基于Hadoop的云环境下作物生长模型算法的实现与测试

为了提高作物生长模型的计算速度,该文提出了云环境下作物生长模型算法的实现方案。综合分析了作物生长模型和子模型之间的数据依赖关系,以及不同并行计算方法的特点。以云计算基础架构开源软件Hadoop为基础,设计云环境下作物生长模型处理方案。以小麦生长模型WheatGrow为测试对象,在真实云环境下,验证了该方案的有效性。研究表明,在处理作物生长模型这类具有复杂数据依赖关系问题时,当区域数据点较多,需采用数据并行计算方法;且区域数据点越多,加入计算的计算结点越多,越能体现出MapReduce在并行计算上具有的可扩展性。研究可为促进作物生长模型和数字农业的发展提供参考。     

基于MPI并行算法的农作物生长环境的数据分析

为了提升作物生长模型的运算速度,MPI并行算法由于自身所具有的优越性而被广泛地应用。基于此,对MPI并行计算的农作物生长环境的数据展开分析。首先,概述MPI并行计算方法,然后分析MPI并行算法在农作物生长环境的数据应用情况。     

土壤水氮动态及作物生长耦合EPIC-Nitrogen2D模型

为计算农业区不同作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程,该文基于Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator(EPIC)作物模型建立了作物根系生长子模块,将其进行有限元数值离散,与土壤氮素迁移转化模型Nitrogen2D耦合,使模型能计算作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程。该作物生长模块可计算多种胁迫下作物根系对土壤水分和氮素的动态吸收速率,及作物收获时的生物量和吸氮量。采用武汉大学灌溉排水试验场冬小麦生长条件下土壤水氮试验数据对模型进行了率定,并用于土壤水氮分布和作物生物量预测,土壤含水率、氮素的模拟值与实测值的一致性系数分别为0.86~0.97、0.52~0.98,Nash效率系数为0.59~0.90(含水率)、0.44~0.93(土壤氮素),说明模拟结果与实测值吻合度较高。同时,分别采用该文的作物生长模块和简单根系吸收模块计算根系吸氮过程,结果显示,简单根系吸收模型会显著高估作物吸氮量,而作物生长模型则由于考虑了根系生长和各环境因子的胁迫作用,计算结果更符合作物实际吸氮过程,计算的根系吸氮量相对均方根误差为3.4%~46%。     

基于遥感和作物生长模型的作物产量差估测

传统的作物生长模型很难模拟大田的实际产量，因为大量的数据、复杂的数学运算以及误差传递限制了作物生长模拟模型的运用。目前为止实际产量仅能通过观测和实地调查获得。该文将NOAA-14 AVHRR遥感获取的冠层温度信息引入作物生长模型，利用冠气温差计算作物水分胁迫系数，可以近似地估计区域作物实际生长速率和产量，进而建立了遥感-作物模拟复合模型PS-X，提出了估算区域作物实际产量的方法。PS-X模型可在不同层次模拟作物的生长和产量，在PS-1、PS-2、PS-X水平计算的分别是作物的光温生产潜力、水分限制下的生产力和实际产量。利用该模型，论文分别模拟了邯郸地区1998年夏玉米的光温生产潜力、水分限制下的生产力和实际产量，并通过比较不同模拟水平下产量和农户调查产量进行区域产量差分析。结果表明：PS-1和PS-2水平之间的产量差主要由水分和土壤质地差异造成；PS-2与PS-X水平间的平均产量差异较大，占总产量差（PS-1与PS-X水平之差）的81.4%，主要由田间管理差异造成；对于平原地区，夏玉米产量估测精度可达90%以上；砂质土壤区估算冠层温度和水分胁迫系数比壤质、粘质土壤区要高，因此砂质土壤区模拟作物产量较低，这与PS-2计算结果、农户调查数据一致。研究证实，区域上应用遥感瞬时温度信息建立遥感-作物模拟复合模型进行估产是可行的。     

农村主动型配电网优化调度线性模型与算法

针对电源出力对电网损耗和电压分布的仿真研究表明,沿减小节点电压偏移和提高电网电压水平2个方向搜索可以获得最佳调度方案。为了优化调整分布式电源出力使主动型配电网供电成本尽可能小,该文在对分布式电源对配电网电压分布与线损影响仿真分析的基础上,提出了一种主动型配电网实时优化调度线性化模型和求解方法,分别通过在迭代计算中逐步缩小节点电压限值区间和求解在相同电压偏移前提下全网电压水平最高的优化计算实现最优调度方案的搜索。由简化的配电网回路电压方程,将节点电压表示为节点注入功率的线性函数,从而得到优化调度线性模型,并用IEEE33节点算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。研究结果可为主动配电网优化调度决策方案提供参考。     

分布式水文模型在陕西省冬小麦产量模拟中的应用

利用分布式水文模型和作物模型模拟了不同深度的土壤含水量,以及在连接分布式水文模型和不连接分布式水文模型两种方式下,利用作物模型分别对冬小麦叶面积指数、干物重增量和产量进行了模拟,最后采用连接分布式水文模型的作物模型模拟了全流域内冬小麦产量的空间分布。模拟结果经对比检验表明,分布式水文模型在土壤水分模拟方面准确性高于作物模型;连接分布式水文模型的作物模型对冬小麦生长过程和产量的模拟结果准确性均高于作物模型独立模拟的结果;连接分布式水文模型的作物模型在流域内对冬小麦产量的空间分布模拟结果也与农业试验站观测产量和社会统计产量基本一致,高产区、低产区分布与实际基本相吻合。这为分布式水文模型和作物模型耦合应用,以及通过引进分布式水文模型来推动作物模型和产量预报研究进一步发展提供了基本的试验支持。     

利用EOS-MODIS数据提取作物冠层温度研究

利用EOS-MODIS遥感数据，基于线性混合模型，提出了一种新的作物冠层温度反演方法。首先，利用EOS-MODIS数据提取了陆地表面温度LST和植被指数NDVI。然后，假定地表只有植被和裸地两种组分，通过植被指数温度VI-Ts方法来估算裸土的组分温度，作物冠层温度通过线性混合模型来求解。为了验证反演的地表温度和冠层温度的精度，把反演的地表温度与NASA MODIS地表温度产品进行差值运算，在差值图像中90%以上的像元灰度值分布在-1和1之间，像元灰度的平均值小于0.5；同时在河北固城农业气象试验站对冬小麦冠层温度进行同步观测，通过与反演的冠层温度进行比较，其误差在±1.5℃左右。结果表明，文中所提出的作物冠层温度反演方法精度较高，其结果能够满足有关作物生长模型以及土壤水分模型对输入参数的精度要求。     

作物模型研究与应用中存在的问题

该文以CERES-Wheat、Maize模型为例,系统阐述了作物模型的研究与应用发展情况,分析了模型当中仍然存在的问题,指出在冠层结构与作物光能截获计算方法和作物水分、养分对生长过程的胁迫机理与定量方法方面需要深入的实验研究,以探索其机理,提高模型模拟预测性能.该文强调指出目前绝大多数的作物模型是空间一维的田间尺度模型,借鉴区域生物地球化学循环模拟方法或与分布式水文模型耦合进行尺度扩展开发区域尺度作物模型,既是区域水、土资源评价与管理的应用需求,也将能促进作物模型发展并发挥更大作用.     

利用EOS—MODIS数据提取作物冠层温度研究

利用EO S-M OD IS遥感数据,基于线性混合模型,提出了一种新的作物冠层温度反演方法。首先,利用EO S-M OD IS数据提取了陆地表面温度LST和植被指数NDV I。然后,假定地表只有植被和裸地两种组分,通过植被指数温度V I-T s方法来估算裸土的组分温度,作物冠层温度通过线性混合模型来求解。为了验证反演的地表温度和冠层温度的精度,把反演的地表温度与NA SA M OD IS地表温度产品进行差值运算,在差值图像中90%以上的像元灰度值分布在-1和1之间,像元灰度的平均值小于0.5;同时在河北固城农业气象试验站对冬小麦冠层温度进行同步观测,通过与反演的冠层温度进行比较,其误差在±1.5℃左右。结果表明,文中所提出的作物冠层温度反演方法精度较高,其结果能够满足有关作物生长模型以及土壤水分模型对输入参数的精度要求。     

植物工厂导气栽培槽通风对冠层环境影响模拟

为了增加植物工厂多层栽培模式中作物冠层内部气流扰动和简化通气管道施工工艺,该研究设计了一种集栽培床和通风管路于一体的导气栽培槽(cultivation bed integrated with draft-tube,CBT)。利用流体计算软件(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)构建了CBT模型,通过模拟和实测入口速度为5.0 m/s时植物冠层内部的气流速度,得到栽培区域几何中心截面速度的模拟值与实测值分布趋势一致,计算模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.22 m/s,表明该模型能准确模拟气流速度。利用验证的模型模拟了不同进气速度对作物冠层内部气流分布的影响得到入口速度为6.0 m/s时,植物冠层空间适宜的气流区域体积占比最高,为56.3%,该入口速度下冠层区域的气流平均速度为0.15 m/s。根据模拟结果,选取6.0 m/s为CBT的入口速度,以成熟期生菜作为试验材料,在同一环境条件下对比CBT通风模式和传统通风模式(traditional ventilation control,TVC)下生菜冠层内部微环境,测试通风调温效果。结果表明,CBT处理的冠层内光期...     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI