基于模糊模式的蝗虫图像识别方法

蝗灾是中国农业病虫害防治的重点,采用低空机载蝗虫预警系统技术,对拍摄图像中蝗虫识别和计数,实现蝗虫监测,可以弥补蝗虫地面人工监测的不足。以广东省清远市英德区域农田为试验区,采用数码相机采集蝗虫图像,对蝗虫区域和背景的RGB分量平均值进行对比分析,选用超G绝对值法进行灰度转换,实现蝗虫与背景分离。通过面积统计对比,确定单个蝗虫的面积和周长特征,建立单个蝗虫模糊集和粘连重叠蝗虫区域模糊集,采用最大隶属度原则可以判定蝗虫连通区域为单个蝗虫或是存在图像粘连重叠。用模糊识别方法对单个和粘连重叠的区域分别计算数量,准     

基于多源信息融合技术的马铃薯痂疮病无损检测方法

为了提高马铃薯痂疮病无损检测识别精度,基于机器视觉和近红外光谱的多源信息融合技术,该文提出DS（dempster shafer）证据理论结合支持向量机的马铃薯痂疮病无损检测方法。试验以360个马铃薯为研究对象,在图像特征分割时,确定了差影法结合马尔可夫随机场模型法为最佳分割方法;在光谱特征提取时,确定主成分分析方法为最佳降维方法。采用支持向量机识别方法分别建立机器视觉和近红外光谱的马铃薯痂疮病识别模型,模型对测试集马铃薯识别率分别为89.17%、91.67%。采用DS证据理论与支持向量机相结合的方法对获取的图像特征和光谱特征进行融合,建立了基于机器视觉和近红外光谱技术的多源信息融合马铃薯痂疮病检测模型,该模型对测试集马铃薯识别率为95.83%。试验结果表明,该技术对马铃薯痂疮病进行检测是可行的,融合模型比单一的机器视觉模型或近红外光谱模型识别率高。     

基于图像处理的胡萝卜青头须根与开裂的检测方法

为了实现基于计算机视觉的胡萝卜外观品质自动分级系统,基于图像处理的方法,参照国家标准(SB/T10450-2007),该文提出影响胡萝卜外观等级的须根、青头、开裂等关键参数的提取算法.须根检测算法通过提取骨架检测端点数来实现,青头检测算法通过R分量上二值化得到,开裂检测算法使用S分量结合区域标记的方法完成,在此基础上构建了须根数、青头比和开裂度3个量化标准,对试验随机采集的520个胡萝卜图像的青头、须根和开裂进行检测,正确率分别达到了97.5%,81.8%,92.3%,总体识别率91.3%.该文所构建的胡萝卜关键特征检测方法,对研究机器视觉的胡萝卜外观品质自动检测装置与分级生产线具有积极意义.     

基于遥感的新疆蝗虫灾害渐进式修正预测方法

蝗灾是新疆的主要生物灾害之一,对新疆农牧业生产造成严重威胁。该文利用遥感技术在新疆范围内对蝗灾风险进行预测,以期为治蝗部门及早采取生物、化学治蝗措施提供参考。该文基于蝗虫种群发育的产卵、孵化与生长3个重要阶段,利用MODIS数据定量反演影响蝗虫种群发育的关键生境因子,进而提出一种基于卫星遥感的渐进式草原蝗灾风险评估模型,并以2010年与2014年为实例,对新疆地区草原蝗灾风险进行了预测与评估:野外实测得到的蝗灾严重程度分级和模型预测的风险等级完全一致的样本点占74.4%,误差在一个等级以内的样本点占94.9%。结果表明,该文所提出的渐进式蝗灾风险预测模型能较好地反映温度、植被、土壤、水分等关键生态因子对蝗虫种群发育的影响,避免了一次性预测的不准确,预测结果与历史灾情数据和地面实测数据一致性较好。该模型可用于新疆治蝗部门对蝗灾的早期预警,以增强防灾减灾的能力。     

温室绿熟番茄机器视觉检测方法

针对基于可见光图像对绿色番茄进行识别过程中,光线不均造成的阴影等会影响果实的识别、枝干和叶片对果实的遮挡以及果实之间的遮挡对果实识别的影响等难题,该文对基于机器视觉的绿色番茄检测方法进行研究。首先通过快速归一化互相关函数(FNCC,fast normalized cross correlation)方法对果实的潜在区域进行检测,再通过基于直方图信息的区域分类器对果实潜在区域进行分类,判别该区域是否属于绿色果实,并对非果实区域进行滤除,估计果实区域的个数。与此同时,基于颜色分析对输入图像进行分割,并通过霍夫变换圆检测绿色果实的位置。最终对基于FNCC和霍夫变换圆检测方法的检测结果进行融合,实现对绿色番茄果实的检测。当绿色果实和红色果实同时存在时,将绿色果实检测结果与基于局部极大值法和随机圆环变换检测圆算法的红色番茄果实检测结果进行合并。算法通过有机结合纹理信息、颜色信息及番茄的形状信息,对绿色番茄果实进行了检测,解决了绿色番茄与叶子、茎秆等背景颜色接近等难题。文中共使用了70幅番茄图像,其中35幅图像作为训练集图像,35幅作为验证集图像。所提出算法对训练集图像中的83个果实的检测正确率为89.2%,对验证集图像中105个果实的检测正确率为86.7%,为番茄采摘机器人采摘红色和绿色成熟番茄奠定了基础。     

基于偏好人工免疫网络多特征融合的油茶果图像识别

为提高油茶果采摘机器人机器视觉的识别率,该文提出了基于偏好人工免疫网络识别的油茶果多特征融合识别方法。在对油茶果图像进行处理的基础上,提取待识别目标区域的颜色特征、形态特征、纹理特征进行聚类,并提取典型油茶果多特征作为偏好抗体,使多特征参数在偏好免疫算法中进行有效融合。仿真试验结果表明,多特征融合的识别方法对油茶果果实的识别率在晴天时达到了90.15%,阴天时达到了93.90%。而时间复杂度基本不变,取得了较好的识别效果,该研究可为下一步油茶果采摘机器人智能采摘提供参考。     

计算机图像处理技术在异色羽绒分选中的应用

为了解决异色羽绒的自动分选问题,实现异色羽绒的自动识别和自动提取的目的,提出了一种基于数字图像处理技术的机器视觉分选方法。该文对视觉识别中的窗口处理、图像分割以及面积和重心的计算做了介绍;分析了图像分割最佳阈值的计算方法,讨论了异色羽绒提取的信号控制方式;介绍了异色羽绒自动分选机的实验运行结果及其应用前景。     

多对象特征提取和优化神经网络的玉米种子品种识别

为了实现机器视觉代替人的视觉,对玉米种子品种进行实时、客观、准确和无损伤识别,研制了玉米品种识别硬件系统和软件系统。针对玉米种子及种子图像的特点,对玉米种子品种识别技术与算法进行了深入地研究和探索,提出了一种基于多对象有效特征提取和主成分分析优化神经网络的玉米种子品种识别方法,提取了玉米种子的几何特征和颜色特征参数,优化了基于机器视觉的玉米种子图像处理策略和品种识别算法,提高了玉米品种识别的速度和准确率。对农大108、鲁单981、郑单958、五岳18共4个品种玉米种子进行了品种识别试验,每粒种子识别的平均耗时为 0.127 s,综合识别率达到97%以上。研究表明,基于机器视觉的玉米种子品种识别与检测方法是可行的,该方法可提高玉米种子品种识别效率和正确率。     

基于尺度不变特征转换算子的水果表面图像拼接方法

水果全表面图像信息是否完整,直接影响水果表面颜色和缺陷检测的结果。该文提出了一种基于尺度不变特征转换(SIFT,scale invariant feature transform)算子的图像拼接方法,实现多视角水果图像的拼接以获取完整的水果表面信息。首先以15°固定间隔旋转水果以获取各视角下的连续图像,在图像2R-G-B通道下实现图像目标和背景分离,并对目标图像进行灰度直方图均衡化以增强其纹理信息,有利于特征点的提取。运用SIFT算法提取图像特征点,因为特征向量数量多、维数高,采用普通的K-D树算法搜索匹配点将消耗大量时间,因此将图像划分为16个区域,通过多次试验可知中间4个区域为特征点是最容易匹配的区域,这样就缩小匹配点可能存在的区域。采用极线几何约束法和改进型随机抽样一致(random sample consensus,RANSAC)算法以提高图像拼接精度,减少匹配时间。根据平移矩阵,对前后图像进行拼接,从而实现水果表面图像的完整拼接。试验结果表明:该算法平均匹配精度提高35.0%,平均拼接时间为2.5 s,较传统K-D树算法缩短67.8%时间,拼接效果还原率为93.9%。该文算法具有一定的尺度、旋转以及仿射变换不变性,适用于随机呈现的不同姿态球状水果图像拼接。该研究可为基于机器视觉的农产品品质检测和等级划分提供科学参考。     

机器视觉在幼苗自动移钵作业中的应用

该文提出了一套在自动幼苗移钵作业中用于幼苗生长状况检测的机器视觉系统。穴盘中幼苗的图像被采集和处理,识别出适合进行移钵的单元,用于自动幼苗移钵机的移钵作业。相邻单元的幼苗边缘重叠和叶片挤压会造成识别错误,在该研究中以番茄幼苗作为试验样本,使用基于形态学的分水岭算法处理来完成叶片边缘分割,提取每个穴孔中幼苗的叶片面积和叶片周长来确定适合进行移钵的单元。试验结果表明该机器视觉系统识别准确率达到了98%,应用于自动幼苗移钵机器人中可以很好地判断不同生长状况的秧苗生长质量。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI