广东省茂名市水土流失状况及防治对策

茂名市水土流失通过几十年的治理,植被覆盖率逐年提高,到2010年已达56．6％,自然水土流失得到有效控制。现在人为因素是茂名市水土流失最大的诱因,因此,治理茂名市水土流失的有效对策是加强开发建设项目水土保持监测和监督,落实开发建设项目水土保持“三同时”制度,确保项目水土保持措施和设施落实到位,有效控制人为水土流失,保持生态环境与人和谐统一。     

加强建设项目管理 防治人为水土流失

水土保持法颁布以来,黄河流域和西北内陆河地区开发建设项目水土保持工作有了长足发展,人为水土流失得到了有效控制,生态环境得到有效保护,但随着开发建设项目的增多和规模的扩大,水土流失威胁加大。针对存在问题提出了建议:一是要认清形势,不断增强做好开发建设项目水土保持工作的责任心;二是要依法行政,强化防治,着力抓好开发建设项目水土保持监督管理;三是要转变理念,完善机制,认真落实法律赋予开发建设单位的水土保持义务。     

风电场建设项目水土流失特点及防治对策

江苏省沿海平原沙土区地表沙土松软,土壤扰动后,在强降水的情况下极易产生流失。随着开发建设项目的日益增加,导致沿海地区的河道淤塞,灌排困难,农田日益减少,生态平衡遭到破坏。本文以华能启东风电场工程为例,在分析沿海平原沙土区水土流失成因和特点的基础上,针对工程建设产生的水土流失和存在的水土流失隐患,提出了相应的水土保持防护措施,并在此基础上对以水力侵蚀为主的平原沙土区域的水土保持工程的措施设计和水土保持设施的建设进行了探讨。在水土保持工程措施落实和水土保持设施实施后,项目范围内的水土流失得到了有效防治,为开发建设项目中类似工程的水土流失防治提供了典型的经验。     

关于生产建设项目水土流失防治标准体系的探讨

《开发建设项目水土流失防治标准》(GB 50434—2008)建立的水土流失防治标准体系,广泛应用于生产建设项目水土保持方案编制、水土保持方案技术评审、水土保持监测评价和水土保持设施验收,对有效预防和治理生产建设活动导致的水土流失,减少水土流失危害起到了重要的作用。随着经济社会发展,新时代对水土保持工作提出了新任务和新要求,现行生产建设项目水土流失防治标准二类别、三等级、三阶段、六指标体系在某些方面已不适应新时期生产建设项目水土流失防治工作的需要。结合多年的工作实践,提出了完善生产建设项目水土流失防治标准体系的主要思路和体系架构。     

长江流域2004~2006年大型开发建设项目水土保持监督检查工作回顾与展望

总结了2004~2006年长江流域大型开发建设项目水土保持监督检查工作,虽然取得了一些阶段性的成绩,但面对流域日益增多的开发建设项目和建设过程中造成的水土流失问题,水土保持监督检查工作依然任重道远:一是已批复的开发建设项目水土保持方案的落实情况不平衡;二是有关制度得不到落实;三是水土保持专项监理、监测没有及时开展,建设过程中的水土流失得不到有效控制;四是行政干预多,部分地方水土保持主管部门对大型开发建设项目开展监督检查难;五是水土保持方案的送达、水土保持设施补偿费的收缴情况不理想等。     

北京市开发建设项目水土保持监测技术探讨

探讨开发建设项目水土保持监测技术有利于认识开发建设项目的水土流失特点,并可为设计单位完善开发建设项目水土保持措施体系和行业主管部门监督、检查提供依据。在分析北京市开发建设项目水土流失现状的基础上,提出了水土保持监测实施技术路线和几种常规、有效的水土保持监测方法,对北京市内各类开发建设项目水土保持监测工作具有重要的借鉴作用。     

内蒙古开发建设项目水土流失特点与监测技术探讨

"十一五"期间,内蒙古自治区大规模的开发建设活动在推动全区经济快速发展的同时,对生态环境造成了极大的压力,人为水土流失呈现出上升趋势,开发建设活动造成的水土流失呈现出水土流失范围广、类型多样、危害大、治理难度大等特点。水土流失监测是开发建设项目水土保持监测的核心,自《开发建设项目水土保持设施验收管理办法》颁布实施以来,开发建设项目水土保持监测工作已逐渐被社会所接受,但据2009年的统计资料,全区开发建设项目水土保持监测率还不到24%。针对内蒙古自治区开发建设项目的不同水土流失类型,阐述了适用的监测方法,并建议应在充分了解项目建设内容与规模、建设活动扰动方式、项目区自然条件和水土流失特点、建设活动对水土流失的影响等因素的基础上,确定具体开发建设项目的水土流失监测方法,选择一种或多种监测方法,或不同方法交替运用。     

关于开发建设项目水土保持监测管理的浅见

改革开放以来,随着社会经济的迅猛发展,开发建设项目造成的人为水土流失量在不断加大,其水土流失防治也显得十分重要。本文根据工作实践提出,做好开发建设项目水土保持监测管理工作,首先要确立水土保持监测机构的法律地位,其次完善开发建设项目水土保持监测的有关监测技术体系,其三开展开发建设项目水土保持监测的关键技术研究,其四在水土保持方案审查中严把监测部分的质量,其五制定开发建设项目水土保持监测的管理嗣度,最后要严把开发建设项目水土保持设施验收关。     

浅谈水土保持方案编制存在的几个问题

在开发建设项目水土保持方案编制中 ,普遍存在水土流失防治责任范围的确定不准确、开发建设项目可能造成水土流失面积的计算不准确、水土保持设施补偿费的确定不准确等问题 ,应引起方案编制单位和有关部门的重视     

开发建设项目水土保持方案中防护措施设计存在的问题

水土保持设施验收工作的主要内容是对开发建设项目实施的水土保持设施数量、质量、进度及水土保持效果等进行核实、评估,并对存在问题提出处理意见。结合水土保持设施竣工验收工作实践,分析了开发建设项目水土保持方案中工程措施、植物措施、临时措施设计存在的问题,为今后水土保持措施设计提供建议,以切实发挥防护措施控制水土流失的效能。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.