土杂猪对真可消化赖氨酸需要量的研究

选取60头体重20kg左右的长自大围子杂交生长猪，以真可消化氨基酸量为基础设计玉米豆粕型日粮。司消化能水平维持15．06MJ／kg不变，真可消化赖氨酸水平分别为0．72％、0．82％、0．92％、1．02％和1．12％。饲养结果表明：对于20～38kg生长猪．随着饲粮中真可消化赖氨酸水平由0．720／升至0．92％时．平均日增重（averaged aily gain，ADG）和生长强度（growth intensity，GI）均显著提高，料肉比显著下降。但当饲粮真可消化赖氨酸水平继续升高至1．12％时，ADG和GI显著下降，料肉比有升高的趋势。经回归分析．拐点为真可消化赖氨酸水平0．95％，此数据即为推荐的需要量。对于38～70kg生长猪，虽然生长性能指标与饲粮真可消化赖氨酸水平没有线性变化关系．但以饲粮中真可消化赖氨酸水平0．92％时，生产性能达到最佳。     

中药复方对早期断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸含量的影响

选用21日龄断奶的杜×长×大仔猪60头,随机分为基础日粮组、添加0.2%中药复方日粮组和添加0.02%粘杆菌素日粮组,试验期为28 d,分别于试验开始后第7、14和28天每组随机取5头试猪,前腔静脉采血,分离血清,测定游离氨基酸含量。结果表明,中药复方日粮组的血清总氨基酸含量在第14天和第28天显著高于基础日粮组(P<0.05),必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸值在第14天和第28天显著高于基础日粮组和粘杆菌素日粮组(P<0.05),赖氨酸、苏氨酸和蛋氨酸含量在第14天和第28天显著高于基础日粮组(P<0.05)。提示在日粮中添加0.2%中药复方能显著提高早期断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸(尤其是必需氨基酸)的含量,有利于机体蛋白质的快速沉积及生长性能的提高。     

一次注射[~3H]Leu检测家禽内源氨基酸损失量的方法

通过绝食法 (FAS)、强饲无氮饲粮法 (NFD)、NFD + 3 2 0 %酶解酪蛋白 (EHC)、以豆粕为唯一氮源的饲粮粗蛋白 (CP)水平为 5 %和 2 0 % ,以及棉粕为氮源的CP2 0 %半合成饲粮 ,证明给家禽皮下一次引入 30 μCi[3 H]Leu kg体重 (BW)后 ,48h内排泄物内源Leu放射性比活度(SRe)与相应血浆Leu放射性比活度 (SRP)之比为一恒值 ,根据此定律并依据NFD时内源氨基酸组成模式可测定采食实际饲粮时的内源氨基酸损失量 (EAAL)。     

黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究日粮中添加黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响,选用28日龄、公母各半、体重接近的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪72头,随机平均分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头。试验1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;试验2组饲喂基础日粮+1 000 mg/kg黄芪多糖,试验期为37 d。试验结束后,计算出日增重、日采食量、料重比以及腹泻率等生产性能指标;测定血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,黄芪多糖能改善断奶仔猪生产性能以及抗氧化能力。     

糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物饲喂生长肥育猪的效果研究

选择平均体重约3 0 kg的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪70头,随机分成对照组和试验 、 、 、 组,进行为期86d (生长期3 3 d,肥育期5 3 d)的饲养试验。试验处理为:对照组全期饲粮不用糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物( MABFP) ,试验 、 、 、 组生长期饲粮分别使用2 %、4%、6%和8%的MABFP;肥育期饲粮分别使用4%、8%、1 2 %和1 6%的MABFP。每期的试验组和对照组均为等能等蛋白质饲粮。饲养试验结果表明:生长期,试验各组的日增重和饲料效率与对照组无显著差异( P>0 .0 5 ) ;肥育期,试验 、组日增重与对照组无显著差异( P>0 .0 5 ) , 、 组日增重低于对照组( P<0 .0 5 ) ;肥育期以及试验全期各试验组饲料效率有所降低。血清生化指标及胴体品质的分析结果表明:生长肥育猪饲粮使用MABFP,对猪血清生化指标、组织器官生理功能、肉猪胴体指标和猪肉品质等无不良影响。综上所述,MABFP可做生长肥育猪配合饲料的原料,建议其用量以6%～8%为宜,同时注意适当补充必需氨基酸     

采用概率模型设计仔猪日粮配方探讨

本文应用线性规划模型和概率模型对仔猪日粮配方设计进行研究 ,并就不同模型设计日粮对仔猪生产性能和经济效益影响进行评价和讨论。认为概率模型设计配方具有误差小、准确性高等特点 ,可以解决饲料原料变异性对饲料配方设计造成的影响 ,提高饲料产品质量稳定性。     

日粮真可消化磷水平对生长猪生产性能和血清激素水平的影响

对60头平均体重为21.4kg的健康三元杂交生长猪(杜×长×大)的生产性能和血清激素水平进行研究,以确定生长猪日粮真可消化磷(TDP)的最佳添加水平。以TDP为指标,配制5种TDP含量不同的试验日粮(0.16%、0.20%、0.23%、0.26%和0.39%),并使日粮总钙与TDP的比例为2∶1。采用单因子随机分组设计,将60头生长猪随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4头猪。结果表明:(1)根据生长猪平均日增重和日粮TDP含量的关系,可以得出一个生长猪平均日增重随日粮TDP含量变化的多元方程。根据该方程,可以推导出当日粮TDP含量达到0.34%时,生长猪的平均日增重达到最大,为782g/d。(2)根据结果可以拟出一个耗料增重比随日粮TDP含量变化的多元方程。根据该方程知,当日粮TDP为0.34%时,耗料增重比最低,为1.07∶1。(3)根据结果推导出当日粮TDP含量在0.34%左右时,血清生长激素、骨钙素和胰岛素这三种激素水平达到最低点。(4)根据试验结果推导出当日粮TDP含量为0.34%时,血清甲状旁腺素水平达到最高点。由此,本试验得出生长猪日粮TDP的最佳添加水平为0.34%。     

一次注射法适宜采血时间的确定

给绝食、强饲无氮日粮 (NFD)、分别以豆粕或棉粕为唯一氮源的CP2 0 %半合成饲粮的蛋青鸡 ,静脉一次注射 3 0 μCi3H Leu/kgBW ,于注射后 5、3 0min、4、2 4、3 6、48h翅静脉采血 ,测定各时间点的去蛋白血浆比放射性强度及 48h内排泄物的比放射性强度。通过定积分分析 ,一次静脉注射法检测内源氨基酸损失量的适宜采血时间为注射3H Leu后 2 0～2 4h。     

添加广西沸石和麦饭石饲喂生长肥育猪的试验研究

选用杂交仔猪20窝60头,按平衡不完全区组设计分成6个组,每组10头,分两阶段饲养,为期117天.基础饲粮(B)按国家瘦肉型猪饲养标准配制.饲粮处理为:(1)对照组,100%8,(2)97%B+3%沸石(GXZ),(3)95%B+5%GXZ,(4)97%B+3%麦饭石(MFS),(5)95%B+5%MFS,(6)99%B+1%沸麦复合剂(ZMA).试验结果为,各组平均日增重(g)分别为:586,589,631,574,612,656,组间差异不显著(P>0.05);饲料转化比(扣除沸石、麦饭石等):3.249,3.129,3.088,3.219,3.147,3.188,试验组饲料效率有所提高.血液、肌肉、内脏器官组织分析结果表明,沸石、麦饭石及沸麦复合剂对猪血液生化指标、组织器官矿物元素含量和肉品质量等均无不良影响.消化代谢试验选择3窝9头杂交去势公猪,按随机区组设计分成3个组,每组3头.1组喂5%沸石日粮,2组喂3%麦饭石日粮,3组喂基础口粮(对照组).试验结果表明,5%沸石和3%麦饭石日粮,其有机物、粗蛋白质、能量、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物等的表观消化率有所提高;氮存留率、蛋白质生物学价值和能量利用率也有改善.沸石和麦饭石在一定程度上降低动物血液、粪尿中游离氨浓度,减少粪含水量,从而对增进动物健康、净化畜舍环境有益.     

酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对鸡肉宰后氧化及氨基酸的影响研究

为研究酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对白羽肉鸡鸡胸肉成熟过程中蛋白质氧化及氨基酸含量变化的影响,本试验采用不同浓度酵母硒和枣粉饲喂白羽肉鸡42 d,根据酵母硒和枣粉添加量分为6个处理组,分别为CK(基础日粮)、J组(基础日粮+8％枣粉替换8％玉米)、0.3S(基础日粮+0.3 mg·kg-1酵母硒)、0.6S(基础日粮+0.6 mg...     

日粮蛋白水平对生长猪生产性能和氮平衡的影响

通过氮平衡试验和饲养试验,研究日粮不同蛋白水平(18.2%、16.5%、15.5%、14.5%和13.6%)对生长猪生产性能和氮平衡的影响。结果表明,粪氮、尿氮、总氮、氮吸收和氮沉积均随日粮蛋白水平的降低而降低(P<0.05);日粮蛋白水平显著影响了猪的生产性能、眼肌面积、血清尿素氮和血浆游离必需氨基酸浓度(P<0.05);在低蛋白日粮中添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸,可使生长猪日粮蛋白水平从18.2%降至14.5%,且大幅度降低氮排泄量而不影响其生产性能;当日粮蛋白水平降低4个百分点以上时,赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸均能够满足生长猪生长需要,但异亮氨酸、缬氨酸和精氨酸等必需氨基酸及酪氨酸和丝氨酸等非必需氨基酸则不能满足其生长需要。     

Differentiating the mineralization dynamics of the originally present and newly synthesized amino acids in soil amended with available carbon and nitrogen substrates

Newly synthesized amino acids are the principle compounds created after inorganic nitrogen (N) is rapidly immobilized into microbial tissues. However, little is known about the mineralization kinetics of these newly synthesized amino acids compared to the amino acids originally present in the soil, and how substrate availability controls their mineralization. With ¹⁵N isotope tracing, the newly synthesized (¹⁵N-labeled) amino acids can be differentiated from the amino acids originally present (unlabeled) in soil, making it possible to evaluate the mineralization of the newly synthesized amino acids in tandem with the original amino acids. As amino acids can serve as both N and carbon (C) sources for microorganisms, the mineralization dynamics of amino acids may be manipulated by the availability of extraneous C and N. In this study, an aerobic 30-week intermittent leaching experiment was conducted, using glucose as C source and (¹⁴NH₄)₂SO₄ as N source, following separate additions to soil. The newly synthesized amino acids were determined by an isotope-based high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The newly synthesized soil amino acids mineralized faster than the original ones, which indicated more rapid cycling of N in the newly synthesized soil amino acids pool. Glucose addition significantly decreased the mineralization of both the newly synthesized and the original amino acids. However, when inorganic N was abundant, the newly synthesized amino acids decomposed rapidly, and preferentially as a C source and energy, while N addition inhibited the mineralization of the original amino acids in the soil. We conclude that the presence of readily degradable C (e.g. glucose) and inorganic N controls the mineralization of newly synthesized and original amino acid pools in soil differently, which is a crucial mechanism in adjusting the N supply and sequestration processes in soil ecosystems.     

小肽营养素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验将40头21d断奶的三元杂交猪随机分为4组,用4组不同日粮组成及营养水平的饲料（Ⅰ：基础日粮＋2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉（SDPP）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加1%,2%和3%小肽营养素）饲养21d后称重、测定血液生化指标并进行统计分析。结果表明：添加小肽营养素对断奶仔猪的生产性能无显著影响;各处理组的血清总蛋白、血糖和血清尿素差异不显著,2%小肽组的球蛋白、免疫球蛋白含量显著高于其它组;小肽产品可以部分等蛋白取代断奶仔猪日粮中的血浆蛋白粉。通过了解小肽营养素替代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对21d断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肽类产品在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用提供了依据。     

Effects of Lysine on Growth of Tilapia Fed Diets Rich in Corn Gluten Meal

Tilapia is a warmwater fish with mild flavor. Nearly 8.6 million kg are produced domestically, and ≈22.7 million kg are imported. Corn gluten meal (60% protein fraction) is a product obtained from wet-milling of corn. Diets (36% protein) containing 36–44% corn gluten meal with different levels of lysine and fish meal were formulated and fed to tilapia in aquaria for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of tilapia fed diets containing the highest level of lysine (7.4% protein) with 4% fish meal was equal to that of fish fed a commercial control diet. Diets with lower lysine resulted in lower WG. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of tilapia fed experimental diets containing adequate levels of essential amino acids and fish meal were the same as for fish fed the commercial control diet (also containing fish meal). Fish fed diets containing lower lysine levels had less favorable FCR and PER. This study shows that corn gluten meal is utilized at high levels in tilapia diets, particularly if essential amino acids are provided in adequate amounts.     

畜禽废弃物、施用畜禽废弃物牧场以及草芽中氨基化合物的研究

Amino compounds(ACs),i.e.,amino acids and amino sugars,are the major forms of organic nitrogen(N)in animal manure and soil.To increase our understanding on the effect of long-term poultry litter(PL)application on soil AC pools and turnover,in this study,we determined the contents of 21 ACs in 23 PL samples,15 soil samples collected from 0–20,20–40,and 40–60 cm layers of five pasture plots with 0,5,10,15 and 20 years of PL applications,and 5 grass shoot samples grown on these pasture fields.The contents of 21 ACs were simultaneously determined by methanesulfonic acid hydrolysis/extraction and anion chromatography-pulsed amperometry.PL application increased soil total and individual AC contents with a distribution pattern similar to that of AC in PL.The highest AC-N concentrations were observed in the soils with 10-or 15-year PL applications,inconsistent with the order of annual application rates or cumulative applied PL amounts.Application of PL increased the AC contents in grass shoots whereby the highest increase of most ACs was with the shoots from the fields that received PL for 5 years.These observations suggested that both freshly applied and residual PL had contributions to the soil AC-N,and that PL application also accelerated AC-N transformation in soil.     

海马水解蛋白的氨基酸组成与抗氧化能力的关系

为了探讨大海马蛋白质的高效利用方法,本试验将脱脂大海马粉经碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶联合消解后,酶解液(PH)经超滤膜分离为5组分(PH-Ⅰ、PH-Ⅱ、PH-Ⅲ、PH-Ⅳ、PH-Ⅴ),结合各组分的氨基酸组成,回归分析了各组分的自由基清除能力与氨基酸组成间的相关关系。结果表明,酶解液经超滤膜分离的5组分中PH-Ⅴ(<2 500 Da)抗氧化能力较强,清除DPPH自由基能力为34.2%±0.1%,对超氧阴离子的清除能力为29.2%±0.1%,Fe³⁺还原力为0.28%±0.1%。海马酶解多肽各组成中疏水性氨基酸含量低于亲水性氨基酸,但疏水性氨基酸对自由基的清除能力起着决定性作用,极性氨基酸和非极性氨基酸可通过协同作用来增强海马多肽清除自由基的能力,且每个单位极性氨基酸的抗氧能力是非极性氨基酸的1.2倍,每个单位芳香族氨基酸的抗氧化能力是脂肪族氨基酸的2倍。本研究不仅制备了一类具有开发价值的抗氧化多肽,并且分析了多肽抗氧化能力与氨基酸组成的相关关系,为大海马的高值化利用提供了理论依据。     

电子束辐照对泥蚶肉营养成分的影响

以海洋贝类泥蚶Tegillarca granosa为对象,研究1、3、5、7和9kGy电子束辐照对泥蚶肉营养成分、蛋白质氨基酸组成及其脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,不同剂量电子束辐照对泥蚶水分、蛋白质含量没有显著影响,9kGy辐照对泥蚶的灰分含量有显著影响;辐照后泥蚶脂肪均显著减少,并随辐照剂量增大损失率上升;辐照对氨基...     

Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems

We investigated the varying concentrations of bound amino acids in humic acids (HA) extracted from soils under both crop rotation and continuous cropping of rye. The experiment was created in 1957. Since then, winter rye had been grown continuously and also the sequence of the 7 yr rotation had been started: potato, spring barley, alfalfa, alfalfa, oil seed rape, winter rye, and winter rye. Soils were fertilized with NPK and manure. Continuous cropping of rye increased total acidity of soils and the contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups in HA. The total amounts of the bound amino acids in HA from soils under crop rotation were higher than from continuous cropping of rye. Fertilization with NPK increased the contents of bound amino acids more than manure. Neutral amino acids dominated in all samples of HA, and basic amino acids had the lowest concentrations. In both types of cultivation, glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, valine, and lysine dominated. The proline contents in HA from continuous rye cropping were higher than in HA from soils under crop rotation. The concentrations of β‐alanine and lysine were higher in HA from crop rotation indicating a higher microbial biomass since these compounds are typical constituents of bacteria cell walls.     

Nutritional assessment in vitro and in vivo of raw and extruded peas (Pisum sativum L.)

The effects of extrusion cooking on the nutritional properties of Pisum sativum L. have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The treatment greatly elevated protein and starch digestibility in vitro. Also, the amounts of intact starch diminished while total free sugars increased. In addition, the levels of antinutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors and lectins, were greatly decreased. Concentrations of methionine and cystine were low in raw peas and were further reduced by extrusion treatment. The nutritional performance of rats fed extruded pea diets for 15 days was no better than that of rats given raw pea diet. This was due to the overriding effects of amino acid deficiencies in the diets. Weight gains by rats fed extruded pea diets supplemented with amino acids were, however, much higher than those achieved by rats fed supplemented raw pea diets. Food transformation index and protein efficiency ratio values were also greatly improved. Extrusion treatment did therefore significantly improve the nutritional quality of peas.     

拟穴青蟹软壳蟹与硬壳蟹营养品质和风味差异综合比较分析

为明确在最佳收集时间段内不同时间点的软壳蟹和硬壳蟹营养与风味物质的差异,本试验采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)、气质联用(GS-MS)方法比较了拟穴青蟹硬壳蟹与蜕壳后0~48 h软壳蟹肌肉和肝胰腺2种组织中水分、灰分、氨基酸、矿物质元素、脂肪酸及挥发性物质含量。结果表明,软壳蟹2种组织在蜕壳0 h水分含量最高,硬壳蟹灰分含量显著(P<0.05)高于各时间点软壳蟹。除肝胰腺中胱氨酸和丙氨酸外,2种组织硬壳蟹其他氨基酸含量均高于软壳蟹,其中亮氨酸含量差异显著(P<0.05);在肌肉和肝胰腺组织中,分别有12和14种氨基酸含量均在蜕壳后6 h最高。软壳蟹2种组织Ca、Mg和Fe含量高于硬壳蟹,但差异不显著;蜕壳0 h 软壳蟹肝胰腺组织中Ca含量显著高于其他时间点(P<0.05)。蜕壳后24 h软壳蟹肌肉和0 h肝胰腺组织中∑PUFA均高于其他时间点。2种组织中挥发性物质包括烷烃类、醛类、酮类、醇类、芳香烃类、酯类、酚类和醚类化合物,总体相对含量有差异,但差异不显著。综上比较,拟穴青蟹软壳蟹蜕壳后0~6 h肝胰腺和肌肉比其他时间点更具营养、风味更加,是制取软壳蟹最佳时间。本研究结果为软壳蟹生产、营养和风味评价、市场价值评估提供了一定的参考。