模拟潜流人工湿地处理猪场废水的实验研究

采用盆栽试验模拟潜流型人工湿地,研究了土壤、蛭石、煤渣和碎石四种人工湿地基质不同组合净化养猪场污水的能力。结果表明:以上层蛭石土混合物、下层煤渣和碎石的组合处理效果最佳,14d内COD_(Cr)、NH_4~ -N、T-P的去除率分别达到了95．3％、90％、91．6％。试验前期,四种不同组合基质的COD_(Cr)、NH_4~ -N、T-P去处率有明显差异,但试验后期除T-P的去除率仍有明显差异外,COD_(Cr)和NH_4~ -N去除率已无明显差异。     

集约化猪场废水强化生化处理工艺试验研究

该文采用新型厌氧反应器技术和强化生物脱氮及硝化技术处理猪场废水。试验结果表明：新型厌氧反应器容积COD_Cr负荷可达8 kg/(m³·d)以上，稳定运行COD_Cr平均去除率为75％；生物脱氮及硝化采用一体式A/O反应器，缺氧段水力停留时间为1 h，好氧段水力停留时间为3 d，氨氮浓度可控制在10 mg/L以下。总出水COD_Cr平均550 mg/L，BOD₅平均53.0 mg/L，NH₃-N平均8.8 mg/L，总COD_Cr去除率87%，总BOD₅去除率96%，NH₃-N总去除率在98％以上；采用原水碳源优化分配强化生物脱氮，TN去除率为77.11%左右。总出水BOD₅/COD_Cr约0.10，出水COD_Cr中难生物降解成分占绝大多数，需经过后续物化处理才能达到广东省水污染物控制标准(DB44/26-2001)。     

垂直流人工湿地出水口位置与植物种类对农村生活污水净化效果的影响

利用3 种栽种植物的美人蕉(Canna indica Linn)湿地(M)、狼尾草[Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linn.) Spreng]湿地(L)、苏丹草[Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]湿地(S)和未栽种植物的对照湿地(CK), 研究高、中、低出水口及不同植物对垂直流人工湿地污水净化效果的影响。垂直流人工湿地进水来自常熟农业生态试验站生活污水厌氧池, 以间歇式进水方式运行, 进水水力负荷为0.15 m³·m^-2·d^-1。结果表明: 不同出水口位置对NH₄⁺-N(铵态氮)、NO₃^--N(硝态氮)、COD(化学需氧量)的去除率存在显著性差异。随着出水口位置的降低NH₄⁺-N 的去除率显著增加, 最大去除率达到98.3%。出水口位置升高NO₃^--N 与COD 的去除率则显著增加, 高出水口的去除率分别达到-47.4%和64.5%。与中、低出水口处理相比, 高出水口的TN(总氮)去除率提高22.5%~27.6%。而对TP(总磷)的去除率恰恰相反, 高出水口处理TP 去除率比中、低出水口低20.6%~28.9%。3 种有植物湿地—美人蕉湿地、狼尾草湿地、苏丹草湿地对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD去除率显著高于未栽种植物的对照湿地, 分别提高74.4%~98.6%、11.3%~17.8%、8.60%~16.3%与14.1%~19.0%。3 种植物湿地之间对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD 去除效果没有显著差异。对NH₄⁺-N 的去除效果, 美人蕉湿地显著低于其他3 种湿地。以上结果表明, 通过对垂直流人工湿地的出水口位置控制和栽种湿地植物,可以有效地改变污染物的去除效果。     

基于人工湿地的循环水产养殖系统工艺设计及净化效能

该研究首次将复合垂直流人工湿地同池塘养殖结合，通过构建养殖－湿地生态系统，验证人工湿地对水产养殖用水和废水净化与回用的可行性。近9个月的新建人工湿地运行结果表明，水力负荷从313、469、625 mm/d增加到781 mm/d，人工湿地对TSS、COD_Cr和BOD₅去除率的变动范围分别为80.5%～82.9%、45.2%～64.2%和61.0%～77.0%，对NH^＋₄-N、NO^-₃-N、TN去除率的变动范围分别为51.5%～67.8%、-90.6%～40.0%和29.1%～68.6%，对TP和IP的去除率为72.7%～89.1%和0～33.3%，对细菌总数、总大肠菌群、藻类等生命物质也有较好的去除效果，湿地出水水质除溶氧外能达到国家渔业水质标准。初步结果表明人工湿地应用于水产养殖用水处理和回用具有广阔的前景。     

不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响

以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。     

铁和不同形态氮素对玉米植株吸收矿质元素及其在体内分布的影响——Ⅰ.对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等营养元素的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了铁和两种形态氮素(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)对玉米植株吸收氮、磷、钾等大量元素和钙、镁等中量元素及其在体内分布的影响。结果表明:与NO₃^--N相比,供应NH₄⁺-N促进了玉米对氮的吸收,在缺铁条件下,降低了对磷、钾、钙及镁的吸收。铁和NH₄⁺-N都显著提高了玉米植株各器官中氮的含量。与NH₄⁺-N处理相比,NO₃^--N处理的新叶中磷含量显著增加,但铁的供应对植物体内磷的含量无显著影响。使用NO₃^--N显著提高了玉米新叶和老叶中钾的含量,根和茎中钾的含量无明显影响。铁的供应降低了新叶和老叶中钾的含量。供铁时,NH₄⁺-N处理的玉米新叶中钙和镁的含量显著低于NO₃^--N处理,而在缺铁时则无显著差异。     

密云水库上游流域水体营养物质现状及来源分析

密云水库作为北京地区最重要的地表饮用水水源地,其水质优劣直接关系到首都的社会经济发展,开展密云水库水污染监测和治理研究具有重要的现实意义。以密云水库上游流域为研究区,通过不同尺度流域水体营养物质监测,分析了水库上游河流水体营养物质现状;通过分割流量过程线,划分了水体营养物质来自点源和非点源污染的比例。研究结果表明,依据标准(GB3838-2002)要求,密云水库上游河流水体TN含量几乎全部超标,且15.9%样本的TP含量超标。密云水库的营养物质平均40.3%来自点源污染,59.7%来自非点源污染;入库水体中50.1%的TN,49.1%的NO₃^--N,39.0%的NH₄⁺-N,26.5%的TP和36.8%的COD_Mn来自点源污染;49.9%的TN,50.9%的NO₃^--N,61.0%的NH₄⁺-N,73.5%的TP和63.2%的COD_Mn来自非点源污染。     

宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮素浓度变化与迁移特征

过量施氮与不合理灌水是农田面源污染加剧的主要原因。为了寻求较优的水氮管理模式以促进农业生产和减少农田退水对黄河水体的污染, 在宁夏引黄灌区典型稻田中开展了不同水氮条件下稻田氮素迁移转化规律研究。结果表明: 不同水氮条件下稻田田面水NH₄⁺-N 与NO₃^--N 浓度伴随施肥出现明显峰值, NO₃^--N 峰值出现时间较NH₄⁺-N 晚, 且变化较平缓。3 次追肥时期和整个生育期田面水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量和灌水量都呈显著相关, 田面水NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著正相关, 与灌水量相关性不显著。稻田30 cm与60 cm 深度的直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度受施肥影响较大, 与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律相似, 90 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度峰值出现较为滞后, 且浓度较上层土体低, 120 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度大体呈现持续上升趋势,整个生育期直渗水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著相关, 仅30 cm 处NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与灌水量呈负相关, 其他土层深度不显著。30 cm 与60 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度在首次灌水后急剧下降, 在施肥后有较小幅度上升, 90 cm 与120 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度下降缓慢, 仅30 cm 处NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施肥量显著正相关。总的结果表明减少施肥或灌水均可达到减少农田氮素淋失的目的。     

不同氮素形态配比对网纹甜瓜干物质分配和氮代谢的影响

该文研究了4种氮素形态配比(NO^-₃-N∶NH⁺₄-N分别为100∶0，75∶25，50∶50和25∶75)对基质栽培网纹甜瓜(品种为“春丽”和“蜜玲珑”)干物质积累和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,不同氮素形态配比影响了植株各器官干重占全株干重的百分比。随氮素形态中氨态氮比例的增加，叶片中硝酸还原酶、硝酸盐含量和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低，而游离氨基酸含量则在NO^-₃-N∶NH⁺₄-N为50∶50的处理中最高。     

铁和不同形态氮素对玉米植株吸收矿质元素及其在体内分布的影响 Ⅱ.对铁、锰、铜、锌等营养元素的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了铁和两种形态氮素对玉米植株吸收铁、锰、铜、锌等微量元素及其在体内分布的影响。结果表明:与硝态氮(NO₃^--N)相比,铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)显著提高了玉米对铁的吸收,降低了对锰、铜及锌的吸收。供铁也明显提高了植株地上部铁的吸收总量,降低了锰及锌的吸收量,尤其是在供应No₃^--N时这种作用更为明显。在缺铁条件下,NH₄⁺-N处理的玉米新叶中铁的含量明显高于NO₃^--N处理;而新叶、老叶、茎中锰、锌、铜含量以及根中锰、锌含量都明显低于NO₃^--N处理。但使用NH₄⁺-N时,根中铜的含量较高。在供铁条件下,NH₄⁺-N处理的玉米植株四个不同器官中锰和锌的含量显著低于NO₃^--N处理的植株,而铜的含量正好相反。在缺铁条件下,玉米新叶中活性锰、活性锌的含量显著高于供铁处理;与NO₃^--N相比,NH₄⁺-N的供应也显著降低了玉米新叶中活性锰以及活性锌的含量。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.