黄土高原丘陵沟壑区临界地貌侵蚀产沙特征

深入研究流域临界地貌形态对侵蚀产沙的作用机制至关重要,也是建立流域侵蚀产沙预测模型的关键所在。该研究以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟为研究对象,开展了流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的BP人工神经网络(back propagation artificial neutral network,BPANN)模型与多重线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)模型比较研究,定量分析了流域侵蚀产沙的敏感因子及影响程度,并使用分形信息维数临界值和相对应的变量建立临界地貌侵蚀产沙预测模型,阐明临界地貌侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明,在侵蚀产沙模数预测方面,BPANN模型较MLR模型具有更好预测性能,能够有效表征综合条件下侵蚀产沙的动态变化过程。径流深和径流侵蚀功率对侵蚀产沙以及水文响应的影响程度受地貌形态因素制约。当分形信息维数大于地貌临界值时,采用径流侵蚀功率的预测精度高于径流深;相反,分形信息维数小于地貌临界值时,采用径流深的预测精度高于径流侵蚀功率。以分形信息维数为界,分别引入径流深或径流侵蚀功率所建立的临界地貌侵蚀产沙预测模型,具有较高的预测精度,具有一定的可行性、可靠性和普适性。     

流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的BP神经网络模拟

在分析黄土高原韭园沟流域多年观测资料的基础上,应用BP神经网络建模方法,建立了流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的神经网络模型。通过输入模型变量流域次降雨量、平均降雨强度、径流深和洪峰流量模数,对流域次降雨侵蚀产沙量进行了训练和预测。预测结果表明,所建BP神经网络模型预测精度较高,可近似揭示复杂非线性流域次降雨侵蚀产沙系统的产沙规律,为建立较高预报精度的黄土高原流域次降雨侵蚀产沙预报模型提供了依据。     

流域地貌分形特征与侵蚀产沙定量耦合关系试验研究

流域地貌形态科学、准确和综合量化成为建立具有广泛适用性的流域土壤侵蚀预报模型的关键科学问题之一。分形理论的提出为流域地貌形态定量研究开辟了新的思路。本文依据分形理论，在建立小流域概化模型基础上，采用模拟降雨试验、高精度摄影测量和GIS技术，对流域模型地貌形态分形特征与侵蚀产沙定量耦合关系进行了研究。结果表明，基于消除了降雨特征影响的相对输沙率，可将流域模型侵蚀产沙过程划分为初期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段；在不同侵蚀产沙时段，流域模型地貌形态分形信息维数Di呈现与相对输沙率Sr基本类似的变化趋势，即先增大再减小、最后趋于平稳；流域模型相对输沙率Sr与地貌形态分形信息维数Dr以乘幂形式呈显著正相关，相关指数r^2为0．7423；地貌形态分形信息维数Dr较好反映了地貌形态特征对流域模型侵蚀产沙过程的影响，可以作为流域模型侵蚀产沙过程预报地貌形态特征综合量化指标。     

基于支持向量机回归的次降雨小流域侵蚀产沙预报研究——以晋西王家沟为例

基于次降雨小流域侵蚀产沙过程的复杂性、非线性，利用支持向量机回归和主成分分析方法，确定了影响次降雨小流域侵蚀产沙量的关键因子，包括浑水径流深、洪峰最大流量、降雨量和30min最大降雨强度。建立了向量机回归支持下的次降雨小流域侵蚀产沙预测模型。利用60次侵蚀产沙实测资料，对模型预报精度进行了分析，结果表明，基于支持向量回归的次降雨流域侵蚀产沙预报模型具有较好的预测精度，预测精度平均为在86％。该研究为揭示次降雨小流域土壤侵蚀规律提供了新的途径和方法。     

豫西南小流域侵蚀产沙模型研究

为研究豫西南小流域降雨侵蚀产沙规律,充分利用偏最小二乘回归模型和人工神经网络模型的优点,结合降雨过程中的9个因子,建立了偏最小二乘神经网络耦合产沙预报模型。结果表明,偏最小二乘回归与人工神经网络耦合模型用于小流域侵蚀产沙的预测预报精度较高,计算方便快捷。     

基于分形信息维数的流域地貌形态与侵蚀产沙关系

流域地貌形态的科学准确量化是建立具有广泛适用性的流域尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型的关键科学问题之一，分形理论的提出为流域地貌形态特征的定量描述开辟了新的思路。本文基于分形理论，利用GIS技术和多元回归统计方法，以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第一副区的岔巴沟流域为例，对该流域以分形信息维数为量化指标的流域地貌形态与降雨侵蚀产沙耦合关系进行了初步探讨。研究表明，引入地貌形态分形信息维数的岔巴沟流域降雨侵蚀产沙与地貌形态耦合关系模型可将岔巴沟各支流域差异明显的水沙关系简化为统一的数学表达，消除了由于地貌形态等下垫面因素导致的空间变异性；基于该耦合关系模型的西庄和蛇家沟流域次降雨输沙模数预测值和观测值相对误差较小、总体吻合较好；将地貌形态分形信息维数作为流域土壤侵蚀预报模型中地貌形态因子量化指标不仅可行，而且可靠。     

流域降雨侵蚀产沙过程水沙传递关系研究

利用窟野河王道恒塔站以上流域20多次径流含量大于300kg/m^3的降雨径流泥沙资料，初步分析了流域降雨空间分布及其影响雨量对流域产沙的影响，并建立了流域降雨侵蚀产沙过程的水沙传递关系，研究结果表明，降雨空间分布及前期影响雨量对水沙传递关系的影响是显著的，此顶研究对提高流域侵蚀产沙预测预报精度和可靠性具有得要的意义。     

基于GIS的次降雨分布式土壤侵蚀模型构建——以晋西王家沟流域为例

利用野外试验小区观测与人工模拟降雨资料,在定量分析羊道沟小流域坡面—沟坡—沟道侵蚀产沙关系基础上,建立了羊道沟小流域侵蚀产沙模型。借助GIS技术,将王家沟小流域划分为40个沟间地、40个沟坡地及它们组成的40个子流域和一个输水输沙通道。通过对比分析每个子流域降雨、地貌、治理、植被覆盖、耕作措施和土壤6个主要侵蚀产沙影响因子与羊道沟小流域各因子的关系,得到王家沟各子流域相对于羊道沟小流域侵蚀产沙模型相应参数的修正系数,结合王家沟流域主沟道泥沙输移关系,建立了王家沟流域次降雨分布式侵蚀产沙模型。利用王家沟流域1963-1968年22次天然降雨资料,对模型进行检验,结果较为理想,预测精度达到55％。     

植被格局特征对大理河流域侵蚀产沙的响应

为了进一步研究植被覆盖FBM(fractional brownian motion)分形维数在不同流域中对植被覆盖特征的综合效果及作为固定参数代替现有的植被量化指标在实际的水文、土壤侵蚀等预测模型中的应用,该文通过对大理河流域上中下游青阳岔、李家河和曹坪3个水文站控制流域的降雨、径流和产沙等资料的全面综合分析,以次降雨径流侵蚀功率作为侵蚀外营力输入,通过对站控流域地貌特征FBM分形维数、植被景观格局FBM分形维数和NDVI植被指数作为描述下垫面特征,以地理信息系统(GIS)为平台,利用GIS和RS技术,构建大理河流域侵蚀产沙量多元线性回归模型,并通过2组不同参数预测结果对比,结果表明:以植被格局分形维数为植被量化参数的模型输沙模数模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差和绝对误差比以NDVI为植被量化参数的小;在38场次暴雨洪水中,基于植被格局分形维数为植被量化参数的模型次暴雨输沙模数模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差小于10%、20%、50%的分别占总场次的34.21%、55.26%、86.85%;38场次暴雨输沙模数的模拟值和实测值之间的平均相对误差为25.19%,其中模拟值与实测值绝对误差小于300 t/km2有31场,植被格局FBM分形维数可以更好反映植被覆盖与水土流失之间的关系,并且分析得到植被格局分形维数与土壤侵蚀强度之间呈负相关关系,决定系数为0.5066,即土壤侵蚀强度随着植被格局FBM分析维数的增大呈减小趋势,说明植被格局FBM分形维数对土壤侵蚀强度的影响较大.     

岔巴沟流域地貌形态分形特征量化研究

分形理论和方法为地貌学的非线性研究开辟了新的思路。本文基于分形基本理论和GIS技术,对地处黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第一副区的岔巴沟流域地貌形态分形特征进行了量化研究,提出了流域地貌形态特征分形信息维数的计算模型和方法,并依此获得了岔巴沟流域及各支流域的地貌形态特征分形信息维数。研究表明,岔巴沟流域及各支流域的地貌形态特征分形信息维数均小于1,且与流域面积保持很强的正相关;分形信息维数揭示了流域地貌形态复杂本质的量化特征,为黄土高原小流域侵蚀产沙预报模型中宏观地貌形态因子的量化提供了新的思路和方法。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。