plant height. Landraces had the highest mean number of spikes per m² and 1000-kernel weight, but were characterized by low plant height and yellow pigment content. Clustering analysis also showed that, based on yield and yellow pigment content, the accessions in different groups were of different origins, suggesting that there was no clear relationship between accessions and geographical diversity. According to our results, Iranian landraces can be particularly useful as germplasm in breeding programmes to improve spikes per m² and 1000-kernel weights.     

Quantitaive and qualitative changes associated with heat treatments in the carotenoid content of paprika oleoresins.

Quantitative changes in the red and yellow carotenoid pigment fractions of four paprika oleoresins were studied at four storage temperatures. At all four temperatures, there was an overall loss of pigmentation, which was more marked with increasing temperature. However, pigmentation loss was not qualitatively uniform. At temperatures below 60 degrees C, the rate of destruction of the yellow pigment fraction was higher than that of the red pigments. Above 60 degrees C, the order of lability of the two fractions was inverted and the red pigment fraction became the more unstable. Thus, treatments above this temperature increase the proportion of yellow pigments. Any heat treatment results in a decrease in the total pigment concentration, with the initial proportion of red and yellow pigments switching in favor of one or the other depending on the temperature used.     

用大孔树脂纯化栀子黄色素的研究

为降低栀子黄色素中栀子苷的含量，提高栀子黄色素稳定性，该文就10种大孔树脂纯化栀子黄色素进行了研究。结果表明，A-5大孔树脂选择性吸附藏花素的能力较强，吸附率和解吸率均达85%以上，经其纯化后的栀子黄色素OD值比率(即栀子苷在最大吸收波长238 nm处的吸光值与藏花素在最大吸收波长440 nm处的吸光值的比值)可降至0.4以下，实现了对藏花素与栀子苷的有效分离，适于栀子黄色素的纯化。     

Broiler litter and inorganic fertilizer effects on seed yield and productivity of buckwheat and fenugreek in row intercropping

We present data of a 2 years field experiment on influence of intercropping and N source on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)–buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) intercrops. The experiment was conducted at the research farm, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord, Iran during 2014 and 2015. Treatments included sole cropping of fenugreek (F), sole cropping of buckwheat (B), and three intercropping ratios. Second factor was N fertilizer type: mineral chemical fertilizer (CF) or broiler litter (BL). Intercropping improved yield of fenugreek and buckwheat compared with sole cropping and BL was the more effective fertilizer especially in intercrops. Fenugreek and buckwheat in intercrops used available environmental resources for increasing pods plant^?1, seeds pod^?1, 1000-seed weight, and harvest index (HI) (for fenugreek) and clusters plant^?1 and 1000-seed weight (for buckwheat) compared to the respective sole crops in both years. The resulting land equivalent ratios (LERs) of intercrops varied from 0.99 to 1.72 and the highest LER was observed in F:B = 2:1 treated with BL. This study shows a potential yield benefit of fenugreek–buckwheat intercropping under semiarid growing conditions when planting fenugreek and buckwheat at a ratio of 2:1, respectively, and applying BL compared with sole cropping with inorganic fertilizer application.     

Variation in gluten strength and yellow pigment in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat germplasm

Ten released varieties and one hundred and eleven tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) wheat accessions collected from different major wheat producing regions, consisting of totally 2904 entries were characterized for content of yellow pigment, gluten strength, thousand kernel weights, grain yield, percent of yellow berry, glumes color, awn color, seed color, beak shape and spike density. The objectives were to assess variation with respect to regions of origin, species and altitudinal classes and to study the interrelationships of the qualitative traits used for the study. The accessions and/or released varieties showed significant regional variation for all the traits used in the study, but clinal variation among altitudinal classes and species were significant (P ≤ 0.01) in 6 (60%) and 9 (90%) of the studied traits, respectively. The accessions revealed consistent variation (P ≤ 0.001) within both regions and altitudinal classes for all the traits used in the study. The sedimentation volume was positively correlated with content of yellow pigment, percent of yellow berry, thousand kernel weights, glumes color, awn color, beak shape, seed color and grain yield. The contents of yellow pigment was positively correlated with awn color, beak shape and grain yield, but negatively correlated with seed color and spike density. Generally wide variation was found in the germplasm. Particularly variation was high for the content of the yellow pigment as well as the gluten strength, which provides opportunities to be utilized for genetic improvement.     

Effects of types of nitrogenous fertilizer (biological,chemical, integrative) and cropping mixes on some forage-medicine characteristics in additive intercropping of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

In order to investigate the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers (biological, chemical, integrative) on quantity and quality of forage-medicine in the additive intercropping of sorghum with fenugreek, an experiment was performed in two agronomic years 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 in the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Tehran University located in Dolatabad, Karaj, as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main treatments consisted of the control or without fertilizer (N0), biofertilizer (Nbi) (Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, mycorrhiza), chemical nitrogen fertilizer (Nch 100) and integrative fertilizer including biofertilizer plus 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer (Nbi + Nch50). The subtreatments included sole cultivation of fenugreek without weeds (T0), sole cultivation of fenugreek with weeds (Tw), sole cultivation of sorghum without weeds (S0), sole cultivation of sorghum with weeds (Sw), cultivation of sorghum + 50% fenugreek (ST50) and cultivation of sorghum + 100% fenugreek (ST100). Based on the results, the highest effective extract of fenugreek (trigonelline) and fenugreek dry matter was gained through the application of biological fertilizer + the sole fenugreek treatment (no weeds). Moreover, the highest sorghum dry mater was yielded by the use of the integrative fertilizer + the sole sorghum (no weeds) treatment; however, the highest total dry matter was observed to be more in the mixed treatment of integrative fertilizer and sorghum + 50% fenugreek. The lowest weed biomass was also linked to the integrative treatment biological fertilizer and sorghum + 100% fenugreek.     

可调LED光源系统设计及其对菠菜生长的影

为提供设施农业装备运用的人工光源,进行了发光二极管(LED)光源系统的硬件及软件设计,并通过以荧光灯为对照对6种柔性组合的LED光源,进行了菠菜生长试验。研究发现该系统具有光质、光强、光周期及占空比柔性可调,可以作为设施补光及光生物学研究的理想光系统。在该光系统下的菠菜生长试验发现,菠菜在红蓝黄(RBY)光处理下叶柄长、叶面积、叶柄粗及根长都显著大于其他处理,生长较其他处理健壮,且RBY光处理菠菜光合色素质量分数显著高于其他处理,表明在红蓝复合光的基础上添加黄光有利于光合色素的合成,并显著地促进菠菜的生长,同时也表明该LED光源系统对开展植物补光应用具有一定的现实意义和使用价值。     

常温真空包装对保持小米储藏品质的影响

为了探究一种有效的小米储藏方法,以晋谷42号小米为试材,采用0.08 mm厚尼龙(polyamide,PA)复合聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)袋包装,常温((20±2)℃)环境中储藏,研究小米在常规、常规密闭和真空包装储藏120 d品质指标的变化规律。结果表明:相对于常规包装,真空包装储藏有效降低脂肪氧合酶的活性(P<0.05),延缓小米脂质的氧化分解(P<0.05),抑制小米游离脂肪酸含量的升高(P<0.05),较好地保持了小米的水分(P<0.05),延缓了小米黄色素的损耗(P<0.05),较好地保持了小米的亮度(P<0.05)、米黄色(P<0.05)以及弹性(P<0.05)和黏附性(P<0.05);常规密闭包装具有一定的储藏效果,但不及真空包装。因此,常温下真空包装储藏可以有效延缓小米的陈化,保持小米的储藏品质。研究结果为小米储藏,提升小米储藏品质提供了理论依据和技术支持。